Effect of substrate temperature on adhesion strength of plasma-sprayed nickel coatings

We plasma-sprayed nickel coatings on stainless steel and cobalt alloy coupons heated to temperatures ranging from room temperature to 650 °C. Temperatures, velocities, and sizes of spray particles were recorded while in-flight and held constant during experiments. We measured coating adhesion strength and porosity, photographed coating microstructure, and determined thickness and composition of surface oxide layers on heated substrates. Coating adhesion strength on stainless steel coupons increased from 10–74 MPa when substrate temperatures were raised from 25–650 °C. Coating porosity was lower on high-temperature surfaces. Surface oxide layers grew thicker when substrates were heated, but oxidation alone could not account for the increase in coating adhesion strength. When a coupon was heated to 650 °C and allowed to cool before plasma-spraying, its coating adhesion strength was much less than that of a coating deposited on a surface maintained at 650 °C. Cobalt alloy coupons, which oxidize much less than stainless steel when heated, also showed improved coating adhesion when heated. Heating the substrate removes surface moisture and other volatile contaminants, delays solidification of droplets so that they can better penetrate surface cavities, and promotes diffusion between the coating and substrate. All of these mechanisms enhance coating adhesion.     

镀锌钢板的锌层附着特性及成形性研究

文章针对4种不同种类的镀锌钢板开展了锌层附着特性和成形特性研究,深入分析了镀锌钢板的抗粉化和剥落性能以及锌层对钢板成形极限和极限拱顶高的影响。结果表明,对于镀层强度较高的热镀锌铁合金钢板,其抗粉化和剥落性能较差。且随着温度的升高,镀锌板的锌层脱落量增加。锌层对钢板成形极限的影响很小,但对极限拱顶高有一定影响。     

Interface fracture behavior of zinc coatings on steel: Experiments and finite element calculations

Hot-dipped galvanized steels are widely used in the automotive industry. The formability and damage resistance of zinc coatings depend strongly on their microstructure and adhesion to the steel substrate. In order to improve the mechanical performance of zinc coatings, the influence of their thickness, grain orientation and grain size on the zinc coating/steel substrate interface cracking behavior was studied. To this end, scanning electron microscopic observations during in situ tensile testing of zinc coated IF steel sheets were performed. After partial delamination of the zinc coating, cross sections of zinc coated steel were prepared to determine the location and extent of the interface cracking and the crystallographic orientation of the delaminated zinc grains. A two-grain model using a finite element method is proposed to analyze the zinc coating/steel substrate interface cracking behavior. In addition, the coating adhesion strength can be estimated based on this model. Both calculations and experimental observations show that: (i) a preferential zinc grain orientation with the [0001] direction parallel to the interface and (ii) a small grain size mitigate zinc coating/steel substrate interface cracking.     

点焊镀锌钢板时电极表面熔敷TiC涂层对电极失效的影响

利用SEM、EDx和XRD等方法分析了在点焊镀锌钢板时电极表面熔敷TiC涂层对电极失效的影响.结果表明:点焊镀锌钢板时电极的失效机制主要是电极和镀锌板之间局部焊接的断裂发生在电极表面而导致的电极磨损,以及电极和镀锌板表面的锌之间的合金化.表面涂敷TiC的CuCrZr电极的寿命(1 200点)是CuCrZr电极寿命(500点)的2.4倍,表面处理能提高电极寿命的主要原因是在点焊镀锌钢板时表面涂敷的TiC层能阻碍电极和镀锌板之间的局部焊接和阻碍电极和镀锌板表面的锌之间的合金化.     

Effect of grit-blasting on substrate roughness and coating adhesion

Statistically designed experiments were performed to compare the surface roughness produced by grit blasting A36/1020 steel using different abrasives. Grit blast media, blast pressure, and working distance were varied using a Box-type statistical design of experiment (SDE) approach. The surface textures produced by four metal grits (HG16, HG18, HG25, and HG40) and three conventional grits (copper slag, coal slag, and chilled iron) were compared. Substrate roughness was measured using surface profilometry and correlated with operating parameters. The HG16 grit produced the highest surface roughness of all the grits tested. Aluminum and zinc-aluminum coatings were deposited on the grit-blasted substrates using the twin-wire electric are (TWEA) process. Bond strength of the coatings was measured with a portable adhesion tester in accordance with ASTM standard D 4541. The coatings on substrates roughened with steel grit exhibit superior bond strength to those prepared with conventional grit. For aluminum coatings sprayed onto surfaces prepared with the HG16 grit, the bond strength was most influenced by current, spray distance, and spray gun pressure (in that order). The highest bond strength for the zinc-aluminum coatings was attained on surfaces prepared using the metal grits.     

Improvement of the adhesion of a ceramic coating on a ceramic substrate

The structure and adhesion of an alumina coating on a ceramic substrate with NiCrAlY alloy bond coating was investigated by heating at 1573 and 1673 K in the air. Phases of NiO, NiCrO₃, NiAl₂O₄, αAl₂O₃, and Ni were revealed in a 100 μm thick bond coating on heating at 1573 and 1673 K. A veined structure was also detected in the coating heated at 1573 K. The adhesion strength of the coating was improved and reached approximately 20 MPa on heating at 1573 and 1673 K for 14.4 ks in air although the strength of the as-sprayed coating was only 2 MPa. The improvement of adhesion strength may arise from the formation of NiAl₂O₄ with a spinel structure at the interfaces of the top coating/bond coating/substrate coating system. The adhesion strength of the coating improved on decreasing the bond coating thickness and reached approximately 45 MPa for a 20 μm thick bond coating which was heated at 1673 K. Only NiAl₂O₄ oxide was formed in the bond coating.     

镀层厚度对锌镀钢板点焊质量的影响

对低碳冷轧钢板、3种不同镀锌量的电镀锌钢板和热镀锌钢板进行了点焊工艺实验和接头强度拉剪实验,并对实验结果进行了计算机回归分析,分别得出了各种材料的点焊接头拉剪强度随焊接电流的变化曲线和焊接熔核直径随焊接电流的变化曲线,通过比较分析,发现镀锌层的厚度对焊接性能有较大的影响,其中没有镀锌层的冷轧钢板焊接性最好,而热镀锌和电镀锌钢板随着镀层的厚度变化焊接性能呈现出一定的变化规律。     

镀锌层对铝/镀锌钢板CMT熔-钎焊电弧加热行为的影响

通过建立的电弧形态视觉传感系统以及电流电压波形采集系统研究了镀锌层对铝/镀锌钢板CMT熔-钎焊电弧加热行为的影响.结果表明,小电流焊接时,镀锌层可以作为等离子体阴极,起到稳定电弧的作用,而在无镀锌层条件下,电弧的阴极斑点不停地跳跃,电弧极其不稳;随着焊接电流的增大,在镀锌钢板上焊接时,由于镀锌层的蒸发变得十分剧烈,这种蒸发行为也使得在镀锌钢板上焊接时的电弧的边缘上翘,减小了电弧与工件的接触面积,进而降低了焊接热输入,减小了界面脆性化合物层的厚度.     

Effect of Al coating conditions on laser weldability of Al coated steel sheet

Al coated steel sheets with excellent heat resistance, thermal reflection, and corrosion resistance are widely used in various applications. The laser weldability of the Al coated steel sheet for full penetration welding was reported. The phenomenon caused by intermixed aluminum and behavior of aluminum in the weld were investigated. Al coated steel sheets that have various thickness and coating mass were prepared for laser welding. The effects of parameters such as welding conditions and Al coating conditions were investigated. Al content mixed in the weld after laser welding was evaluated, and then a correlation between the mixed Al and mechanical properties was investigated. The results show that the Al-rich zones which have Fe-Al intermetallic compounds are found in the weld. The intermetallic compounds cause the decreased strength of the weld.     

Improving the corrosion performance of Cr-C amorphous coatings on steel substrate by modifying the steel surface preparation

Cr-C coating was electrodeposited on copper and steel substrates, using a trivalent chromium bath containing formic acid. Coatings produced had an amorphous cracked structure with a homogeneous granular morphology. The coated copper specimen showed passivation behaviour, but, the coated steel specimens revealed an active anodic behaviour. Evaluation of coatings produced on the steel substrate subjected to various surface preparations including mechanically polished, electropolished and anodically etched, showed a crack-free coating on the preanodically etched surface. Also, this coating had the lowest porosity, which provided the best protection and thus led to the lowest dissolution of the steel substrate.     

Effect of temperature on deposition of LaPO4 coatings produced by ultrasonic-based coating process on steel substrates

High-adhesion LaPO₄ coatings were fabricated on steel substrates at temperatures of 150-400 °C after a 10 min treatment using an ultrasonic-based coating process. The principle underlying this process is the collision of ultrasonically accelerated hard balls with the substrate surface that is covered by loosely adhered LaPO₄ particles. The repeated substrate-to-ball collisions flatten the precoated LaPO₄ particles, bond them together and cold weld them to the substrate. The coating thickness, roughness and structure were found to depend on the substrate temperature. The LaPO₄ coatings produced at temperatures ranging from 150 to 250 °C exhibited a granular and porous structure. The treatment at temperatures higher than 300 °C enabled the production of rather dense coatings.     

Influence of drying temperature on the corrosion performance of chromate coatings on galvanized steel

The influence of drying temperature on the corrosion performance of chromate coatings on electro‐galvanized (EG) steel has been investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic measurements in 3.5% NaCl solutions. The chromate coatings were applied to the EG steel in a solution (pH 1.2) containing sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid at room temperature. The coatings were dried in an oven at three different temperatures: 60, 110 and 210°C. The surface of the chromate coatings was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the drying temperature significantly affects the morphology of the chromate coatings and consequently affects their corrosion behavior. The chromate coatings dried at 110°C had few cracks and the lowest corrosion current. The chromate coatings dried at 60°C showed passivity. The EIS results show that the chromate coatings dried at 60°C has the largest impedance in a neutral 3.5% NaCl solution. Drying at higher temperature (210°C) degrades the chromate coatings by widening the cracks and reducing soluble Cr(VI) in the chromate layer. The favorable drying temperature for the chromate coatings on the EG steel is between 60 and 110°C.     

Friction surfaced tool steel (H13) coatings on low carbon steel: A study on the effects of process parameters on coating characteristics and integrity

Tool steel H13 was friction surfaced on low carbon steel substrates. Mechtrode (consumable rod) rotational speed and substrate traverse speed were varied, keeping the axial force constant. The effects of process parameters on coating characteristics and integrity were evaluated. A process parameter window was developed for satisfactory deposition of tool steel coatings. Coating microstructures were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Microhardness tests, shear tests, and bend tests were conducted on coatings. The results show that coating width is a strong function of mechtrode rotational speed, while coating thickness is mainly dependent on substrate traverse speed. Lower mechtrode rotational speeds results in wider coatings, while higher substrate traverse speeds produce thinner coatings. Thinner coatings exhibit higher bond strength than thicker coatings. Coatings show no carbide particles, yet exhibit excellent hardness (above 600 HV) in as-deposited condition due to their martensitic microstructure.     

Understanding corrosion via corrosion product characterization: I. Case study of the role of Mg alloying in Zn-Mg coating on steel

In the present work the corrosion inhibitive role of Mg in Zn-Mg coatings is considered for different stages of corrosion. Corrosion product characterization was carried out using XRD, IRRAS, MEB-FEG-EDS on technical Zn-Mg coatings after various exposure times in a standardized cyclic corrosion test. The results are compared with artificial corrosion products obtained by chemical and electrochemical synthesis. The importance of the ageing and the role of the atmospheric CO₂ on the nature and morphology of the corrosion products are discussed. The corrosion resistance of Zn-Mg alloy is correlated with the stabilization of simonkolleite against its transformation into smithsonite, hydrozincite, and zincite during ageing cycles in presence of CO₂. The stabilization appears to be due to the preferential formation of magnesium carbonates. Thermodynamic modeling and titrometric analysis demonstrate that Mg²⁺ enhances simonkolleite during dry-wet cycling by (1) removing carbonate from the environment and thereby limiting of the transformation of simonkolleite into zincite, smithsonite, and hydrozincite and by (2) buffering the pH of the electrolyte around 10.2 due to the precipitation of Mg(OH)₂ preventing the dissolution of zinc based corrosion products into soluble hydroxide complexes.     

药皮类型对E308-XX型不锈钢焊条工艺质量的影响

介绍了E308-XX型不锈钢焊条药皮类型、熔滴过渡形态和冶金学过程的特点,探讨药皮类型对焊条工艺质量的影响。结果表明,E308-XX型焊条药皮类型有五种,其所用电源类型、极性以及适用的焊接位置各异。药皮类型15和25焊条具有短路过渡形态,药皮类型16焊条具有短路+渣壁混合过渡形态,药皮类型17和26焊条具有渣壁过渡形态。药皮类型16、17和26焊条,在熔滴过渡区的渗Si反应使熔滴增氧、细化,有利形成渣壁过渡。药皮类型25和26焊条分别克服了15和16焊条的工艺质量问题,但前者不能完全取代后者;药皮类型17焊条的工艺性最好,但对气孔敏感;药皮类型15、25焊条焊缝的综合性能比16、17和26更好。     

Corrosion behaviour at the interface of steel bars embedded in cement slurries: Effect of phenol polymer coatings

Cyclic voltammetry has been employed to investigate the behaviour of carbon steel and stainless steel electrodes in solutions obtained by filtering of calcium aluminate cement and portland cement slurries. Electro-polymerized phenol coating on steel electrodes has also been studied in carbonate medium. The phenol electro-polymerization occurs on a passivated surface and leads to adherent and stable polymeric film exhibiting a partial protection against corrosion. The Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection spectroscopy shows that this film maintains the aromatic character and contains ether-linked rings.     

The effects of nano-SiO2 additive on the zinc phosphating of carbon steel

In this paper, nano-SiO₂ was used as an accelerator for improving the microstructure and the corrosion resistance of phosphate coating on carbon steel. The chemical composition and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of nano-SiO₂ on weight, roughness and corrosion resistance of the phosphate coatings were also investigated. Results show that the compositions of phosphate coating were Zn₃(PO₄)₂·4H₂O (hopeite), and Zn₂Fe(PO₄)₂·4H₂O (phosphophylite). The phosphate coatings became denser due to the addition of nano-SiO₂ which reduced the size of the crystal clusters. The average weight of phosphate coatings approximately linearly increased with the nano-SiO₂ content in the bath from 0 to 4 g/L, and the phosphate coatings formed in bath containing 2 g/L nano-SiO₂ showed the highest corrosion resistance in 5 wt.% sodium chloride solution at ambient temperature. Nano-SiO₂ would be widely utilized as a phosphating additive to replace the traditional nitrite, due to its less pollutant and its better quality of the coating.     

Effect of molybdate post-sealing on the corrosion resistance of zinc phosphate coatings on hot-dip galvanized steel

The technique of post-sealing the phosphated hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel with molybdate solution was addressed. The composition and corrosion resistance of the improved phosphate coatings were investigated by SEM, EDS, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, and neutral salt spray (NSS) test. The results showed that molybdate films were formed in the pores of phosphate coatings, and the compact and complete composite coatings composed of phosphate coatings and molybdate films were formed on the zinc surface, resulting in that both the anodic and cathodic processes of zinc corrosion were inhibited remarkably; the corrosion protection efficiency values were increased; and the electrochemical impedance values were enhanced at least one order of magnitude. The low frequency impedance values for the composite coatings were increased at the initial stages of immersion in 5% sodium chloride solution, indicating the self-repairing activity of the composite coatings.     

Examination of organic coatings on metallic substrates by scanning electrochemical microscopy in feedback mode: Revealing the early stages of coating breakdown in corrosive environments

Scanning electrochemical microscopy in feedback mode was used to monitor changes in the surface state of a polymeric film applied on a metallic substrate when exposed to an aqueous electrolytic environment. The protected metal consisted of a carbon steel substrate coated with a polyurethane-based polymeric film. SECM measurements performed in the presence and absence of chloride anions permitted a specific effect caused by Cl⁻ anions at early exposures to be detected. Significant surface roughening is observed for immersion times shorter than 1 day when the electrolyte contains chloride ions. Additionally, the growth of an individual blister could also be investigated.     

Effect of ZnO on the corrosion of zinc,Q235 carbon steel and 304 stainless steel under white light illumination

This paper discusses the effects of the coupling of ZnO–Zn, Q235 carbon steel, and 304 stainless steel on their corrosion in 3.5% NaCl under white light illumination. In the presence of Na₂S, ZnO provided photoelectrochemical cathodic protection for the coupled metals. In the absence of Na₂S, ZnO could only provide photoelectrochemical cathodic protection for 304 stainless steel. Under white light illumination, the open circuit potential of ZnO photoelectrode shifted in the negative direction. ZnO provided photoelectrochemical cathodic protection to the metals only when the open circuit potential of ZnO photoelectrode was more negative than that of the metals.