异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯反应过程Pt-Sn-K/γ-Al2O3催化剂的失活分析

研究了Pt-Sn-K/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂在异丁烷脱氢-器内再生循环过程中脱氢反应性能,采用N₂物理吸附、CO脉冲吸附、NH₃-TPD和TG对催化剂进行表征,提出了催化剂的失活原因。结果表明,新鲜Pt-Sn-K/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上异丁烯初始收率为39.5%,脱氢反应24 h后异丁烯收率降至20.6%。经2次脱氢-再生循环后,催化剂上异丁烯收率降至11.1%,72 h反应结束时异丁烯收率降至7.9%。积炭覆盖催化剂的活性位是导致催化剂失活的主要原因。Pt烧结及Pt-Sn合金形成使催化剂上Pt分散度降低,导致再生后催化剂活性明显下降。     

空心微球氧化铝负载Pt-In催化异丁烷脱氢研究

针对异丁烷脱氢催化剂存在容易烧结与积碳的问题,开发了采用水热法制备的2种不同形貌的Al₂O₃载体,将其负载Pt-In获得的催化剂用于异丁烷脱氢反应中,研究其对异丁烷脱氢催化行为的影响。借助XRD、SEM、TEM、NH₃-TPD、XPS、TG-DTA及低温N₂吸-脱附法对催化剂进行物化性能研究。结果表明:由纳米片构建的多孔空心微球氧化铝负载Pt-In催化剂具有较小的Pt纳米粒子、低的比表面积、强的Pt-In相互作用、高的In³⁺/In⁰比例且缺少强酸位,从而获得优异的异丁烷脱氢性能,其异丁烯选择性和产率高达93.5%和40.3%,同时异丁烷转化率可稳定在43.0%,反应后的金属颗粒无聚集烧结现象,表现出优异的抗烧结和积碳性能。     

Sn对V2O5/Al2O3催化剂在异丁烷脱氢反应中的影响

以Al₂O₃为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型高分散氧化钒催化剂（12%V₂O₅/Al₂O₃）,并选择Sn作为助剂对12%V₂O₅/Al₂O₃催化剂的表面性质进行调控,采用XRD、N₂等温吸脱附、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、XPS、TEM和Raman光谱等方法对催化剂进行表征,结合活性评价实验,研究了催化剂表面物种分散状态、酸性和活性物种价态的变化与异丁烷脱氢活性和稳定性之间的关系。表征结果显示,Sn对V₂O₅/Al₂O₃表面的酸性和V物种在催化剂表面的分布和价态具有一定的调节作用,当Sn质量分数为1%时,氧化锡在催化剂表面分散均匀,对表面积和孔结构影响较小,同时,表面酸性变化较小,表面低价态的钒物种增多。活性评价结果表明,该催化剂在临氢反应条件下保持了最佳的脱氢活性及稳定性,异丁烷脱氢反应480min后,异丁烷转化率为46.8%,异丁烯收率为39.8%。     

Au-Pt-Sn异丁烷脱氢催化剂的制备

以异丁烷为原料制取异丁烯是解决异丁烯稀缺和异丁烷浪费的双赢方法,异丁烷脱氢主要问题是催化剂的研发。国内外大量研究以Pt-Sn为活性组分,但仍然存在转化率偏低和容易失活等问题,而负载型纳米Au催化剂在低温时对CO氧化表现出很高的催化活性。在原有Pt-Sn催化剂基础上,加入Au,采用等体积浸渍法制备Au-Pt-Sn催化剂,比较Au对异丁烷脱氢催化剂转化率和选择性的影响,使用小型固定床不锈钢反应器,常压、温度600 ℃、空速2 400 h^-1和临氢条件下评价其性能。发现加入一定量Au后,增强了催化剂活性,n(Au)∶n(Pt)=1.0时,异丁烯收率大于40%。考察催化剂再生前后效果差异,发现经过再生后,异丁烷转化率和选择性略低有下降,表明催化剂可以再生利用。     

B2O3改性Na2CO3催化剂用于甲醇脱氢制无水甲醛

以B₂O₃为助催化剂,采用研磨混合法改性Na₂CO₃催化剂,在固定床反应器中催化甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛,考察催化剂的组成和反应条件等对催化反应的影响,采用XRD、TG-DTG、N₂吸附-脱附、SEM和CO₂-TPD等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,以B₂O₃为助催化剂采用机械研磨混合法改性的Na₂CO₃催化剂,增加了催化剂的比表面积,在(10～30) nm增加了大量的孔道,平均孔径达18.44 nm,比表面积为1.65 m²·g^-1,且B₂O₃分布均匀,改性后的催化剂碱性降低,在催化甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛的反应中,催化活性明显高于Na₂CO₃催化剂,表明B₂O₃改性Na₂CO₃催化剂能提高甲醇转化率和甲醛选择性。在B₂O₃/Na₂CO₃催化剂中B₂O₃质量分数为30%、甲醇进料质量分数为26%、反应温度为650 ℃和甲醇重时空速为2.94 h^-1条件下,甲醇转化率达59.97%,甲醛选择性达83.28%。     

助剂硼对K2O-Cr2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂异丁烷脱氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了硼改性的K₂O负载量2%、Cr₂O₃负载量12%的不同硼负载量的K₂O-Cr₂O₃-B₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,在560℃、异丁烷空速400h-1、常压的条件下在固定床反应器中考察了催化剂的异丁烷脱氢性能,并对载体及催化剂进行了BET、XRD、NH₃-TPD和O₂-TPO等表征。结果表明:助剂硼的加入对催化剂结构无明显影响,但可以有效调节催化剂的表面酸性,从而减少裂解和积炭等不良反应的发生,提高催化剂的异丁烯选择性和稳定性;硼负载量过高会导致活性组分Cr₂O₃的聚集,影响活性组分的分散,导致催化剂上异丁烷转化率降低;综合考虑催化剂的活性、稳定性和异丁烯选择性,硼负载量为1.0%左右较为适宜。     

铂锡催化剂用于混合低碳烷烃脱氢生产异丁烯

采用炼厂异丁烷塔顶轻组分作为原料,运用Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃为脱氢催化剂生产异丁烯。通过制备不同的铂锡催化剂考察影响催化剂性能的各种因素。结果表明,异丁烷的转化率随着Pt含量的增加先增大后减小,在0.40%左右达到最大值,反应8 h后仍然保持在35%以上,同时异丁烯的收率也能保持在22%以上。异丁烷的转化率和异丁烯的选择性均随Pt/Sn原子比的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并且在Pt/Sn原子比为2∶3时,异丁烯的收率达到最大,反应8 h后仍能达到26%以上。通过碱溶电位滴定法分析催化剂中的氯含量,研究了氯含量与催化剂性能的关系。结果表明,随着氯含量增大,异丁烷的转化率不断上升,而异丁烯的选择性不断下降。综合考虑异丁烯的收率和转化率及选择性,催化剂中氯含量为相似文献   

Cu/TiO2光催化正丁烷脱氢制丁烯

采用硼氢化钠还原法制备了Cu/TiO₂催化剂,考察Cu负载量、反应温度和反应时间对Cu/TiO₂光催化正丁烷脱氢制丁烯的影响。结果表明,室温下氙灯照射60 min, 0.5-Cu/TiO₂光催化正丁烷脱氢制丁烯产量为600.2μmol/(g-cat·h),选择性为95.3%,H₂产量为858.7μmol/(g-cat·h),丁烯产量和选择性随Cu负载量的变化不大。低温有利于光催化正丁烷脱氢,反应温度过高时,丁烯和H₂产量降低,丁烯选择性降低,裂解选择性增大。1-丁烯和2-丁烯相对选择性不随反应时间变化,未发现丁烯间的异构化反应。     

不同孔径硅胶上异丁烷脱氢性能研究

采用Cr₂O₃为活性组分,K₂O为助催化剂,以不同孔径硅胶为载体,制备异丁烷脱氢催化剂,在连续微反-色谱装置上对催化剂的反应性能进行考察,结果表明,A型硅胶与B和C型硅胶相比具有更好的脱氢性能,在负载Cr₂O₃质量分数为20%和K₂O质量分数为2%时,600 ℃条件下,异丁烷转化率为24.00%,异丁烯选择性为80.94%,SEM分析表明,高温下催化剂A和B不够稳定,催化剂C的稳定性较好。     

PtSn/MgAl2O4-sheet催化剂的制备及其PDH反应性能

近年来，因为页岩气大规模开采的成功可以为丙烷脱氢制丙烯(PDH)工艺提供大量廉价的丙烷，丙烷脱氢制丙烯已成为最有前途和最具吸引力的丙烯生产技术。目前工业上丙烷脱氢主要采用的是负载型PtSn/Al₂O₃催化剂。然而在丙烷脱氢高温反应中，PtSn纳米粒子易烧结和积炭使催化剂遭受严重的失活。为了解决上述问题，本文合成了片状的MgAl₂O₄尖晶石载体负载PtSn金属纳米粒子，制备了PtSn/MgAl₂O₄-sheet催化剂。该催化剂具有较大的孔径，有利于PDH反应中反应物的吸附和产物的脱附，提高了催化剂的活性同时降低了积炭含量。同时片状的MgAl₂O₄尖晶石载体的(111)面与PtSn纳米颗粒存在着强的相互作用，阻止了PtSn纳米颗粒在高温反应中的烧结。在丙烷脱氢反应中，丙烷的转化率达到了43.2%，丙烯的选择性达到了95.0%，失活速率仅为0.008h^-1，其性能优于商用的PtSn/Al_...     

异丁烷脱氢过程催化剂结焦与焦性质研究

在固定床反应装置上,采用YBD型Cr/Al_2O_3催化剂催化异丁烷脱氢,通过热分析技术研究结焦催化剂,考察反应条件对催化剂结焦量及焦性质的影响。结果表明,Cr/Al_2O_3催化剂对异丁烷脱氢有较好的催化活性,当反应温度580℃,空速800 h^(-1)时,异丁烷转化率60%以上,异丁烯选择性90%以上,异丁烯收率约60%。反应温度、空速以及异丁烯对结焦催化剂的焦含量有明显影响,当反应温度超过580℃,随着原料气中异丁烯含量的增加,催化剂的结焦量迅速增加。     

Fe掺杂对Pt-Sn-K/γ-Al_2O_3异丁烷脱氢催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备不同Fe含量的Fe(x)-γ-Al_2O_3复合氧化物载体,并采用真空浸渍法制备了Pt-Sn-K/Fe(x)-γ-Al_2O_3催化剂。对制备的催化剂进行XRD、N_2物理吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD表征,研究Fe的掺杂对Pt-Sn-K/Fe(x)-γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的结构及其催化异丁烷脱氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,Fe的引入可以改变催化剂的反应活性和产物选择性,当Fe_2O_3掺杂质量分数为4%时,催化剂具有最高的异丁烯收率,50 h的平均收率达到42.9%。     

磷化镍催化异丁烷临氢脱氢制异丁烯

以SiO₂为载体,结合浸渍法和程序升温还原法制备磷化镍催化剂,考察了不同n(Ni)/n(P)和不同Ni负载量等对催化剂的结构及异丁烷脱氢性能的影响。运用透射电镜(TEM),X射线衍射(XRD),程序升温还原(H₂-TPR),氢气程序升温脱附(H₂-TPD)等表征手段考察催化剂的组成与结构、还原性能及氢吸附性能。研究结果表明:Ni/P比对催化剂表面的物相有较大影响,n(Ni)/n(P)为1.0和0.5时,形成Ni₂P相;n(Ni)/n(P)为1.5时,形成Ni₁₂P₅。随着Ni负载量的增加,活性组分Ni₂P粒子尺寸变大,但分散度降低。磷化镍能够催化异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯,但Ni₂P的催化活性要比Ni₁₂P₅高,经实验研究发现,当Ni/P比为1.0、负载量为10%、n(H₂)/n(i-C₄H₁₀)=1.0、空速为800 h^-1时,在460 ℃反应时,对异丁烯的选择性可达到80%。     

Oxidation of isobutane on a heteropolycompound hydrogen reservoir

The selective oxidation of isobutane to methacrylic acid (MAA) has been studied on Cs_1.6H_2.4P_1.7Mo₁₁V_1.1O₄₀ which is a heteropolycompound (HPC). The oxidation mechanism isobutane → isobutene → MAL → MAA has already been proposed previously with a rate determining step corresponding to the first step of the reaction, i.e., to dehydrogenation of isobutane leading to isobutene. Here we show that the HPC which is active in the oxidation of isobutane possesses, in the reduced state, anionic vacancies able to store reactive hydrogen species H ^* presenting the ability to diffuse through the solid. Such a result is of great importance since dehydrogenation requires the abstraction of hydrogen from the molecule which could be performed by a lacunar phase. Therefore, a mechanism of the dehydrogenation step is proposed, involving a heterolytic abstraction of a H⁻ species from the alkane.     

A high propylene productivity over B2O3/SiO2@honeycomb cordierite catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Boron-based metal-free catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) have drawn great attention in both academia and industry due to their impressive activity and olefin selectivity. Herein, the SiO₂ and B₂O₃ sequentially coated honeycomb cordierite catalyst is designed by a two-step wash-coat method with different B₂O₃ loadings (0.1%-10%) and calcination temperatures (600, 700, 800 ℃). SiO₂ obtained by TEOS hydrolysis acts as a media layer to bridge the cordierite substrate and boron oxide via abundant Si-OH groups. The welldeveloped straight channels of honeycomb cordierite make it possible to carry out the reactor under high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and the thin wash-coated B₂O₃ layer can effectively facilitate the pore diffusion on the catalyst. The prepared B₂O₃/SiO₂@HC monolithic catalyst exhibits good catalytic performance at low boron oxide loading and achieves excellent propylene selectivity (86.0%), olefin selectivity (97.6%, propylene and ethylene) and negligible CO₂ (0.1%) at 16.9% propane conversion under high GHSV of 345,600 ml·(g B₂O₃)^-1·h^-1, leading to a high propylene space time yield of 15.7 g C₃H₆·(g B₂O₃)^-1·h^-1 by suppressing the overoxidation. The obtained results strongly indicate that the boron-based monolithic catalyst can be properly fabricated to warrant the high activity and high throughput with its high gas/surface ratio and straight channels.     

基于化学链燃烧的转炉放散煤气利用研究

在固定床反应器和热重分析仪上对浸渍法制备的过渡金属氧化物载氧体MnO₂/Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃和CuO/Al₂O₃与转炉放散煤气中CO的反应特性进行了研究，并结合比表面积分析、脉冲化学吸附和扫描电镜等手段表征了CuO/Al₂O₃的循环寿命性能。结果表明，在上述三种载氧体中CuO/Al₂O₃表现出了最佳的反应活性，反应进行2 min时的CO转化率在225℃以上的反应温度下就能达到90%。在350℃、还原反应空速4000 h^-1和氧化反应空速159 h^-1的条件下，CuO/Al₂O₃能够保持良好且稳定的CO脱除性能和机械强度，因而具有良好的循环寿命。据此，提出了基于化学链燃烧的转炉放散煤气利用新工艺，本工艺可安全利用间歇排放的转炉放散煤气，并实现对用户的连续供热。     

Propane Dehydrogenation over a Commercial Pt-Sn/Al2O3 Catalyst for Isobutane Dehydrogenation: Optimization of Reaction Conditions

The applicability of a commercial Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃ isobutane dehydrogenation catalyst in dehydrogenation of propane was studied. Catalyst performance tests were carried out in a fixed-bed quartz reactor under different operating conditions. Generally, as the factors improving propane conversion decrease the propylene selectivity, the optimal operating condition to maximize propylene yield is expected. The optimal condition was obtained by the experimental design method. The investigated parameters were temperature, hydrogen/hydrocarbon (H₂/HC) ratio and space velocity, being changed in three levels. Constrains such as the susceptibility of the catalyst components to sintering or phase transformation were also taken into account. Activity, selectivity and stability of the catalyst were considered as the measured response factors, while the space-time-yield (STY) was considered as the variable to be optimized due to its commercial interest. A STY of 16 mol·kg^-1·h^-1 was achieved under the optimal conditions of T 620℃, H₂/HC 0.6 and, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) 2.2 h^-1. Single carbon-carbon bond rupture was found to be the main route for the formation of lower hydrocarbon byproducts.     

Surface organometallic chemistry on metals in water: Chemical modification of platinum catalyst surface by reaction with hydrosoluble organotin complexes: application to the selective dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene

Surface organo-metallic chemistry on metals can be a new route to generate supported bimetallic catalysts. According to previous works on Pt–Sn catalysts, the reaction of tetra n-butyl-tin on the reduced platinum surface leads to well-defined bimetallic catalysts which are very active and selective in the dehydrogenation of isobutane into isobutene. The presence of tin not only isolates the surface platinum atoms from each other (EXAFS) and thus prevents a fast deactivation by decreasing the processes of C–C bond cleavage but also favors the regeneration processes under air. So far the catalyst preparations were carried out either in the gas phase or in organic solution (e.g. heptane). However, in order to meet the industrial criteria of process simplicity, there is a need to carry out such catalyst preparation in water.

In this work, Pt–Sn/Al₂O₃ and Pt–Sn/SiO₂ catalysts was prepared by reacting tris n-butyl-tin hydroxide on the platinum surface, in water solution under atmospheric pressure of hydrogen. The kinetics of the reaction was followed by measuring the amount of butane evolved as a function of time. The solids obtained were characterized by CO, O₂ or H₂ chemisorption and electron microscopy (CTEM and EDAX). Clearly, the (n-Bu)₃Sn(OH) reacts selectively on the platinum surface and not with the support, with evolution of butane, leading to a bimetallic catalyst where the platinum atoms are isolated from each other by the tin atoms. Very high selectivities (>95%) and activities were obtained for the reaction of isobutane dehydrogenation into isobutene and it was concluded that surface organo-metallic chemistry on metal in water can be an alternative route to prepare well-defined supported bimetallic Pt–Sn catalysts.     

Promoting effects of CO2 on dehydrogenation of propane over a SiO2-supported Cr2O3 catalyst

The effects of carbon dioxide on the dehydrogenation of C₃H₈ to produce C₃H₆ were investigated over several Cr₂O₃ catalysts supported on Al₂O₃, active carbon and SiO₂. Carbon dioxide exerted promoting effects only on SiO₂-supported Cr₂O₃ catalysts. The promoting effects of carbon dioxide over a Cr₂O₃/SiO₂ catalyst were to enhance the yield of C₃H₆ and to suppress the catalyst deactivation.