CFB用旋风分离器内气相流场的数值研究

采用RSM非稳态湍流模型对循环流化床锅炉用旋风分离器内气相流场进行了数值模拟。计算值与实验值比较吻合。数值计算的结果表明:排气管下口存在明显的短路流,排尘口附近存在明显的返混现象;排气管直径增加,分离空间切向速度值降低,上行流轴向速度减小。用CFD方法计算的旋风分离器内流场可为高效CFB锅炉用旋风分离器的设计提供参考依据。     

并联旋风分离器的旋流稳定性分析

分别选用2台和4台直径300 mm的相同PV型旋风分离器作为分离元件,共用进气管、集气室和排尘室,以中心对称方式组成两种并联分离器,并通过数值模拟比较单分离器与两种并联方案中各分离元件气相流动的特点. 气体介质为常温常压空气,入口气速15~30 m/s. 结果表明,2台或4台并联时各分离元件流量偏差分别不超过0.35%和0.28%,压降最大偏差为0.79%和0.43%,流量分配均匀,灰斗内窜流返混不明显,且4台并联时效果更好. 4台并联时分离元件排尘段的稳定性指数比2台并联或单分离器降低过半,旋流稳定性显著增强. 对称排列的分离元件在公共灰斗中会形成具有自稳定性的对称涡系,对分离元件内旋进涡核的摆动有约束作用,旋流稳定性增强.     

不同排尘结构对导叶式旋风管内气固两相流动影响的数值研究

通过数值模拟的方法对3种不同排尘结构的导叶式旋风管内气固两相流场进行了研究。结果表明,直筒型排尘结构的排尘口处上、下行流交错容易产生返混夹带现象,对细颗粒的分离不利;锥形排尘结构可以增加旋风管内气流旋转强度,控制进入灰斗的下行气量,有利于分离效率的提高,但排尘锥内部存在环形旋涡,易磨损器壁;在排尘锥侧面开缝,可改善旋风管内流动分布状态,实现排尘区气固两相分流,进入灰斗内的气流更加稳定,从而有效减少颗粒返混夹带,提高旋风管分离性能。     

高压下多管旋风分离器压降模型

为了准确预测和计算天然气输气管线用旋风分离器的压降,在归纳常压下单管和多管旋风分离器的压降计算公式,以及现场测量高压下多管旋风分离器的压降基础上,建立了高压下多管旋风分离器的压降计算模型。利用实验验证压降模型的可靠性,实验结果表明,常压下单管、多管旋风分离器和高压下多管旋风分离器的压降计算模型都能准确地计算出对应旋风分离器的压降值,计算值与测量值之间的误差较小。因此,利用建立的高压下多管旋风分离器压降计算模型能够准确地计算出不同压力和温度下多管旋风分离器的压降值,从而为天然气用旋风分离器的选型提供技术支持。     

多管水力除砂器内液-固两相流的数值模拟

通过数值模拟的方法,采用RSM湍流模型对多管式水力除砂器内液-固两相流场进行了研究。研究表明:进液室的流场分布、压力分布影响各单管入口流量及速度分布;除砂器内颗粒运动的轨迹包括储料室捕集和集液室逃逸;将1000个颗粒同时射入除砂器总入口,跟踪每个颗粒得到颗粒的入管比例和分离效率,单管的颗粒入管比例与流量呈正相关,单管分离效率受速度分布影响出现差异;随着颗粒粒径增大,从单管分离出的颗粒在储料罐内的沉降速度也增大;综合各单管的颗粒入管比例和分离效率对除砂器分离系统的结构提出改进方向。     

高效Stairmand型旋风除尘器流场导流与引流

针对高效Stairmand型旋风除尘器内存在涡流的不稳定性流动和影响分离效率"摆尾"、"返混"情况,提出增设稳流柱和防返混锥以改善其涡流的紊乱状况。通过大涡模拟的数值方法研究稳流柱和防返混锥对流场以及涡流的影响情况,结果表明:增设导流件后的旋风分离器,内旋流区的流场更加规整,控制了涡流的紊乱程度,稳流柱对涡流起到指引和导向的作用。分离区的切向速度对称性良好,旋风分离器内静压,平均静压最大降幅为42%。稳流柱大大降低了湍动度和湍动耗散能,消弱了内旋流与外旋流间的扰动,湍动耗散能平均降低53%。实验结果还表明:增设导流件后的旋风分离器对于累积50%粒径为10.74?m的煤粉分离效率由90%提高到97%,阻尼系数和总压降略有提高。通过试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了增设稳流件后旋风分离器的性能和流场变化规律。     

防返混锥对旋风除尘器内二次流的抑制效果研究

旋风除尘器下部灰斗内存在的二次流会引起被捕集颗粒重新进入气流,进而导致旋风除尘器除尘效率下降。为有效抑制灰斗内二次流,采用内置防返混锥的手段,对不同防返混锥几何尺寸与安装位置的旋风除尘器进行两相流数值模拟。结果表明,内置防返混锥减少了灰斗内流场的切向、轴向速度及湍流强度,对旋风除尘器灰斗内二次流所引起的颗粒返混现象有显著的抑制作用。模拟结果推荐防返混锥最佳几何尺寸的顶角角度为80°,最佳安装位置为底面与锥口的垂直距离0.375B≤Bs≤0.5B。在入口速度为12 m/s时,与原结构相比,总除尘效率提高11.50%,压降增加8.29%。     

天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能

为了系统评价天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能,在线测量了入口气速6~24 m/s、入口颗粒浓度30~2000 mg/m3范围内多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率. 结果表明,多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率都随入口气速和入口颗粒浓度增大而提高. 与单管旋风分离器相比,在相同实验条件下,多管旋风分离器的分离效率下降2%~15%;单管旋风分离器基本能除净粒径大于10 mm的颗粒,而多管旋风分离器只能去除15 mm以上的颗粒. 多管旋风分离器的压降主要是内部单管旋风分离器的压降,占整个压降的80%~90%.     

塔式化学链燃烧反应器系统的气固流动特性

目前,化学链燃烧技术主要局限于不充分的燃料转化和低效的碳捕集率。为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一种基于多腔室塔式鼓泡床的化学链燃烧反应器系统。该系统由塔式燃料反应器、空气反应器、旋风分离器、返料器、提升管和下降管组成循环回路。采用压力测量和气体检测的方法,基于冷态模型研究在不同风量下该系统内的压力分布、气固分布、固体循环量以及窜气规律等气固流动特性。结果表明：返料器可以弥补两个反应器间存在的压差,保持系统内的压力平衡;燃料反应器内流化数应控制在3.5~4.0之间,在保证反应器内气固均匀分布的同时,减弱隔板处的压力损失;固体循环量与提升管内压降成正比,最高可达0.013kg/s,主要影响因素为反应器内流化数;返料器至反应器的窜气率为4%~8%,而两个反应器间几乎没有气体窜混,这为热态反应器的设计与运行提供了良好的实验基础。     

旋风分离器内颗粒质量浓度分布数值模拟

采用颗粒随机轨道模型和单元内颗粒源法,对旋风分离器内不同粒径颗粒质量浓度分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明,粒径较小的颗粒(dp≤4μm)大部分在旋风分离器分离空间锥段进行分离,而较大颗粒(dp>4μm)大部分在环形空间与分离空间筒段即被分离。随着颗粒粒径增加,分离器外壁的颗粒质量浓度逐渐呈螺旋灰带分布,内旋流夹带减小,环形空间顶板下方出现顶灰环。升气管入口0.25D(筒体直径)附近的短路流对小颗粒的影响较大。在分离空间下部排尘口附近0.5D有明显的颗粒返混,返混量随着颗粒粒径增大而减少。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。