国内优质小麦淀粉特性研究

为保持小麦淀粉天然特性,发展一种通过直接破碎浸泡过的小麦籽粒分离淀粉的方法,然后对所得十九种国内优质小麦的淀粉的蛋白质、脂肪、直链淀粉、水分含量及白度进行测定,通过比较、分析,总结得出不同品种小麦淀粉特性。     

河南省主要种植小麦品种淀粉特性研究

采用小麦籽粒湿法分离淀粉技术，分离提取河南省种植的36种小麦和4种国外商品小麦的淀粉，计算出淀粉提取率．小麦淀粉提取率与品种有关；分析了这些淀粉样品的水分、脂类、蛋白质和直链淀粉含量，采用快速粘度分析仪(RVA)测定淀粉糊特性，测定了淀粉糊流变学特性，进行了回归分析和聚类分析，以淀粉的流变学特性为基础，进行了分类对比。发现安农98005与澳洲商品软麦具有相近的淀粉特性。     

小麦交联-羧甲基双重变性淀粉的制备及性质研究

以小麦淀粉为原料，采用一氯乙酸为醚化剂，环氧氯丙烷为交联剂．利用Design—expert6．0．3软件，通过响应面实验制备交联-羧甲基双重变性淀粉并得到其制备优化条件。对羧甲基淀粉、交联淀粉，交联-羧甲基双重变性淀粉的透明度、溶解度和溶胀力、冻融稳定性进行研究。结果表明：小麦交联-羧甲基双重变性淀粉兼有羧甲基淀粉和交联淀粉两种单一变性淀粉的优良特性。     

糯质小麦淀粉理化特性研究

糯质小麦淀粉中直链淀粉含量极低（〈1％），是一种新的天然淀粉资源。本论文研究了糯质小麦淀粉的理化特性，并将这些性质与几种常用工业淀粉进行比较，为糯质小麦淀粉的工业应用提供理论基础。     

淀粉理化特性,遗传规律及小麦淀粉与品质的关系

综述了国内外关于淀粉的结构，淀粉的主要理化特性，淀粉的遗传及小麦淀粉与面粉和食品品质的关系等方面的研究结果，提出把淀粉性状的研究和利用作主罗国小麦品质育种的主要目标之一。     

小麦淀粉的理化特性与面条的品质

本文通过对小麦样品中淀粉的理化特性指标及面条品质指标的测定，研究了小麦淀粉的理化特性与面条品质的关系，得出直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、膨胀势与面条品质呈正相关；降落值与面条品质呈负相关。     

四种常用淀粉物理性质的比较研究

主要研究了四种常用淀粉(玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、小麦淀粉)的透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、膨胀度及糊化特性，并进行比较。为进一步了解这四种淀粉的特性及应用，提供了理论依据。     

小麦淀粉的理化特性及其与面制品品质的关系

综述了小麦淀粉的主要特征，糊化、粘度和凝沉性等理化特性；研究了小麦淀粉中直链淀粉含量、破损淀粉含量、膨胀特性和糊化、粘度特性等与面制品蒸煮品质、烘焙品质的关系及其影响机理，结果表明：在小麦淀粉品质性状中，粘度参数和膨胀势等对面制品品质有较大影响，直链淀粉含量对面条品质有负作用，糊化温度影响面制品的制作工艺过程，破损淀粉含量对面制品品质也有一定影响。     

小麦淀粉生产废水资源化及处理技术研究

由于生产小麦淀粉产生淀粉废水有机质浓度高,且悬浮物含量大,对淀粉废水处理方法研究越来越受到重视。该文综述小麦淀粉废水来源、水质特性、处理工艺等,并介绍一些小麦淀粉废水资源化方法。     

小麦淀粉与马铃薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉共混物的糊化与凝胶特性

研究了小麦淀粉分别与马铃薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉以不同比例混合后淀粉混合物的糊化特性、流变学特性和凝胶特性等。结果表明：小麦淀粉的峰值黏度（2 430.50 Pa•s）等糊化特性参数低于马铃薯淀粉（9 001.02 Pa•s）和豌豆淀粉（2 644.50 Pa•s）,而糊化温度（90.70 ℃）高于马铃薯淀粉（67.05 ℃）和豌豆淀粉（73.95 ℃）。两种混合淀粉体系的糊化特性值在小麦淀粉和马铃薯淀粉、小麦淀粉和豌豆淀粉的值之间发生变化。凝胶的质构和水分子状态等参数有相似的特性变化规律。小麦淀粉的模量（G′为4 770.85 Pa、G″为453.80 Pa）高于马铃薯淀粉（G′为1 392.46 Pa、G″为175.65 Pa）和豌豆淀粉（G′为3 256.89 Pa、G″为275.36 Pa）,两种混合淀粉体系的储能模量和损耗模量在小麦淀粉和马铃薯淀粉、小麦淀粉和豌豆淀粉的值之间发生变化。马铃薯淀粉（7.84 J/g）和豌豆淀粉（8.18 J/g）的热焓值小于小麦淀粉（13.06 J/g）,小麦与马铃薯混合淀粉、小麦与豌豆混合淀粉热焓值降低。综上所述,小麦淀粉分别与马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉混合使得混合淀粉的性质发生不同程度的改变,可为淀粉的天然改性提供一定的理论依据。     

Inhibiting or enhancing effect of sulfuric acid-treated wheat starch on antibody production induced by two types of adjuvant

Glycogen has been reported to have immune-regulating activity. We examined in this study the immune-regulating activity of wheat starch of various molecular weights, because both starch and glycogen are made from glucose components linked by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycoside bonds. Wheat starch was treated by sulfuric acid to prepare starch samples with differing molecular weight. The acid-treated starch inhibited cytokine production from murine splenocytes when the splenocytes were incubated with the antigen and a starch sample. The activity depended on the treatment time by sulfuric acid. Mice were then i.p. immunized with some antigens and the starch mixed with two types of adjuvant. The starch also inhibited the in vivo antibody production when administered with an alum adjuvant. In contrast, the starch enhanced the antibody response when administered with complete Fround adjuvant, indicating that the starch regulated immune responses depending on the molecular weight and surrounding circumstances.     

Effect of aqueous ozonation on the pasting,flow and gelatinization properties of wheat starch

Wheat starch–water suspensions were exposed to ozone gas for 15, 30, and 60 min at 5 °C at a concentration of 0.00042 g dissolved ozone/100 g. Pasting properties were determined by using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) while a Bohlin rheometer was used to obtain flow behaviour (n) and consistency (K) indices. An enzymatic method using glucoamylase was applied to calculate percent starch gelatinization. Pasting temperature (P_T) of ozonated starch samples decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as compared to that of native starch. Cooking stability starch samples increased upon ozonation indicated by lower breakdown viscosity (B_V) values. The retrogradation tendency of wheat starch samples was reduced after ozonation which was indicated by lower setback viscosities (S_V). Native and ozonated starch samples exhibited a shear-thinning behaviour with values of flow behaviour indices (n) between 0.57 and 0.76. The greater n values obtained for ozonated starch samples as compared to native starch showed that ozonation increased the shear-thinning behaviour of wheat starch. Percent gelatinization for all ozonated starch samples were significantly higher than the control starch samples (P < 0.05), probably due to, weakened hydrogen bonding between the starch molecules and partial depolymerization of starch molecules by ozonation.     

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum) Starch Films Prepared with A‐ and B‐type Granules

The use of starch for the production of biodegradable materials has been increasing. Wheat is an important source, however, durum wheat starch and its separated granular components had not been evaluated for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of durum wheat starch films when prepared with a distribution of different granular‐sized starches (A‐ and B‐type). Starch was isolated, and the A and B populations of granules were separated. Films were prepared by casting. Glycerol (G) was used as a plasticizer in concentrations of 25% and 40%, respectively. Starch films were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical properties (tensile strength, TS, elongation at break, E, elastic modulus, EM), solubility, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Durum wheat starch films were transparent, flexible, and, according to SEM, highly homogeneous. Films prepared with 25% G showed brittle material behavior (TS = 42–50 MPa, E = 1.4–2.7%, and EM = 31–34 MPa), whereas those prepared with 40% G had ductile material characteristics (TS = 11–17 MPa, E = 4–41%, and EM = 4–11.3 MPa). These mechanical properties of the films were significantly affected by the glycerol concentration and the starch granule type used. The film solubility was low when compared to those reported in other studies. It increased with increasing plasticizer concentration. According to the XRD, the films showed a semi‐crystalline structure.     

小麦和甘薯抗性淀粉得率的工艺研究

采用酸变性和沸水浴的方法，对小麦和甘薯淀粉进行处理，以抗性淀粉得率作为评价指标，研究了在不同的淀粉乳浓度、盐酸用量、酸解时间、沸水浴时间、不同冷藏温度和时间条件下，小麦和甘薯淀粉糊化后形成抗性淀粉得率的变化情况，得到在不同条件下抗性淀粉得率受影响的趋势。     

Changes in wheat and potato starches induced by gamma irradiation: A comparative macro and microscopic study

Wheat and potato starches were treated by gamma irradiation (0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 35, and 50 kGy). Apparent amylose content, gelatinization maximum consistency, swelling power, viscosity, and textural parameters decreased in potato and wheat starch pastes as irradiation dose increased. Nevertheless, the decrease of apparent amylose content and swelling power was greater in potato starch than in wheat one. High gamma irradiation doses made potato starch granules more sensitive to shear. On the other hand, no modification in the granule shape was observed by scanning electron microscopy. However, through heat-treatment, starch granules destroyed as irradiation dose increased. Consequently, the effect of irradiation on granular structure appeared to be greater in potato starch than in wheat starch.     

Wheat endosperm hardness. Part II. Relationships to content and composition of flour lipids

In Part I we analysed hardness and colour of wheat endosperm and stated that these features are quite well correlated among kernels of individual varieties. In order to enhance knowledge of the biochemical basis of endosperm hardness, this study aimed at determining how the content and the composition of free and starch lipids influence it. Wheat samples (used previously in Part I) were milled in a way that reduced the number of non-endosperm particles in flour. Simple linear correlation coefficients between endosperm hardness and its lipid composition indicated that hardness was positively correlated with the content of free glycolipids (r=0.82) and negatively with the content of surface lipids of starch, especially with their non-polar fraction (r=-0.83). The typical feature of harder wheat varieties was a substantially higher content of oleic acid in lipids of the starch surface.     

小麦籽粒品质性状基因功能标记的开发及应用

小麦籽粒加工品质是一个综合性状,并与高、低分子质量亚基、多酚氧化酶活性、脂肪氧化酶活性、黄色素含量、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性和1BL/1RS易位等多个性状密切相关。本研究主要就这些小麦品质相关性状基因的功能标记开发及其在分子育种应用的研究进展进行了综述,并对其当前存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了讨论。     

Wet-milling of wheat flour: industrial processes and small-scale test methods

Commercial manufacture of wheat starch and vital wheat gluten involves physical separation of starch granules and gluten particles formed in a neutral aqueous system. The wet-separation of gluten proteins and starch from wheat flour is based on their water insolubility, density, and particle size. Upon wetting, gluten proteins in wheat endosperm aggregate and form particles that are larger in size but less dense than starch granules. Wheat starch and vital gluten are currently produced industrially through wet-milling of wheat flour principally by four processes; the Martin, Alfa-Laval/Raisio, Hydrocyclone, and the High-Pressure Disintegration (HD) processes. The industrial processes differ mainly in the forms of the flour-water mixtures presented to the fractionation equipment (centrifuge, hydrocyclone, or screen) or in the initial separation practice of starch and gluten fractions from flour. However, the processes essentially merge into one as the intermediate starch and gluten-particle streams are purified to give >98% pure starch and ∼80% protein vital gluten. Handling of a second-grade starch stream, flour water-soluble, and fibrous residues may differ at various processing steps. Small-scale tests are available to assess the wet-milling quality of flours to be wet-processed by the Martin, Batter, Alfa-Laval/Raisio, and the HD processes. Yet, there are no laboratory tests reported for the Hydrocyclone process. Given the development of numerous new wheat varieties each year and of high-amylose and waxy wheats, it is important that small-scale wet-milling tests to assess the wet-milling quality and suitability of flour samples for the industrial processes be available.     

Starch as a Pore‐forming and Body‐forming Agent in Ceramic Technology

Wheat and corn starch can be used for the preparation of porous alumina ceramics via the SCC (starch consolidation casting) process, resulting in porosities ranging from > 20% to approx. 50% (using nominal starch contents of 10 – 50%, v/v), with open porosity dominating (closed porosity < 6.5%). The character of porosity and the shape of the pores corresponds to the starch granules used, but the pore size is determined by a complex interplay between starch swelling (during the body‐forming step) and pore shrinkage (during sintering of the ceramic). Typically, for low starch contents (e.g. nominal starch contents of around 10%, v/v) starch swelling is a significant effect, and the pores after sintering are larger than the size of the starch granules. For higher starch contents swelling is constrained (by limited space and/ or water availability), and the matrix shrinkage during sintering overcompensates the swelling effect, so that the final pores in the ceramic can be significantly smaller than the original starch granule size. In this paper it is shown how porosity is related to pore size. In particular, it is demonstrated that the porosity indirectly determined from image analysis (via the median pore size) is closely related to the porosity directly measured via the Archimedes method. On the other hand, mercury porosimetry measures the distribution of pore throat sizes. With increasing starch content in the suspension, the pore throat size in the as‐fired ceramic materials increases, resulting in a more open microstructure.