6种常用农药与球孢白僵菌和蜡蚧轮枝菌的相容性

测定了3种杀虫剂和3种杀菌剂在田间常规浓度下对球孢白僵菌和蜡蚧轮枝菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。供试杀虫剂对球孢白僵菌孢子萌发的影响很小,萌发率超过85％,对蜡蚧轮枝菌孢子萌发影响较大,抑制作用最小的吡虫啉,抑制率达到25％。3种杀菌剂几乎完全抑制了孢子的萌发。杀虫剂对球孢白僵菌的菌丝生长有一定抑制作用,抑制率为22．60％-38．39％;对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长的影响小于对球孢白僵菌的影响,抑制率为10．06％．17．61％。供试杀菌剂对球孢向僵菌和蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长的抑制作用都较大,抑制率都在50％以上。     

福美双与啶菌恶唑复配对灰葡萄孢活性的协同抑制作用

为了明确福美双与啶菌恶唑复配对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的协同抑制作用，首先采用菌丝生长速率法对保定与承德不同地区的灰霉菌株进行复配试验，筛选出福美双与啶菌恶唑的最佳增效组合5：1。同时测定了福美双与啶菌恶唑的最佳增效组合5：1对孢子和菌核的抑制活性以及对菌丝内容物含量的影响。结果显示，其5：1组合与对照、单剂进行比较，其5：1组合对孢子萌发、菌核的产生和萌发和可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量具有显著抑制作用。利用离体叶片法对灰葡萄孢活性进行检测，5：1组合处理在病斑直径、发病率、产孢量和孢子萌发率方面较对照、单剂差异显著，其抑制作用最大。综上所述，福美双与啶菌恶唑复配对灰葡萄孢活性具有协同增效抑制作用。     

6种杀菌剂对五味子叶枯病菌的室内抑菌活性

采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了6种化学杀菌剂对五味子叶枯病病原菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用.结果表明:参试的6种杀菌剂对五味子叶枯病的菌丝抑制效果和孢子萌发的抑制效果存在差异,其中33.5%喹啉铜SC、32.5%嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑SC对菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制作用最强,其抑制菌丝生长和抑制孢于萌发的EG50值分别为0.13、1.57、1.94、4.17 mg/L.     

苎麻疫霉抗甲霜灵突变株的生物学性状及其遗传研究

在实验室条件下研究了苎麻疫霉抗甲霜灵突变株的菌落形态、菌丝生长速率及同宗配合特性等生物学性状的变异及其遗传。结果表明，苎麻疫霉Mt^τ突变株的菌落形态和生长速率均发生了变异，且在单游动孢子后代中继续发生分离，而同宗配合特性和对抗甲霜灵的抗性在无性单孢后代均可稳定遗传；但与野生型亲本比，孢子囊和卵孢子产生量均明显下降。     

淀粉含量对黑曲霉孢子产量、质量的影响

主要论述了麸皮培养基中不同淀粉含量对产黑曲霉孢子的速度、质量、数量的影响。试验结果表明,麸皮培养基中的淀粉含量能够提高黑曲霉菌丝生长速度,但是不利于黑曲霉产孢速度。麸皮培养基中的淀粉含量对麸曲孢子数量及孢子质量没有影响,培养基中的水分及氮源含量,影响黑曲霉孢子的着生,对麸曲孢子总数影响显著。     

八宝景天叶乙醇提取物的抑真菌活性

[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法研究了八宝景天叶乙醇提取物对9种植物病原真菌的抑制作用,同时采用菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发2种方法测定其对玉米弯孢病菌的抑菌活性。[结果]在质量浓度为200 g/L时,对9种植物病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,且抑制率均达75%以上,其中对玉米弯孢病菌的抑制作用最强,抑制率为82.27%,对其孢子萌发的抑菌活性高于对其菌丝生长的抑菌活性,EC50值分别为74.18、66.53 g/L。[结论]八宝景天叶有着良好的抑菌效果,具有很好的开发价值。     

稻曲病生防菌的筛选与鉴定

[目的]为获得优良、高效的稻曲病生防菌株。[方法]通过对峙培养法、菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,综合筛选对稻曲病菌具有拮抗作用的生防菌株,根据形态特征、生理生化特性和16S r DNA序列进行种类鉴定。[结果]筛选出2株抑菌活性较高的生防菌QYQN-3和ZHQN-6,抑菌圈直径分别为33.33、31.67 mm,30%发酵液的菌丝生长抑制率分别为56.06%和50.76%,孢子萌发抑制率分别为47.85%和74.85%。菌株QYQN-3具有广谱抑菌效果。QYQN-3为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),ZHQN-6为短小芽孢杆菌(B. pumilus)。[结论]2株生防菌对稻曲病菌均有较高的抑制效果,拓宽了稻曲病生防菌的种类。     

吉林省水稻鞘枯病病菌生物学特性及药剂敏感性

[目的]对引起吉林省水稻鞘枯病的病原菌进行鉴定,对其生物学特性及药剂敏感性进行研究。[方法]采用组织分离,单孢纯化获得分离物。柯氏证病后结合病菌形态特征及ITS序列对病菌进行鉴定;并对病菌的生物学特性进行研究;采用生长速率法测定病菌对12种杀菌剂的敏感性。[结果]病菌鉴定为Nigrospora oryzae;病菌菌丝最适生长及产孢温度为25℃;菌丝在PCA、OA、在以甘露醇和蔗糖为碳源、胰蛋白胨为氮源的培养基上生长良好;pH值为5.0最适菌丝生长;全光照条件利于菌丝生长。病菌在PCA和OA、果糖为碳源、天冬氨酸为氮源的培养基上产孢良好;pH值为7产孢最佳,全光照条件有利于产孢。菌丝致死温度为49℃,孢子致死温度为52℃。病菌对1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂、25%咪鲜·己唑醇微乳剂、45%丙环唑水乳剂、250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、40%氟环·稻瘟灵悬浮剂、525 g/L三环·丙环唑悬浮剂、20%井·烯·三环唑可湿性粉剂的敏感性较高,EC50值小于1.0 mg/L。[结论]明确了水稻鞘枯病的病原菌种类及病菌生物学特性,筛选出7种抑菌效果较好的杀菌剂。     

箬竹叶提取物对烟草病原真菌的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,对选用无水乙醇、冰乙酸和蒸馏水混合溶剂浸提所得的箬竹叶粗提物以及依次采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇进行液-液萃取所得的萃取物进行了抑菌活性测试。结果表明:箬竹叶粗提物对烟草链格孢菌和烟草疫霉菌菌丝生长均具有抑制活性,其对两种真菌抑制的EC50值分别为3.98mg·mL-1和0.88mg·mL-1、EC90值分别为7.33mg·mL-1和1.73mg·mL-1;对烟草链格孢菌孢子萌发抑制的EC50值和EC90值分别为4.68mg·mL-1和9.09mg·mL-1。2mg·mL-1的石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取物和萃余水相对烟草链格孢菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为31.27%、36.18%、6.06%和-7.05%;对烟草疫霉菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为56.82%、81.53%、12.32%和-18.10%。乙酸乙酯萃取物对烟草链格孢菌和烟草疫霉菌菌丝生长的抑制活性明显高于箬竹叶粗提物,其对两种真菌抑制的EC50值分别为2.99mg·mL-1和0.80mg·mL-1、EC90值分别为5.41mg·mL-1和2.83mg·mL-1。乙酸乙酯萃取物对烟草链格孢菌孢子萌发抑制的EC50值和EC90值分别为1.03mg·mL-1和3.54mg·mL-1。     

季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对三种灰葡萄孢菌的敏感性测定

采用菌丝生长速率法和琼胶平板表面萌发法测定了两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对三种不同寄主的灰葡萄孢属病原菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的影响,并分析了不同菌株对药剂的敏感性。结果表明:C8-10(双八、十烷基季铵盐)对灰葡萄孢属菌丝的毒力高于1227(十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵),而其对灰葡萄孢菌孢子萌发的抑制率却低于1227,两者对孢子萌发的抑制活性明显高于常规药剂腐霉利和嘧霉胺。两种季铵盐化合物对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力最高,其次是草莓灰霉病菌、烟草灰霉病菌。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。