铁素体对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝低温冲击韧性的影响

采用5组不同焊接工艺参数对06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢进行了焊接,并对焊接接头进行了组织分析、铁素体含量检测、-196℃低温冲击试验及断口形貌分析。研究结果表明：06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢焊缝组织为奥氏体+少量铁素体,铁素体呈条状或网状分布,含量介于5%～10%之间;焊缝-196℃冲击吸收功均满足标准要求,冲击断口为韧窝型断口,冲击吸收功与焊缝铁素体含量成反比,铁素体含量越高,冲击吸收功越低。     

304L奥氏体不锈钢中厚板的晶粒度控制

针对厚度40 mm以上304L不锈钢出现的混晶问题,通过实验室试验,进行了轧制关键工艺参数研究,具体包括再结晶区和未再结晶区轧制温度、待温时间以及轧后冷却速率等参数。结果表明,1050℃和950℃变形对再结晶比例没有显著影响;短时间待温即可完成静态再结晶;变形条件相同情况下,对比了待温温度和待温时间对晶粒长大的影响,发现变形温度是晶粒长大的敏感因素,变形温度越高,再结晶-晶粒长大过程几乎同时发生,较低的再结晶温度下待温可保证较高的再结晶比例,同时抑制晶粒异常长大,有效改善了混晶现象。工业试验表明,开轧温度过高容易造成晶粒异常长大,1050℃以下开轧、直轧和待温控轧都可使轧态组织晶粒细化。     

Ar-N2混合气体中N2含量对磁控溅射Ag膜性能的影响

以不同N₂含量Ar-N₂混合气体为溅射气体在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)基膜上磁控溅射制备Ag膜,研究了N₂含量对Ag膜动态沉积率、耐盐雾腐蚀性能和反射率的影响。结果表明：随着N₂含量增加,制备的Ag膜的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,在盐雾中的腐蚀速率逐渐降低,动态沉积率和反射率均逐渐降低;综合生产效率和各项性能,优选N₂体积分数为20%的Ar-N₂混合气体溅射Ag膜工艺,其动态沉积率为纯Ar制备Ag膜的95%,反射率也由纯Ar制备Ag膜的93.8%降低至93.4%,在盐雾中的腐蚀速率降为纯Ar制备Ag膜的22%左右。     

低温气体渗碳对304L奥氏体不锈钢抗氢性能的影响

对304L奥氏体不锈钢进行低温(470℃)气体渗碳,采用光学显微镜(OM),电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)以及X射线应力分析仪(IXRD)研究了304L奥氏体不锈钢低温气体渗碳强化层的厚度、碳含量及残余应力分布。通过电化学充氢实验,结合X射线相结构分析(XRD),慢应变单轴拉伸试验,扫描电镜(SEM)观察以及氢含量检测等方法分析低温气体表面渗碳对304L不锈钢抗氢脆性能的影响。研究表明:304L不锈钢经30 h低温气体表面渗碳处理后,形成了约22μm的渗碳层,渗碳层中碳含量和残余应力在表面最高,分别为2%(质量分数)及-1.47 GPa,并沿深度方向梯度减小;低温气体表面渗碳大幅度提高304L不锈钢表面的稳定性,在充氢过程中不产生马氏体相变,从而提高其抗氢性能。此外,渗碳层中的压缩残余应力对抑制H扩散,也起到了积极的作用。     

冷变形及退火工艺对低温用奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响

采用冷轧试验、退火试验、组织观察及力学性能检测等手段,研究了冷变形及退火工艺对低温用304L奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,随着冷轧变形量的增加,冷轧态组织晶粒沿着轧制方向被拉长后被破碎,形变带的密度逐渐增加,冷轧态钢板的强度提高,伸长率下降。随着退火温度的升高,再结晶晶粒尺寸逐渐变大,1120℃以后晶粒长大趋势明显提升,退火态钢板的强度降低,伸长率提高。退火时晶粒长大表观激活能随着冷变形量的增加而提高,在低温退火时,随着冷轧变形量的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,强度提高,伸长率下降,高温退火时趋势正好相反。     

热处理对含铜节镍奥氏体不锈钢性能的影响

在304奥氏体不锈钢中加入3wt%的铜,通过真空感应炉熔炼后浇注成方形铸锭,经过均匀化处理再轧制成薄板进行研究。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱等手段研究了铜元素的加入及热处理方式对304奥氏体不锈钢显微组织、力学性能和抗腐蚀性的影响。结果表明:铜在304不锈钢中以固溶的形式存在,固溶的铜可以抑制马氏体的生成,使不锈钢在保证一定的强度下,塑韧性得到提高;不同的热处理使含铜304不锈钢呈现不同的组织状态和性能,随退火温度的升高,不锈钢的强度、硬度逐渐降低;随固溶时间缩短,不锈钢的强度、硬度提高,塑性增加;固溶处理使不锈钢耐腐蚀性较退火和轧制态有明显提高,二种热处理方式相比表明,固溶时效处理后的含铜不锈钢的综合性能最优。     

304L不锈钢薄壁小径管焊缝的相控阵超声检测工艺

采用相控阵超声检测技术,通过声学特性分析、模拟仿真、试块设计和验证试验,对304L不锈钢薄壁小径管焊缝的相控阵超声检测进行了研究。试验结果表明,对于未熔合、未焊透、裂纹等面积型缺陷,相控阵超声和射线检测的检出率均为100%。对于体积型缺陷,相控阵超声检测能力和射线检测相当;对于直径0.5 mm以下的小缺陷,受缺陷形貌、性质的影响,其反射波幅存在一定偏差。另外,相控阵超声检测的可达性和自检测效率优于射线检测的,且具有可进行交叉施工,结果数据可复查,数据重复性好,无辐射风险。     

氢含量对304不锈钢连铸过程中传热的影响

对304不锈钢连铸过程中结晶器传热问题进行分析,结果显示氢含量是影响结晶器传热的因素。不同炉次类型的氢含量差异较大,304不锈钢中氢含量超过7.5×10-4%时,会影响连铸过程的传热;氢含量超过10×10-4%时,会出现连铸漏钢事故。计算结果显示,氢在304钢液中的饱和溶解度为27×10-4%,在固态钢中的溶解度在2×10-4%⁷×10-4%之间。由于304不锈钢在液态和固态下氢的溶解度不同,在连铸过程中,氢从钢液进入保护渣,影响保护渣的传热性能,从而影响结晶器传热。控制304不锈钢中氢含量在7×10-4%以下,氢含量不会影响连铸过程中结晶器传热。     

化学成分对316L奥氏体不锈钢组织及变形行为的影响

利用万能试验机对不同镍当量(Nieq)的316L不锈钢热轧钢板进行常温单轴拉伸试验,借助扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对其拉伸变形前后的微观组织进行观察,探索镍当量对316L不锈钢微观组织及性能的影响规律。结果表明,固溶态试验钢的组织均为奥氏体组织及少量高温δ相,强度随Nieq的升高而降低,塑性和韧性随Nieq升高而增加;拉伸断口均呈韧性断裂特征,且随Nieq的提高,韧窝的数量减少,韧窝尺寸增加;TEM显示,变形后的试验钢均未发生马氏体相变,Nieq较低时,变形量大的地方位错密度高,发生位错交互作用,局部有形变孪晶生成,且随着Nieq的增加,形变孪晶密度增大,出现相互交叉、阻滞。     

304奥氏体不锈钢热诱发马氏体相变研究

借助X射线衍射技术,研究了304奥氏体不锈钢热诱发马氏体相变倾向.结果表明:C、Mn、Cr和Ni接近标准规范下限,304不锈钢的稳定性急剧下降,致使液氮内冷却后接近1/3的奥氏体转变为α'或ε马氏体,室温拉伸即形成应变诱发ε和α'马氏体,而且较小的室温变形显著增大随后液氮内冷却的热诱发α'马氏体相变倾向,但随室温预应变增大快速形成应变诱发α'马氏体,致使随后在液氮内发生热诱发α'马氏体倾向下降.此外,研究表明ε马氏体的形成及消失与α'马氏体的累积量有关.     

Ability of acoustic emission technique for detection and monitoring of crevice corrosion on 304L austenitic stainless steel

This experimental work was aimed at investigating the ability of acoustic emission (AE) technique for detection and monitoring of crevice corrosion on 304L austenitic stainless steel. Crevice initiation, propagation and repassivation was controlled by additions of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid and by the extent of the applied torque of crevice assembly, in the presence of chloride ions. The simultaneous measurements of corrosion potential of the specimen and AE global activity during the test, as well as the characterization of acoustic parameters of AE signals, evidences a good correlation between potential and AE activity fluctuations, AE rate and amplitude of crevice damage in terms of weight loss and metallic surface affected, in each tested experimental condition. Moreover, the evolution of cumulative% of AE signals number versus selected acoustic parameters shows that rise time, counts number, duration and cumulative energy of AE signals are affected by crevice development. Finally, visualization of crevice initiation and propagation during the test allows to propose that bubbles formation from cathodic reactions within the crevice is the emissive mechanism.     

高能喷丸参数对304不锈钢表面性能的影响

采用气动喷丸方式,研究喷丸压力和喷丸时间等工艺参数对304不锈钢表面性能的影响。用X射线衍射方法检测了试样表层的晶粒尺寸和相组成,用显微硬度计测量了试样表层的显微硬度。结果表明,304不锈钢板经高能喷丸处理后,表层晶粒明显细化,达到纳米级,喷丸压力越大,晶粒越小;表层组织发生了应变诱导马氏体相变。随着喷丸压力增加,马氏体相逐渐增多,奥氏体相减少;喷丸处理后表层硬度显著提高,显微硬度值是未处理试样的2倍多;在5～15 min范围内,喷丸时间对试样表面性能影响不大。通过对弹丸粒子的运动分析,得到喷丸的能量主要与喷丸压力,弹丸密度、直径以及喷丸距离等参数有关,随着弹丸动能增大,表层晶粒逐渐减小,晶格畸变增加。     

Effect of joint design on the failure behaviour of three-stack-up austenitic stainless steel resistance spot welds

Tensile shear tests were carried out on three-stack-up austenitic stainless steel resistance spot welds having four types of joint design. Mechanics-based criteria were applied to reveal the difference in the stress state at the microstructural level. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed evidence of the different stress states for different joint designs. Nugget rotation generated combined tensile/shear stress at the microstructural level. The peak load and the energy absorption of the joints reduced with the growth of the normal component of the global loads. Joints for which both interfaces bear the load were more prone to failure in pull-out mode.     

Influence of nitrogen in the shielding gas on corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel welds

The influence of nitrogen in shielding gas on the corrosion resistance of welds of a duplex stainless steel (grade U-50), obtained by gas tungsten arc (GTA) with filler wire, autogenous GTA (bead-on-plate), electron beam welding (EBW), and microplasma techniques, has been evaluated in chloride solutions at 30 °C. Pitting attack has been observed in GTA, electron beam welding, and microplasma welds when welding has been carried out using pure argon as the shielding gas. Gas tungsten arc welding with 5 to 10% nitrogen and 90 to 95% argon, as the shielding gas, has been found to result in an improved pitting corrosion resistance of the weldments of this steel. However, the resistance to pitting of autogenous welds (bead-on-plate) obtained in pure argon as the shielding gas has been observed to remain unaffected. Microscopic examination, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and x-ray diffraction studies have revealed that the presence of nitrogen in the shielding gas in the GTA welds not only modifies the microstructure and the austenite to ferrite ratio but also results in a nearly uniform distribution of the various alloying elements, for example, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum among the constitutent phases, which are responsible for improved resistance to pitting corrosion.     

Plasma nitriding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel with pre-shot peening

AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel was plasma nitrided at the temperature ranging from 410 to 520 °C with pre-shot peening. The structural phases, micro-hardness and electrochemical behavior of the nitrided layer were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness testing and anodic polarization testing. The effects of shot peening on the nitride formation, nitride layer growth and corrosion properties were discussed. The results showed that shot peening enhanced the nitrogen diffusion rate and led to a twice thicker nitrided layer than the un-shot peening samples under the same plasma nitriding conditions (410 °C, 4 h). The nitrided layer was composed of single nitrogen expanded austenite (S-phase) when nitriding below 480 °C, which had combined improvement in hardness and corrosion resistance.     

SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头的超声成像分析

利用超声波水浸聚焦入射法对1 mm厚的SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头进行超声C扫描成像检测.分析了不同焊接工艺参数下的C扫描图像特征,甄别了飞溅、焊穿等典型焊接缺陷,并提取其对应的A扫描信号.基于C扫描图像对焊核直径进行了测量,并与焊核切口端面尺寸进行了比较.结果表明,基于超声波水浸聚焦入射法得到的C扫描图像,能有效观测焊核内部形貌特征.焊接电流超过8 kA,电极力小于2 700 N时,超声波C扫描图像中清晰反映出飞溅、焊穿等缺陷,其对应区域的A扫描信号与正常熔核区波形特征有明显差异;借助超声C扫描图像测得的焊核直径为4.39~5.25 mm.     

304奥氏体不锈钢应变诱发马氏体的研究

用X射线衍射(XRD)、磁针法、力学性能和显微分析研究了商用热轧态和冷轧态304奥氏体不锈钢在不同变形方式下应变诱发马氏体的行为。结果表明:304钢热轧态由于存在多量碳化物和组织不均匀性,其奥氏体稳定性低,拉伸应变诱发马氏体量达40%,冷轧(固溶)态组织均匀、奥氏体稳定性高,拉伸应变诱发马氏体量仅9%;304冷轧板材扩孔、杯突成形时其切向和径向的二向拉应力有助于γ→α’转变,诱发马氏体量(30%～35%)多于单向拉应力的拉伸诱发马氏体量(8%～10%)。对于冷轧304不锈钢,在20%以上拉伸工程应变的驱动下才能较明显地诱发马氏体。304明显的强化效果(△σ达320～400 MPa)来自应变硬化和马氏体相变强化两方面:冷轧304钢的强化主要来自应变硬化本身;热轧304钢的强化不光有应变硬化的贡献,还有应变诱发的多量马氏体的重要贡献,而且后者是主要的。