The annealing behaviour of deformed cube-oriented aluminium single crystals

Single crystals of the {001}〈100〉 cube orientation of a dilute single-phase Al–Si alloy have been deformed in plane strain compression at temperatures between 300 and 500°C at strain rates between 0.5 and 50/s. The stability of the cube orientation was found to be dependent on the deformation conditions, which is in agreement with previous work. The deformed crystals contained bands of subgrains of a range of sizes and misorientations. Detailed EBSD analysis of deformed and annealed crystals revealed a strong correlation between subgrain growth and misorientation, and analysis of the data enabled the mobility of low angle grain boundaries in the misorientation range 5–20° to be determined in the temperature range 300–450°C. It was found that the boundary mobility increased with increasing misorientation up to ∼15–20° and thereafter reached a plateau. The activation energies of migration were consistent with control by lattice diffusion of Si in Al and the activation energy was found to increase with increasing misorientation.     

一种镍基单晶高温合金蠕变机制的研究

对一种镍基单晶高温合金在两种蠕变条件下（760℃／780MPa和982℃1248MPa）的变形机制进行分析．结果表明：在中温高应力条件下（760℃／780MPa）,在低应变阶段,位错以堆垛层错的形式切入γ’相;高应变阶段,位错以位错对的方式切入γ’相．在高温低应力条件下（982℃／248MPa）的低应变阶段,母相a／2（110）位错在基体中运动弓出,并绕过γ’相,发生位错反应而形成位错网;高应变阶段与中温高应力条件的切入机制相同．     

Texture memory effect in heavily cold-rolled Ni3Al single crystals

In Ni₃Al the cold-rolled Goss texture changed to a complicated one after primary recrystallization and returned to the original Goss during the subsequent grain growth, which can be referred to as the texture memory effect. In this study, we examined the evolution of grain orientations during the grain growth using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method. It was found that just after the primary recrystallization most of the grains had a 40°〈1 1 1〉 rotation relationship to the Goss texture, the remaining grains being Goss and other textures. The formation of the 40°〈1 1 1〉 rotated grains can be explained by a multiple twinning mechanism. In the grain growth, the Goss grains, which were surrounded by the 40°〈1 1 1〉 rotated grains, grew preferentially due to the high mobility of the 40°〈1 1 1〉 grain boundaries, leading to the texture memory effect.     

ECAP变形过程中MWCNTs/AZ31复合材料的织构演变

采用等径角挤压变形工艺对经热挤压后的MWCNTs/AZ31复合材料进行不同道次的深度塑性变形.测试和分析了复合材料的室温力学性能,并利用X射线衍射仪对复合材料织构的演变进行了分析.研究结果表明:MWCNTs/AZ31复合材料经热挤压后具有较强的{0001}基面纤维织构,随着等径角挤压变形道次的增加,逐渐偏离挤压态的纤维...     

晶体取向对镍基单晶高温合金铸态组织和偏析的影响

用光学显微镜观察了沿 [0 0 1],[0 11]和 [111]方向生长的镍基单晶高温合金的枝晶形态。结果表明 ,以枝晶界面生长的单晶中生长方向完全由择优取向〈0 0 1〉决定 ,[0 0 1]方向中形成平行于轴向的枝晶 ,[0 11]和 [111]方向中由于不同取向的枝晶交错生长 ,形成多种位向的亚晶界。在垂直于枝晶方向的 { 0 0 1}面内测定的一次枝晶间距 ,按 [0 0 1]→ [0 11]→ [111]次序增大。用电子探针测定了不同取向中合金元素的偏析比 ,Al,Co ,W的偏析情况不受晶体取向影响 ,Ti和Cr的偏析比按 [0 0 1]→ [0 11]→ [111]的顺序减小 ,Ta和Mo的偏析程度无确切变化规律。各元素在不同取向中偏析的变化是由元素的扩散能力和枝晶空间构形共同决定的。     

Time-dependent characteristics of incipient plasticity in nanoindentation of a Ni3Al single crystal

Depth-sensing nanoindentation was used to trace the transition from elasticity to plasticity in single crystal Ni₃Al. We found, as others have reported, that the incipient plasticity occurs spontaneously on increasing the load over a narrow load range. However, when the load is held at a value smaller than the spontaneous excursion value, excursion will also occur, albeit after a certain holding time. The holding time is found to be longer at lower holding loads. The magnitude of the displacement excursion is also found to increase with the holding load. After the excursion, all the tests showed similar elastoplastic deformation behavior in the load–displacement plot. A passive layer following electropolishing was found to be responsible for the pre-excursion plasticity observed in some samples. This passive layer, however, has no significant effect on the critical load for incipient plasticity. A model based on the homogeneous nucleation of a dislocation loop was proposed to explain the observations. The time-delay effect of the pop-in is thought to be due to the slow growth of an initially stable dislocation loop at the most highly stressed point under the indenter to an unstable loop by absorption of vacancies from the matrix.     

Texture evolution by shear on two planes during ECAP of a high-strength aluminum alloy

The evolution of texture was examined during equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy having a strong initial texture. An analysis of the local texture using electron backscatter diffraction demonstrates that shear occurs on two shear planes: the main shear plane (MSP) equivalent to the simple shear plane, and a secondary shear plane which is perpendicular to the MSP. Throughout most regions of the ECAP billet, the MSP is close to the intersection plane of the two channels but with a small (5°) deviation. Only the {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉 and {0 0 1}〈1 1 0〉 shear systems were activated and there was no experimental evidence for the existence of other shear systems. In a small region at the bottom edge of the billet that passed through the zone of intersection of the channels, the observed textures were fully consistent with the rolling textures of Copper and Goss.     

Bonding phenomena of transient liquid phase bonded joints of a Ni base single crystal superalloy

The bonding phenomena of Ni base single crystal superalloy CMSX-2 during transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding have been investigated using MBF-80 and F-24 insert metals. TLP bonding of the superalloy was carried out at 1373-1548K for 0-19.6ks in vacuum and the (100) plane of each test specimen was always aligned perpendicular to the joint interface. The dissolution width increased when the bonding temperature and holding time increased. The eutectic width decreased linearly with the square root of holding time during isothermal solidification. After homogenization treatment, the microstructure, distributions of hardness and alloying elements in the bonded interlayer become similar to those of the base metal.     

单晶铜在ECAP过程中的织构转变和强化行为

由于优秀的导电性能,单晶铜已经在各个领域得到了广泛的应用。然而,较低的强度性能严重阻碍了其进一步的发展和使用。所以,使用ECAP技术对单晶铜进行强化,同时研究采用三个不同路径挤压时对材料性能的影响。使用电子背散射衍射和 X 射线衍射来对 6 道次 ECAP 变形过程中单晶铜的织构进行检测。模具的内角为 120°,挤压路径为 A、Bc、C。结果表明： 5 道次挤压后,A 路径,Bc路径和 C 路径的强度和延伸率分别为 405MPa 、30%,395 MPa、26.7%,385 MPa 、27.9%。6 道次挤压后,A 路径的织构为{112}<110>以及较弱的{110}<112>织构;Bc 路径为{001}<110>织构;而 C 路径的织构已经产生了分散。当采用 C 路径进行几道次的挤压后,首先在其极图中出现了双织构并存的情况,随后 A 路径极图中同样出现了双织构。而在 Bc 路径极图中,并没有其他的织构出现。在挤压过程中材料的导电性只有少量的下降,且全部在 98%IACS 以上。可以看出,在合适的应变量下,ECAP 可以使单晶铜强度明显提高而且导电性损失很小。同时,采用不同的挤压路径可以显著影响材料的性能,例如采用A路径挤压出的材料有最高的强度,C路径挤压出的材料有最好的导电性能。     

The microstructure of a single crystal superalloy after different aging heat treatments

To study the influence of aging heat treatments on the microstructure of single crystal superalloys with high content of refractory elements and optimal the aging heat treatment regimes, a single crystal superalloy containing 22 wt% refractory elements was investigated.Results show that for the experimental alloy, even the homogenization-solution heat treatment for 25 h cannot homogenize the alloying elements completely. During primary aging heat treatment, γ' phase grows larger and turns to regular cubes. Higher aging temperature induces larger γ' cubes. For specimens with primary aging heat treated at 1120 ℃,γ' morphology does not change apparently during secondary aging heat treatment. For specimens with primary aging heat treatment at 1150 ℃,γ'phase in interdendrite grows obviously comparing with that in dendrites. By analyzing the precipitating kinetics of γ'phase, it is found that owning to the dendrite segregation and different aging heat treatment temperatures, γ' phase at different regions grows under the control of different factors at different aging heat treatment stages. The two controlling factors that are driving forces of phase transformation and element diffusion rate induce obviously different growth rates of γ' phase. As a result, the γ'-precipitating behaviors are variable based on different solute concentrations and aging temperatures. For advanced single crystal superalloys that are supposed to be used at relatively high temperatures, the final γ' size after aging heat treatment is suggested to be close to the crossing point of diffusion controlling curve and driving force controlling curve corresponding to the serving temperature. And then,high-temperature properties can be improved.     

Texture and structure contribution to low-temperature plasticity enhancement of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn Alloy MA2-1hp after ECAP and annealing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) in magnesium alloys due to severe plastic shear deformations provides both grain refinement and the slope of the initial basal texture at 40°–50° to the pressing direction. These changes in microstructure and texture contribute to the improvement of low-temperature plasticity of the alloys. Quantitative texture X-ray diffraction analysis and diffraction of backscattered electrons are used to study the main textural and structural factors responsible for enhanced low-temperature plasticity based on the example of magnesium alloy MA2-1hp of the Mg-Al-Zn-Mn system. The possible mechanisms of deformation that lead to this positive effect are discussed.     

Comparison of inward and outward grown Pt modified aluminide diffusion coatings on a Ni based single crystal superalloy

Two commercial Pt modified aluminide coatings (RT22 and MDC150L) on the same single crystal Ni-based superalloy (CMSX-4) were studied by: scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy; energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry; and gravimetry. The RT22 coating is an inward grown coating (high activity), while MDC150L is produced by outward growth (low activity). Samples were oxidised in still laboratory air at 1050 °C for various times up to 2000 h. It was found that the outward grown coating produced a slower growing oxide that was more spallation resistant. Several possible reasons for this were identified including: coating purity; coating surface topography; and ductile to brittle transition temperature. The microstructural differences between the two coatings in the as-coated condition were investigated and the development of their microstructure during heat treatment was described. A model for coating growth during heat treatment was proposed.     

Surface recrystallization of a Ni3Al based single crystal superalloy at different annealing temperature and blasting pressure

The effects of annealing temperature and grit blasting pressure on the recrystallization behavior of a Ni3Al based single crystal superalloy were studied in this work. The results show that the precipitation of the Y-NiMo phase occurs at 900 and 1000 °C, which precedes recrystallization. The initial recrystallization temperature was between 1000 and 1100 °C. Cellular recrystallization was formed at 1100 and 1200 °C, which consisted of large columnar γ′ and fine γ + γ′. The dendrite arm closed to the interde...     

High-temperature oxidation of a single crystal Ni-base superalloy

The isothermal oxidation behaviour of a single crystal Ni-base superalloy (CMSX2) between 900 and 1300°C in air at atmospheric pressure or in pure static oxygen at 0.2 atm. pressure has been studied for test durations between 8 to 1000 hours. The extremely low oxidation rate did not permit accurate measurements of oxidation kinetics. However, oxide scale examinations by means of SEM, EDS, TEM, X-ray diffraction, RHEED, SIMS and metallography allowed to discuss the oxidation mechanisms of the studied alloy. At temperature higher than 1100°C, the very good oxidation resistance is due to the growth of a thin Al₂O₃ scale while at lower temperature it may be attributed to the growth of a subscale of a complex oxide (Cr, Ti, Al) (Ti, Ta)O₄ possessing a rutile structure. The effect of chemical homogeneity was studied in comparing the behaviour of as-cast and homogenized specimens.