不同板翅式涂层吸附床的性能研究

涂层吸附床能够降低吸附剂间的热阻提高吸附床传热性能,是一种高效吸附床。文中采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了局部非热平衡的二维板翅式吸附床模型,开展板翅式吸附床性能数值模拟;采用制冷性能(COP)和单位质量吸附剂制冷能力(SCP)分别对不同翅片形状吸附床(三角形翅片吸附床、梯形翅片吸附床与六边形翅片吸附床)的性能进行分析和评价。研究发现:驱动热源为333—363 K时,随着热源温度的升高,3种不同结构的板翅式涂层吸附床的COP和SCP都随之增大;在相同的条件下,3种不同翅片结构的板翅式吸附床中,六边形翅片吸附床的COP最大,其值为0.514;而梯形翅片吸附床的SCP最高,其值为848.61 W/kg。     

新型吸附床的研究进展

吸附床是吸附式制冷装置的核心部件,其性能的优劣直接关系到吸附式制冷装置的制冷效果.通过吸附床的热阻分析,得出强化吸附床传热的措施.文中重点介绍了提高吸附剂与换热壁面的换热系数和吸附剂间的导热系数来强化吸附床传热的方法,详细介绍了填充式吸附床、涂抹式吸附床以及固化式吸附床的结构特点,比较分析3种吸附床的传热传质特点,并阐...     

蒸发/冷凝段长度比对脉动热管性能的影响

脉动热管是一种结构简单、传热性能突出的新型传热元件,由于运行过程涉及沸腾与冷凝及两相流动,传热及流动机理复杂,因此目前对其运行过程的相关数值模拟尚不成熟。本文采用VOF(volume of fluid)模型,考虑表面张力和壁面接触角的影响,采用数值模拟软件对单环路脉动热管的流动及传热特性进行了研究。数值模拟中,单环路脉动热管的充液率为40%～60%,热端加热功率为10～40W,探讨了热管蒸发段与冷凝段长度比对热管启动及换热性能的影响,并分析了脉动热管运行时流型特征。结果表明:随蒸发段和冷凝段长度比值增大,脉动热管启动时间缩短,且换热性能有一定提高;但在低充液率时,容易出现“干烧”现象。在低加热功率时,脉动热管的启动方式为温度突变式;而在高加热功率时,其启动方式为温度渐变式。此外,通过蒸发段的温度振荡特征可以确定脉动热管的启动时间。     

两种不同结构的回路型重力热管性能比较

将回路型热管和重力热管的优点相结合,设计了回路型重力热管。通过试验的方法分析两种不同结构的回路型重力热管的传热性能,结果表明:A型回路型重力热管的传热性能优于B型,不同的倾斜方向对两种回路型重力热管几乎没有影响。通过数值模拟的方法研究了齿形翅片对回路型重力热管的影响,结果表明:齿形翅片可以有效强化自然对流传热,增加回路型重力热管的传热功率。     

硅胶粒径对太阳能吸附制冷系统性能的影响

针对以硅胶-水为工质对的太阳能吸附式制冷系统,实验研究了不同粒径的硅胶材料对吸附床传热传质特性及系统制冷能力的影响。三组对比实验的硅胶材料平均粒径分别为1mm、3mm和5mm,在太阳辐射接近的条件下完成实验测试,结果表明粒径中等的硅胶材料表现最优,其制冷系数COP和按照循环周期定义的比制冷功率SCP2均最高。小粒径材料虽然使吸附剂填充量有所增加,但是会导致吸附床轴向传质阻力增加,影响其末端吸附能力的发挥。而材料的粒径过大,则会降低吸附床的吸附剂填充量及其传热性能,从而导致预热脱附和冷却过程的时间延长,不利于系统的制冷性能改善。实验结果表明,吸附剂粒径是影响太阳能吸附式制冷系统工作性能的一个重要因素,在系统设计中需要给予重视。     

用于低温余热回收系统热管换热器传热性能的数值模拟

采用CFX软件Fluent模拟了用于低温余热回收的重力热管内的相变情况及充液率、热管长度比、管中心距对热管换热器传热性能的影响。模拟结果显示,水量一定时,加热段与冷凝段长度相同的热管在不同充液率条件下的传热特性,高充液率的传热能力优于低充液率的传热能力,适宜的充液率为60%~70%。当充液率一定时,加热段的长度小于冷凝段的长度有利于热管传热。当充液率及管长一定时,热管换热器的传热系数随管中心距的增大而减小。将热管换热器数值模拟的总传热系数与理论计算的结果进行对比,实现了特定体系热管换热器的结构优化。     

异型热管余热回收特性研究

对于极端条件传热,异型热管具有独特优势。文中以RB211-535E4型发动机为例,针对航空发动机余热及吸热端和放热端的安装结构特点,设计出一种吸热段和放热段为圆弧状的、可安装在内外涵道间的异型热管,并按实际与仿真模型类比率1∶18,对异型热管模型蒸发段和冷凝段与绝热段连接处进行圆角半径分别为2.5,4,6 mm的结构优化。采用数值方法对比研究了异型热管与平直热管的运行特性。结果表明：异型热管的温度、多相流流型分布皆优于平直热管,且R为4 mm异型热管传热效果最优;启动性能上各型热管差别不大;传热性能上R为4 mm异型热管具有良好的等温性和最大的换热效率,换热效率相比平直热管提升近30%。因此可认为R为4 mm异型热管在此工况下具有最优的运行特性。将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了数值模拟方法的可行性。     

两相闭式热虹吸管的流动与传热特性研究

对两相闭式热管内的流动与传热特性进行数值模拟.分段建立热管内的流动与传热方程,通过编写程序对控制方程进行求解.采用离散液膜下降高度方法,联合利用复合辛普森数值积分和四阶龙格库塔数值微分方法成功地实现模型求解过程.将热管内充液量、饱和蒸汽温度和加热段热流密度作为影响因素进行数值计算.在分析中考虑下降液膜和上升蒸汽之间界面剪切力的影响.数值计算结果发现,尽管界面剪切力有时对传热过程的影响不大,但冷凝段和蒸发段的液膜都有所增厚,模型预测结果与实验测量值吻合程度有所改善.数值模拟结果表明,综合考虑热管内界面剪切力和总体充液量对热管流动与传热特性的影响是有必要的,由此获得的传热特性关联式更符合实际情况,可以为热管换热器的性能计算和设计提供指导.     

充液率及工质对复合中空热管传热性能的影响

建立了复合中空热管传热性能实验平台,对不同充液率(20%,25%,33%,40%,50%)和不同工质(蒸馏水,无水乙醇,重铬酸钾溶液)条件下的复合中空热管传热性能进行了实验研究。研究表明:当工质为蒸馏水时,复合中空热管的最佳充液率为33%;当充液率均为33%时,无水乙醇工质复合中空热管的传热性能最好,其次是蒸馏水工质和重铬酸钾溶液工质的复合中空热管;当充液率为20%时,蒸馏水工质的复合中空热管的传热性能变化趋势明显与充液率为25%,33%,40%,50%时不同,而且传热效果最差。当充液率均为33%、工质为纯水时,加热蒸汽热流密度(102,108,115 kW/m2)不同,复合中空热管的传热性能也不同,传热性能随着加热蒸汽热流密度的提高而提高。实验研究为工业应用提供了基础。     

回路热管反应器传热性能的研究及其工业应用

将热管技术与反应器耦合,开发了高效节能的回路热管反应器.研究了回路热管蒸发段的启动性能、热管内工作介质的汽液两相流流动状态以及热管蒸发段在填充床内的流动传热性能,获得了强化热管传热和改善填充床温度分布的工艺条件,以及填充床对热管外壁对流传热系数的准数关联式.回路热管固定床反应器已经成功应用于合成甲基叔丁基醚生产工艺.     

Quantification of Phospholipids Classes in Human Milk

Phospholipids are integral constituents of the milk fat globule membranes and they play a central role in infants’ immune and inflammatory responses. A methodology employing liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector has been optimized and validated to quantify the major phospholipids classes in human milk. Phospholipids were extracted using chloroform and methanol and separated on C18 column. Repeatability, intermediate reproducibility, and recovery values were calculated and a large sample set of human milk analyzed. In human milk, phospholipid classes were quantified at concentrations of 0.6 mg/100 g for phosphatidylinositol; 4.2 mg/100 g for phosphatidylethanolamine, 0.4 mg/100 g for phosphatidylserine, 2.8 mg/100 g for phosphatidylcholine, and 4.6 mg/100 g for sphingomyelin. Their relative standard deviation of repeatability and intermediate reproducibility values ranging between 0.8 and 13.4 % and between 2.4 and 25.7 %, respectively. The recovery values ranged between 67 and 112 %. Finally, the validated method was used to quantify phospholipid classes in human milk collected from 50 volunteers 4 weeks postpartum providing absolute content of these lipids in a relatively large cohort. The average content of total phospholipids was 23.8 mg/100 g that corresponds to an estimated mean intake of 140 mg phospholipids/day in a 4-week old infant when exclusively breast-fed.     

The hydration of reactive cement-in-polymer dispersions studied by nuclear magnetic resonance

The behaviour of two novel cement-in-polymer (c/p) dispersions, namely cement-in-poly(vinyl acetate) and cement-in-poly(vinyl alcohol) upon exposure to water at room temperature was investigated by a combination of various NMR methods. The swelling, cracking, and the water ingress were monitored non-destructively using ¹H single point imaging. The hydration of the cement matrix was investigated using ²⁹Si NMR whilst ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra allowed the quantification of the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction of poly(vinyl acetate) into poly(vinyl alcohol). The polymer controls the rate of water ingress and swelling which in turn determines the behaviour of the c/p dispersions upon exposure to water. For the cement-in-poly(vinyl alcohol), the rates of water ingress and swelling are much faster than the hydration of the clinker whilst for the cement-in-poly(vinyl acetate) the slow rates of the two processes allow the formation of a cementious matrix which assures the stability of the sample.     

Design and function of novel superplasticizers for more durable high performance concrete (superplast project)

In this article we shall describe our quest and ultimate success in furthering our understanding of the action of superplasticizers on the rheology of cement and concrete. By specifically producing superplasticizers with varied architectures, we have been able to show the important structural features of the macromolecules that lead to a successful superplasticizer or water reducing agent. Both polycarboxylate and lignosulfonate polymers have been investigated. Using both non-reactive model MgO powders, three different types of cement blends, the adsorption behaviour and the effect on the rheological properties of these two important superplasticizer families have been used to further develop a conceptual model for superplasticizer — cement behaviour. This paper will deal mainly with the conceptual model, the materials and methods used to asses the polymer adsorption behaviour and rheological properties of the systems studied. We shall briefly describe the adsorption of the polymers onto the different surfaces and their influence on surface charge and rheology and the influence of the various ionic species found in cement pore solutions that may influence polymer-cement affinity. The key factors are shown to be the effective adsorbed polymer thickness and the induced surface charge which can be influenced by the polymer architecture, the pore solution composition and the initial particle surface charge.     

Interactions between shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and cement paste's pore solution

Shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) have been developed to combat shrinkage cracking in concrete elements. While SRA has been shown to have significant benefits in reducing the magnitude of drying and autogenous shrinkage, it has been reported that SRA may cause a negative side effect as it reduces the rate of cement hydration and strength development in concrete. To examine the influence of SRA on cement hydration, this study explores the interactions between SRA and cement paste's pore solution. It is described that SRA is mainly composed of amphiphilic (i.e., surfactant) molecules that when added to an aqueous solution, accumulate at the solution-air interface and can significantly reduce the interfacial tension. However, these surfactants can also self-aggregate in the bulk solution (i.e., micellation) and this may limit the surface tension reduction capacity of SRA. In synthetic pore solutions, SRA is observed to form an oil-water-surfactant emulsion that may or may not be stable. Specifically, at concentrations above a critical threshold, the mixture of SRA and pore fluid is unstable and can separate into two distinct phases (an SRA-rich phase and an SRA-dilute phase). Further, chemical analysis of extracted pore solutions shows that addition of SRA to the mixing water depresses the dissolution of alkalis in the pore fluid. This results in a pore fluid with lower alkalinity which causes a reduction in the rate of cement hydration. This may explain why concrete containing SRA shows a delayed setting and a slower strength development.     

Study of the hydration of CaO powder by gas–solid reaction

Hydration of CaO powders by reaction with water vapor has been studied in isothermal and isobaric conditions. Experimental tests were performed within the temperature range of 70 °C–420 °C and with a water vapor pressure from 5 to 160 hPa by means of a thermogravimetric device. Two powders, exhibiting slight differences in their physical properties, were studied. However, for one of the powders and under some temperature and pressure conditions, the reaction is not complete. The difference of behavior between both CaO powders was interpreted by considering the effect of the morphological properties on the mechanism of growth of Ca(OH)₂.     

The influence of water removal techniques on the composition and microstructure of hardened cement pastes

The removal of water from hardened cement paste for analysis or to arrest ongoing hydration has been reported to affect the composition of hydrated phases and microstructure. The effect that arresting the hydration of hardened cement paste by replacing the pore water with acetone before drying, and by removing the water by freeze, vacuum and oven drying has on the hardened cement paste has been investigated. Two pastes were studied, a cemented iron hydroxide floc where a high proportion of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) had been replaced by pulverised fuel ash, and a pure hydrated OPC. The results showed that none of the water removal techniques caused any major deterioration in the composition and microstructure of the hardened cement pastes studied, but the pores appeared better preserved after arresting hydration using acetone quenching. Freeze drying appeared to cause more cracking of the microstructure than the other water removal techniques.     

2-(2'-咪唑偶氮)萘酚-4-磺酸的合成及其分析性质的研究

合成了新显色剂咪唑偶氮－２－萘酚－４－磺酸（ＩＡＮ－４Ｓ）,研究了试剂的离解常数及其与金属离子的显色反应。     

Influence of bleed water reabsorption on cement paste autogenous deformation

The effects of bleed water reabsorption and subsequent early age expansion on observed autogenous deformation are investigated in this research. Bleeding was induced by varying superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixture dosages and by increasing the water-to-cement ratio. This research revealed that significant early age expansion occurs with increasing chemical admixture dosages and higher water-to-cement ratios, as expected, due to increasing bleeding of those samples. When samples were rotated, negligible early age expansion was observed. Thus, bleed water reabsorption is shown to be the primary mechanism causing initial expansion in sealed autogenous deformation samples. Thermal dilation and ettringite growth appear to have a minimal influence on the observed expansion. Rotating the samples during setting eliminates the potential for bleed water reabsorption and is recommended for all autogenous deformation testing.     

Comparison between surface and bulk hydrophobic treatment against corrosion of galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete

The effectiveness of bulk hydrophobic treatment against corrosion of galvanized steel reinforcement in concrete specimens with w/c = 0.45 and w/c = 0.75 was compared with that of surface treatment, even in the presence of cracks 0.5 and 1 mm wide in the concrete cover. In this case surface hydrophobic treatments were applied both before and after cracking as a preventive and a restorative method against reinforced concrete deterioration, respectively. The obtained results in terms of water absorption, electrochemical measurements, chlorides penetration, and visual observations carried out on reinforced concrete specimens during the exposure to wet–dry cycles in 10% NaCl solution showed that bulk hydrophobization is the most effective treatment in improving the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel reinforcements in concrete also in the presence of cracks. Surface hydrophobization is very effective just in the first few exposure cycles to the aggressive environment and when used as a restorative method which is able to cancel the deleterious effect of cracks only 0.5 mm wide.     

Effect of plasma treatment of polymeric tape carriers on wetting behaviour of aqueous ceramic tape casting slurry

Due to environmental and health aspects, aqueous ceramic slurries are preferred to traditional organic solvent systems in tape casting. An important obstacle associated with the high surface energy of water is poor wetting of aqueous ceramic slurries on polymeric tape carriers. Therefore, we measured the contact angles of an aqueous epoxy-based ceramic slurry on polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and aluminium-coated polyethylene terephtalate (PET-Al) films and investigated approaches to improving their wetting. We evaluated the effect of plasma treatment of the tape carrier surface on the wetting behaviour and compared it with the effect of adding non-ionic amphiphilic surfactants to the ceramic slurry. The treatment of the tape carrier surface by low-temperature plasma substantially improved the wetting behaviour of aqueous ceramic slurry. The lowest contact angle of 31° was obtained on the PET film. Although the addition of non-ionic surfactants improved both the wetting behaviour of the slurry and the detachment of the polymeric carrier from the ceramic tape even better than the plasma treatment of the carrier surface did, the plasma-treated carriers still present a useful alternative to the surfactants. In the case of the plasma-treated PET carrier the surfactants could be fully eliminated and potential drawbacks related to the use of surfactants could be prevented.