A novel approach to evaluate the temperature during drying of food products with negligible external resistance to mass transfer

The paper deals with modeling the convective drying process. A relevant and reliable mathematical model that captures the history and distribution of temperature is presented. The attention is focused on the simultaneous heat and mass transfer occurring during drying where dry and hot air flows about the food. In the present study, external resistance to mass transfer is considered negligible. As a result, the drying curve is almost independent of the boundary conditions, which means that drying is diffusion-controlled. The main connotation of present study regards to undertake analytical procedure to establish the novel model for practical applications. The results show that the temperature evolution can be evaluated from an advanced analytical solution in a quick and efficient manner. The model is validated with the literature experimental data obtained for carrot and mango slabs. A good agreement is obtained between the model predictions and the available experimental results.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of heat and moisture transfer during drying of Ataulfo mango

A theoretical and experimental study for the drying kinetics of Ataulfo mango slices was carried out. In the study different thicknesses, air drying temperature, maturity degree and non-isotropic mass diffusion were considerate. The 2D temperature and moisture distributions inside the slice were predicted by using a theoretical model. The water effective diffusion coefficient, the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients, the drying curves and the center temperature were getting by the experimental model. A parametric study was carried out in the ranging of air drying temperatures from 50 to 70 °C, slices with thickness of 2–5 mm and maturity degree from 13.2 to 22°Brix. It was found from the experimental results that slices of Ataulfo mango present an isotropic behavior with an uncertainty of 2.47%. The drying rate reduces in 4.5% as 1 mm thickness increase, and decreases in 8.0% for each 1°Brix increased.     

A method for the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient in potato drying

A method for the determination of the heat transfer coefficient was proposed for the first falling drying period of potato cubes. During this period, heat and mass transfer were considered as coupled phenomena. Temperature calculation inside the sample was performed using the macroscopic heat transfer balance. The heat transfer coefficient was computed by means of parametric identification, using the Gauss–Newton method. The figure obtained for the heat transfer coefficient shows good agreement with other sources.     

Modeling of simultaneous heat and mass transfer during convective oven ring cake baking

The convective oven ring cake baking process was investigated experimentally and numerically as a simultaneous heat and mass transfer process. The mathematical model described previously by the authors for cup cake baking was modified to simulate ring cake baking. The heat and mass transfer mechanisms were defined by Fourier’s and Fick’s second laws, respectively. The implicit alternating direction finite difference technique was used for the numerical solution of the representative model. Prior to the utilization of the developed model in predicting the temperature and moisture profiles for ring cake baking, the results of the numerical model were compared with analytical results involving only heat or mass transfer with constant thermo-physical properties. Excellent agreement was observed. The numerical temperature and moisture contents predicted by the model were compared with the experimental profiles. They agreed generally reasonably well with the experimental temperature and moisture profiles.     

Heat and mass transfer in combined convective and far-infrared drying of fruit leather

Combined convective and far-infrared drying is a challenging assignment due to complex relationship between heat and mass transfer. In this paper, heat and mass transfer of fruit leather drying with combination of hot air and far-infrared has been carried out. The heat and the mass transfer coefficients were analyzed by heat–mass analogy. It could be found that the ratio between heat and mass transfer coefficients for the combination technique could not be obtained from the heat–mass analogy classical model and a modification is needed. The modified correlations for predicting ratio of heat and mass transfer coefficients and the heat transfer coefficient in term of heat transfer Nusselt number are developed. The model could fit the experimental data quite well within ±10% deviation.     

Modelling the mass transfer during convective, microwave and combined microwave-convective drying of solid slabs and cylinders

In the present work, the mass transfer characteristics, namely moisture diffusivity and moisture transfer coefficient, of slab and cylindrical potato samples were evaluated by adopting the analytical model proposed by Dincer and Dost [Drying Technology, 13,1/2 (1995), 425]. As part of the experimental work, the moisture contents of slab and cylindrical potato samples dried under convective, microwave and combined convective–microwave conditions (air temperature, 30–60 °C; air velocity, 1–2 ms⁻¹; microwave output power, 30–650 W) were measured. From the data collected the drying coefficients and lag factors were calculated and incorporated into the model. The results showed a reasonably good agreement between the values predicted from the correlation and the experimental observations; average error between experimental and predicted results less that 10%. The experimental system exhibited mass transfer Bi numbers in the range 0.038–11.4, thus indicating the presence of finite internal and external resistances. Moisture diffusivity values in the range 0.13×10⁻⁸ to 24.22×10⁻⁸ m²s⁻¹ were calculated.     

火龙果热泵干燥数值模拟及试验

目的:提高火龙果干制品的品质。方法:基于多孔介质理论和菲克定律,建立火龙果传热传质与固体力学多物理场耦合的数学模型,并研究火龙果在热泵干燥过程中的温度与含水率的变化规律。结果:考虑体积收缩的模型计算精度更高,达到干燥标准时,模拟值与试验值的最大相对误差为9.2%。火龙果片在干燥初期温度分布由表面向中心逐渐降低,后期达到平衡,而水分分布呈相反趋势。火龙果片在热泵干燥过程中的温度、湿度梯度力是导致其收缩变形的主要因素。不同干燥温度和切片厚度下火龙果片的干基含水率的计算值与试验值变化趋势一致,相对误差均<10%,证明了模型的准确性。结论:试验建立的多物理场耦合的数学模型能够准确模拟火龙果热泵干燥过程。     

Mass transfer characteristics during convective,microwave and combined microwave–convective drying of lemon slices

BACKGROUND: The investigation of drying kinetics and mass transfer phenomena is important for selecting optimum operating conditions, and obtaining a high quality dried product. Two analytical models, conventional solution of the diffusion equation and the Dincer and Dost model, were used to investigate mass transfer characteristics during combined microwave‐convective drying of lemon slices. Air temperatures of 50, 55 and 60 °C, and specific microwave powers of 0.97 and 2.04 W g^?1 were the process variables. RESULTS: Kinetics curves for drying indicated one constant rate period followed by one falling rate period in convective and microwave drying methods, and only one falling rate period with the exception of a very short accelerating period at the beginning of microwave‐convective treatments. Applying the conventional method, the effective moisture diffusivity varied from 2.4 × 10^?11 to 1.2 × 10^?9 m² s^?1. The Biot number, the moisture transfer coefficient, and the moisture diffusivity, respectively in the ranges of 0.2 to 3.0 (indicating simultaneous internal and external mass transfer control), 3.7 × 10^?8 to 4.3 × 10^?6 m s^?1, and 2.2 × 10^?10 to 4.2 × 10^?9 m² s^?1 were also determined using the Dincer and Dost model. CONCLUSIONS: The higher degree of prediction accuracy was achieved by using the Dincer and Dost model for all treatments. Therefore, this model could be applied as an effective tool for predicting mass transfer characteristics during the drying of lemon slices. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

人体着装传热传质过程的数学模型(二)--模型的数值求解

对人体着装传热传质过程的数学模型进行了三维离散，并利用完全隐式差分格式和MATLAB软件进行了数值求解，得到了较为满意的结果。通过与实验结果的比较，验证了模型的正确性，为利用计算机技术对人体热湿舒适性的仿真分析奠定了基础。     

基于多尺度的稻谷干燥热湿耦合传递的数值研究

为保证稻谷在储藏时的品质,收获后的稻谷通常需要干燥到一定水分后储藏,研究稻谷干燥过程的热湿传递规律具有重要意义。目前稻谷干燥过程中热湿传递的分析大多基于连续介质假说和局部热湿平衡原理而进行的,这种方法的局限性在于很难获得粮堆干燥过程中粮粒内部的热湿迁移规律。本文基于稻谷粮堆孔隙尺度和粮粒尺度,采用局部非平衡热湿传递模型,模拟分析了在对流干燥条件下稻谷单颗粒以及颗粒群的热湿传递规律。研究结果表明,本研究模拟值与文献中干燥实验数据相对误差(RE)小于6.50 %,平均相对偏差(MRD)小于4.00 %,得出该模型具有一定的准确性;与基于局部热湿平衡多孔介质热湿耦合研究方法所得的稻谷颗粒群温度和水分传递结果进行对比,本研究所建立的模型更能准确体现出谷物颗粒在通风干燥时内部的热湿迁移规律。本研究所开发的模型能预测不同尺度下稻谷颗粒的温度和水分分布。     

连续盘式热风干燥器干燥盘结构设计与传热分析

为使食品得到更好的干燥以及提高干燥生产效率,在分析盘式干燥器工作原理的基础上,对干燥盘零件进行了几何结构设计、应力及变形分析,给出所选制造材料厚度的计算公式;分析干燥盘在工作中与物料颗粒的传热过程,总结出传热系数公式。参考该文相关理论生产的盘式干燥器运行良好,干燥效果显著。     

微波冷冻干燥传热传质模型的研究进展

微波冷冻干燥技术是一种快速干燥脱水技术,可应用在一些特定食品上,尤其是海产品、水果和蔬菜等。与传统冷冻干燥技术相比,微波冷冻干燥可节约干燥时间和能量,提高产品质量。文章主要介绍微波冷冻干燥的原理、国内外对其传热传质数学模拟的研究进展及在线检测技术,同时在干燥模拟过程考虑物料的介电特性,分析问题所在,并展望微波冷冻干燥数学模拟的发展方向。     

Effect of continuous and intermittent ultrasound on drying time and effective diffusivity during convective drying of apple and red bell pepper

A new approach of ultrasound-assisted convective drying was tested in this study using a screen as product support and sound transmitting surface. Red bell pepper and apple cubes were dried at 70 °C in a laboratory scale hot-air drying oven. In addition to continuous ultrasound used for both products, intermittent ultrasound was applied for apple drying reducing net sonication time to 50% and 10%. Significant improvements of drying characteristics were observed for continuous sonication and intermittent ultrasound at 50% net sonication time. Experimental data were fitted with eight models, among which the Midilli model resulted in the best fit with R² > 0.9988 and reduced χ² ? 0.0002. The influence of ultrasound on drying time to reach 20% and 30% residual moisture content as well as on effective moisture diffusivities and drying periods is discussed.     

空气源热泵芒果干燥系统变结构智能控制技术

目的：提高空气源热泵干燥系统干燥芒果的能效。方法：对空气源热泵干燥系统干燥芒果的工艺进行细分,采用变结构控制实现干燥室温湿度的智能化动态调节以提高能效,即将每个干燥工艺阶段细分为三部分：远离转换点、接近转换点和临近转换点,对前两部分采用受限的带外部输入的非线性自回归神经网络（NARX）对干燥室温度和湿度设定值进行智能调整来节约电能,而对第三部分则采用PI控制器对干燥工艺转换点除湿量进行精准控制,保证芒果干燥品质。结果：与常规的分段恒温恒湿干燥方法相比,研究提出的细分段变结构控制方法能保证芒果干燥品质,并能节约8.63%的电能。结论：研究提出的细分段变结构控制方法能明显提高热泵干燥系统能效,并获得与常规分段恒温恒湿方法接近的干燥品质。     

垂直管吸收器内泡式吸收热质传递过程分析

通过建立垂直管吸收器内泡式吸收过程中传热传质的数学物理模型,研究了泡式吸收方式;利用模型对吸收过程中出现的搅拌流、活塞流、泡状流等分别进行分析,获得了泡式吸收方式吸收过程中的一些传热传质特性.     

喷水室热、质传递的理论分析

以水滴在喷水室中的受力情况为出发点，借助于相对运动理论，建立了数学模型。得出了水滴运动过程中的速度分布函数及水滴在喷水室中参与热质交换的时间，进而得出了顺喷情况下喷水室热交换效率系数。并分析了各因素对水-空气处理系统全热交通性能的影响，对实际问题有一定指导意义。     

Modeling and minimizing process time of combined convective and vacuum drying of mushrooms and parsley

The aim of this work was to obtain a technological and economic alternative for mushroom and parsley dehydration combining convective and vacuum drying. Depending of product, this combination of technologies allows minimization of total drying time and avoids negative effects on quality of thermo-sensitive products during drying. Experimental drying curves were determined in a cross-flow convective dryer and in a cabinet vacuum dryer at 35, 45 and 55 °C. The most appropriate theoretical models were obtained and applied for combined processes in order to minimize the overall drying time and avoid final product damage. For parsley at the highest temperature (45 °C), reductions of 63% and 16% in drying time were observed with the combined drying process compared to the sole convective and sole vacuum drying, respectively. This reduction in process time was obtained when dryer change was done at the intermediate moisture condition that determines the highest drying rate during the whole combined process of convective and vacuum drying. For mushrooms, convective drying throughout the process, at the highest temperature (55 °C) compatible with product visual quality, minimized drying time.