基于氯离子示踪法深厚包气带地区地下水补给特征

针对包气带增厚条件下降水入渗变化问题,在华北山前平原滹沱河冲洪积扇典型包气带增厚区实施地质钻孔,通过采样钻杆前端特制的内置环刀取样器,采用无循环液压入法获取原状土样,测试深厚包气剖面土体结构参数、含水量和氯离子质量浓度;利用氯离子示踪方法研究厚达45 m包气带的水分运移规律,重建深厚包气带地区降水补给历史,评价降水补给强度。结果表明：45 m包气带剖面记录的降水补给年龄为72.12 a,平均入渗补给强度为0.096 m/a,降水入渗补给量占多年平均降水量的18.1%。深厚包气带地区水分运移非常缓慢,水分在多次降水叠加驱动下不断形成新的脉冲逐步向深部运移,降水补给到地下水需要一个长期的过程。研究成果对深厚包气带地区土壤水分运移研究和降水入渗补给评价都具有重要借鉴意义。     

降水补给地下水过程中包气带变化对入渗的影响

采用野外试验和室内试验方法,通过对不同降水量的入渗过程中岩土含水率和水势变化规律分析,发现入渗水流在包气带内下渗过程的岩土吸水、过水(即水分通量不变、且不等于零)和脱水的不同阶段,当岩土水势的梯度分别大于、等于和小于1cmH2O/cm(厘米水柱/厘米)时,岩土含水率分别表现为增加、稳定和减少。对包气带不同埋深的岩土含水率和水势变化特征分析表明,随着地下水位不断下降,包气带增厚对降水入渗补给地下水的影响程度和方式都发生改变。当包气带厚度小于潜水蒸发极限深度时,包气带的增厚使得岩土水分亏缺累积量增大,导致入渗速率和地下水获取的总入渗补给量减小;当包气带厚度大于潜水蒸发极限深度时,随着包气带厚度增大,入渗速率趋于稳定,无限时间内地下水获取的总入渗补给量不因包气带增厚而变化,但是有限时间内地下水获取的入渗补给量趋小。这是因为入渗途径的延长导致入渗所需时间增加,以至在有限时间内包气带内过剩的入渗水分尚未充分排出补给地下水。     

晋西南峨嵋台地地下水补给特征浅析

晋西南峨嵋台地地下水以下更新统深埋承压水为主，包气带岩性为中更新统的离石黄土，其主要的地下水补给源为大气降水。通过分析台地包气带岩性、黄土包气带湿度剖面、地下水位动态类型及黄土中的地裂缝等因素，阐述了离石黄土的结构、构造在塬区地下水补给过程中所起的重要作用；同时也说明了黄土中地裂缝的出现是峨嵋台地区新构造运动的继承和延续，进一步提出应把土的入渗理论发展为土体理论来研究。     

第八节 水资源总量

就广义而言，地球的水圈、岩石圈、大气圈和生物圈内共储存13．86亿km^3的水都是水资源。但一般仅评价狭义的水资源，即由大气降水补给的可供人类利用的水。即地表水资源和地下水资源。地表水主要有河流水和湖泊水，由大气降水、冰川融水和地下水补给，以河川径流、陆地蒸发和土壤入渗的形式排泄。土壤水系指包气带的含水量，上面承受降水和地表水的补给，     

苏州城市化进程中的水文效应浅析

天然水循环的过程及分配方式，即雨水降落到地面以后。大约有10％形成地表径流，40％消耗于陆面蒸发和填洼，50％通过入渗蓄存在地下水位以上的土壤包气带中或通过重力形式补给地下水。而城市中由于建筑物和地面衬砌的影响，不透水面积的扩大，截断了水份入渗及补给地下水的通道，导致地表径流增大，土壤含     

降水对土壤水资源的影响

１土壤水资源的概念土壤水资源是一种非重力资源，也是一种直接被利用和消耗而人工难以抽取和转移的资源，它存在于地下水潜水面以上的包气带土壤中，因土壤基质势、重力势、渗透势等的作用，处于一种负压状态，是一种非饱和水体。该资源的范围是介于土壤凋萎含水量和田间持水量之间的土壤水量，由土壤水的补给量和调节量组成。土壤水的补给量是指天然状态下存在的补给量，包括降水入渗补给量和地下水毛管上升补给量。土壤水的调节量是指天然状态下，一定时期内土壤最高含水量和最低含水量之间所蓄存的水量，是土壤在以前的补给排泄过程中存…     

影响降水补给地下水资源的因素分析

在平原地区,地下水资源量主要补给来源于降水,大气降水对地下水补给受到降水量、降水形式,包气带厚度及持水条件等多种因素影响,即使同一地区,同样降水条件,大气降水对地下水的补给量也不尽相同。本文通过平原地区地下水水位动态资料与大气降水资料分析,特别是对多年降水与地下水位效应及单次降水对地下水位变幅效应的分析,揭示了降水对地下水资源的补给特点,分析了这些特点产生的根本原因,其分析结果对正确评价特定水文地质环境下大气降水对地下水的补给机理及补给量具有重要参考价值。     

浅层地下水水文地质参数分析

为适应当前经济社会发展、下垫面条件的变化,利用长系列的地下水动态观测资料,采用动态法分析了给水度、降水入渗补给系数、潜水蒸发系数与包气带岩性、埋深、降水之间的关系,探讨其随着影响条件不同的变化规律.     

基于长系列观测资料的干旱区降水入渗补给规律研究

利用新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站地中蒸渗仪长系列(1992-2015年)降水入渗实测资料,探讨降水入渗补给过程中的滞后现象,分析影响降水入渗补给的主要因素;依据降水入渗补给系数研究降水入渗补给量随潜水埋深的变化规律,确定不同地层的最佳潜水埋深和稳定埋深。结果表明:在试验条件下,砂卵砾石地层和细砂地层最佳潜水埋深点为0. 5 m,轻黏土地层最佳潜水埋深点为0. 0 m;降水入渗补给量随潜水埋深的增大而减小并趋于稳定,稳定潜水埋深为6. 0 m。依据最佳潜水埋深点和稳定点建立了年降水入渗补给系数与潜水埋深间的指数型经验公式。     

用土壤水平衡原理计算灌溉入渗系数的探讨

地下水资源评价中，经常需要通过田间入渗试验求取灌溉入渗补给系数。通常多采用实测在不同灌水定额下地下水位增升值然后按公式计算得出，由于试验过程易受自然和人为的多种因素的干扰，所得结果可靠程度差。本文依据包气带水量平衡原理，提出了解决这一问题的途径和方法。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.