Effect of high pressure on fresh cheese shelf-life

The effect of high pressure (HP; 300 and 400 MPa for 5 min at 6 °C) on physico-chemical, microbial, color, texture and sensorial characteristics of starter-free fresh cheeses stored at 4 and 8 °C was studied. Physico-chemical parameters considered were total solids, fat, total protein, pH, whey loss and water activity. The microbiological quality was studied, on cheeses stored at 4 and 8 °C, by enumerating aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactococci, psychrotrophic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, molds and yeasts. Cheeses treated at 300 and 400 MPa, stored at 4 °C, presented a shelf-life of 14 and 21 days, respectively, compared to untreated control cheese, which presented a shelf life of 7 days. On the other hand, HP treatments modified the texture (more firm) and color (more yellow) compared to control cheeses. These changes were detected by instrumental and sensory analysis.     

Effect of inulin addition on the sensorial properties of reduced‐fat fresh cheese

A reduced‐fat fresh cow's milk cheese with inulin (3%) was compared with both full‐fat and reduced‐fat cheeses without the prebiotic. The pH and microbiological quality of cheeses were not affected by the presence of inulin. Cheeses produced with inulin were less hard, springy, cohesive and chewy than reduced‐fat cheeses, and more similar to cheeses made from whole milk. Cheeses produced with inulin had the lowest lightness and the highest yellowness values, although these colour differences were not detected by the panellists. The sensory panel described the reduced‐fat cheese with inulin as more acceptable than its counterpart without inulin.     

Effect of ultra-high pressure homogenisation of milk on the texture and water-typology of a starter-free fresh cheese

Fresh starter-free cheeses were made from ultra-high pressure homogenised (300 MPa and inlet temperature of 30 °C), pasteurised (80 °C for 15 s) or homogenised–pasteurised (15 + 3 MPa at 60 °C, 80 °C for 15 s) milks to compare their textural, microstructural, colour and water-related characteristics by means of uniaxial compression and dynamic oscillatory tests, confocal laser scanning microscopy, spectrocolorimetry, and thermogravimetry, respectively. Sensory analysis was performed by a sensory panel. Major differences among treatments were revealed by both instrumental and sensorial methods. Cheeses from homogenised milks were firmer, less deformable, grainier, pastier, whiter, and had higher water-holding capacity but lower water-mouth feeling than cheeses from pasteurised milk. The effect of ultra-high pressure homogenisation (UHPH) was greater than that of conventional homogenisation. Differences on the composition, i.e. water typology and protein content, and the microstructure could explain the sensory characteristics of the cheeses.

Industrial relevance

UHPH treatment of milk is being studied as an alternative to conventional heat-treatment since it reduces microbial load and inactivates enzymes. Moreover, UHPH has been proven to affect protein interactions resulting in an increase of curd-firming rate and gel firmness during coagulation. Thus structural changes intrinsically related to the arrangement of cheese components, such as texture, syneresis and colour, are expected in fresh cheeses produced from UHPH-treated milk.     

Utilisation of water extract of green chilli pepper in the manufacture of low‐fat fresh cheese

The effect of the water extract of green chilli pepper (WECP) on some properties of low‐fat fresh cheese was studied. Cheese was manufactured from a mixture of reconstituted skim milk powder, whey protein concentrate and sodium chloride and fortified with WECP at concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3%. The addition of WECP significantly decreased the total and lactic acid bacteria counts as well as the yeasts and moulds counts in the fortified cheeses. The flavour was improved in cheeses made using 1 and 2% WECP, and the cheese manufactured with 2% WECP had the highest flavour and total scores.     

Extending the shelf life of fresh ewe’s cheese by modified atmosphere packaging

This study evaluated the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in extending the shelf life of a fresh ewe’s cheese stored at 4 °C for 21 days. Three batches were prepared with 20, 30 or 50% CO₂ with N₂ as filler gas. MAP controlled well the microbial growth, and the best result was obtained with 50% CO₂. Pathogens were not detected in any sample. Softening of cheese was best reduced by 30% or 50% CO₂. The sensory characteristics of the cheeses markedly decreased during storage. Only the sample stored with 50% CO₂ obtained an overall score above the acceptability at 14 days.     

Changes in the texture,physicochemical properties and volatile compound profiles of fresh Kashar cheese (<90 days) during ripening

In this study, four different fresh Kashar cheese samples were ripened for 90 days. The physicochemical properties, texture attributes, fatty acid composition and volatile compound profiles of the samples were measured every 30 days of ripening. The texture properties of the cheese samples were significantly affected by the duration of the ripening period. The results of this study highlighted that texture parameters as a function of ripening period should be considered for both fresh and aged Kashar cheeses to determine the ripening period as they are very important for consumer acceptability and consumption of the end product.     

Influence of composition on the biochemical and sensory characteristics of commercial Cheddar cheese of variable quality and fat content

Ten commercial Cheddar cheeses of variable quality differing in fat content and age were subjected to compositional, proteolytic, lipolytic and sensory analyses. The compositional parameters of the full-fat cheeses were predominantly outside those typically associated with good-quality cheese. Sensory analysis discriminated the full-fat cheeses predominantly by age, with the longer ripened cheeses associated with more negative attributes, some which appeared to be due to excessive lipolysis and/or β-casein breakdown. Both proteolysis and lipolysis appear to be age dependent. The two reduced-fat cheeses were clearly discriminated from the eight full-fat cheeses by sensory analysis that appeared to be due to differences in composition and the extent of lipolysis.     

Manipulation of Dhaka cheese curd and effects on cheese quality

Dhaka cheese is a semihard artisanal variety originating from Bangladesh where manual curd kneading is a normal stage in its manufacture. Dhaka cheeses were produced with different degrees of curd kneading to quantify the curd manipulation process in terms of pressure and to standardise the length of operation. The effect of manipulation on the composition, rheology, texture and microstructure of fresh cheese was also studied. Manipulation had significant effects (P < 0.05–0.001) on most of the parameters studied. One minute of curd manipulation was found to be sufficient for Dhaka cheesemaking.     

Chemical characteristics,oxidation and proteolysis in cheese produced from fresh or stored milk subjected to heat treatments

Cheese produced from fresh, stored or heat pretreated (65°C for 15 s) milk subjected to pasteurisation (72°C or 77°C for 15 s) was studied for chemical characteristics and proteolysis after 4 and 21 days of storage. Antioxidant activity was higher in cheese from fresh milk than in cheese from stored and heat pretreated milk. Malondialdehyde content as an index of lipid oxidation increased in cheese made with pretreated and preserved milk than in cheese made with fresh milk. Antioxidant activity and lipid oxidation were not significantly affected by pasteurisation temperature. Proteolysis increased during cheese maturation regardless of milk heat treatments.     

新鲜软质干酪加工工艺的研究

以鲜牛乳为原料,研究了新鲜软质干酪的制作工艺,采用L9(34)正交试验的方法,研究了不同发酵剂菌种添加比例、发酵温度、切割pH值对成品干酪滋味口感、色泽和涂抹性的影响,最终确定了该产品生产的最佳配方和工艺条件:菌种比为1:1(质量比),发酵剂添加量为3%(质量分数),发酵温度为37℃,切割pH值为4.6。     

Influence of cheese-making recipes on the composition and characteristics of Camembert-type cheese

Bloomy rind cheeses, including Camembert and related varieties, can be produced using alternative processes that vary based on milk preacidification, cutting, curd handling, and ripening parameters. Modification of these parameters creates distinct cheeses such as lactic curd, stabilized curd, and hybrids of the two. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of 5 Camembert-type cheese recipes on the composition and characteristics during ripening. Five varieties of Camembert-type cheese were produced: (1) lactic curd, (2) sweet curd, (3) washed curd, (4) solubilized curd, and (5) stabilized curd. Cheeses were aged at 13°C for 10 d, during the mold growth phase, and 7°C from d 11 until 50. Key quality metrics including texture development, pH (center and surface), and color were monitored throughout shelf-life. Compositional evaluation (d 5; fat, protein, moisture, salt, and minerals) grouped cheeses into 3 categories: (1) lactic curd, (2) sweet and washed curd, and (3) solubilized and stabilized curd. The lactic curd and stabilized curd were consistently the most different varieties for composition and quality metrics. Moisture content of Camembert-type varieties ranged from 53.15 to 57.99%, Ca ranged from 0.23 to 0.45%, and P ranged from 0.21 to 0.40%. All varieties followed the expected pH evolution on the rind and in the paste with the pH of the rind reaching 7 by d 10, and paste pH reaching 7 between 35 and 50 d. The displacement of the paste (distance traveled upon cutting) for the lactic curd was the greatest among the 5 varieties, reaching an average of 27 ± 1.9 mm (mean ± standard error) after 50 d of ripening and 60 min of flow time. The stabilized curd on the other hand traveled the shortest distance, reaching an average of 4 ± 0.4 mm at the same time point. Browning, considered a defect in mold-ripened cheeses, was observed in all varieties, but was most substantial for lactic curd (lightness, L*, decreased from 87.19 to 68.58). Based on these quality metrics the shelf-life of these recipes was estimated with the lactic curd having the shortest, and the stabilized curd having the longest. Examining Camembert-type cheese quality metrics for these 5 varieties can assist cheesemakers during recipe formulation and selection of cheese-making practices to achieve optimum product quality.     

Proteolysis of Mahon cheese as affected by acoustic-assisted brining

 Mahon cheeses were brined in the presence of an ultrasonic field and ripened during 75 days at 12  °C and 85% RH. Secondary proteolysis (water-soluble N, non-protein N, and free amino acids) was measured and compared to that obtained for cheeses conventionally brined. There were no differences in water-soluble and non-protein N attributable to the brining treatment. However, cheeses acoustically brined exhibited higher concentrations of free amino acids. The release of total free amino acids was more pronounced during the first 15 days of ripening for both types of brining treatments. The changes in proteolysis (free amino acids) during cheese ripening caused by acoustic-assisted brining are indicative of a higher extent of proteolysis and may also improve cheese flavor. Received: 13 March 2000     

转谷氨酰胺酶交联乳蛋白对新鲜干酪特性的影响

利用转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)交联酪蛋白,研究其对新鲜干酪凝乳的成分和质构特征的影响。结果表明,TG能够加速凝乳发酵过程,提高乳中蛋白质和脂肪的回收率,并显著降低了乳清中的蛋白含量,对凝乳的质构特征也具有明显修饰作用。但与凝乳酶同时作用时,TG酶对凝乳的修饰作用不显著。     

影响新鲜软质干酪品质的因素研究

对影响新鲜软质干酪加工的主要因素进行了研究，通过研究新鲜软质干酪加工过程中发酵剂菌种配比、凝乳酶添加量、加热终温度，确定干酪的工艺流程及最佳工艺参数。结果表明，原料乳中添加发酵剂（乳脂链球菌：嗜热链球菌）比例为8：1，凝乳酶添加量为0．01mL（每100 L乳中），加热终温度为55℃为宜，可得到产率较高，口感良好的新鲜软质干酪。     

Hot topic: Antilisterial activity by endolysin PlyP100 in fresh cheese

Our objective was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of a Listeria bacteriophage endolysin that may address limitations of current antilisterial processes for fresh cheeses. Listeria monocytogenes is highly problematic in the manufacture and processing of ready-to-eat foods due to its environmental persistence and its ability to grow under refrigerated storage. Special care must be taken to prevent listerial contamination during the production of fresh cheeses, as their delicate flavor and texture are incompatible with many of the antimicrobial processes and additives commonly used for other foods. Bacteriophage-derived cell wall hydrolytic enzymes, known as endolysins, comprise one possible intervention that may not suffer from the high strain specificity of their parent bacteriophages or the development of resistant strains. We recombinantly expressed endolysin PlyP100 and compared its lytic activity in vitro across several environmental parameters and target organisms, then incorporated it into a fresh cheese model challenged with a cocktail of L. monocytogenes. We show that PlyP100 demonstrates optimal activity under pH and salt concentrations consistent with a low-acid food matrix such as fresh cheese. Furthermore, we show that PlyP100 exhibits target specificity for gram-positive organisms with directly crosslinked peptidoglycan and displays considerable inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes in fresh cheese for at least 4 wk under refrigerated storage. As PlyP100 demonstrates considerable promise for preventing the propagation of L. monocytogenes in fresh cheeses, this novel preservation method could help safeguard consumer health and the market expansion of an otherwise high-risk food with few other viable preservatives.     

Ultrasonic assessment of textural changes in vacuum packaged sliced Iberian ham induced by high pressure treatment or cold storage

Ultrasonic measurements were used to characterize the effect of high pressure treatment (HPT) (600 MPa/6 min) or cold storage (6 °C/120 days) on the textural properties of vacuum packaged dry-cured ham. The ultrasonic velocity, textural properties and fat content were determined in the ham packages. The ultrasonic velocity was related to the ham hardness, which depends on the sample composition. HPT induced molecular alterations which resulted in an average increase in the hardness of lean tissue of 0.2 N and one of 0.3 N in that of fatty tissue. These textural changes give rise to a velocity increase (8 m/s for lean and 17 m/s for fatty tissue). The cold storage of the Iberian ham also led to an increase in hardness (average 1.10 N) and ultrasonic velocity (average 70 m/s). Therefore, the non-destructive ultrasonic technique could be a reliable method with which to assess the textural changes induced by HPT or cold storage on packaged dry-cured ham.     

水分含量对新鲜干酪贮藏特性的影响

对水分含量不同的4组干酪进行贮藏期水分含量、水分活度、pH、酸价、TBA值测定和感官评定。结果表明:干酪水分含量与水分活度随贮藏期呈递减趋势,并且呈正相关关系;酸价随着贮藏期的延长先增加后减少;pH则相反,呈先下降后上升的趋势;TBA值呈逐渐上升趋势。表明水分含量低的干酪,其耐贮藏性较好。感官特征测定在贮藏的第18d开始,干酪逐渐开始出现腐败特征,水分含量较低的干酪感官评分高。     

Pressing technique and its effect on the quality of Dhaka cheese

Dhaka cheese is a semihard artisanal variety made mainly from bovine milk, using very simple pressing methods. Experimental cheeses were pressed at gauge pressures up to 31 kPa for 12 h at 24 °C and 70% RH. These cheeses were subsequently examined for their compositional, textural and rheological properties plus their microstructures investigated by confocal laser microscopy. The cheese pressed at 15.6 kPa was found to have the best compositional and structural properties.     

The effects of some starter cultures on the properties of Turkish White cheese

White cheese samples were manufactured from bovine milk using three different commercial direct vat starter cultures (DVS-1, -2 and -3) and a lyophilized culture, and ripened at 4 ± 1°C for 90 days. The composition, titratable acidity and ripening indices of the cheese samples were determined on the 2nd, 30th, 60th and 90th days of ripening. The ratios of total solids, protein and fat were higher for cheeses manufactured using DVS-2 and lyophilized cultures but the titratable acidity in cheese produced using DVS-3 and lyophilized cultures was higher (P < 0.01). The mean value of the ripening indices of the cheese produced using the lyophilized culture was lower than the cheeses produced with added DVS cultures (P < 0.05). The total solids, ash, salt ratios, titratable acidity and ripening indices values increased for all types of white cheeses during ripening (P < 0.05).     

Effect of goat milk composition on cheesemaking traits and daily cheese production

Cheese yield is strongly influenced by the composition of milk, especially fat and protein contents, and by the efficiency of the recovery of each milk component in the curd. The real effect of milk composition on cheesemaking ability of goat milk is still unknown. The aims of this study were to quantify the effects of milk composition; namely, fat, protein, and casein contents, on milk nutrient recovery in the curd, cheese yield, and average daily yield. Individual milk samples were collected from 560 goats of 6 different breeds. Each sample was analyzed in duplicate using the 9-laboratory milk cheesemaking assessment, a laboratory method that mimicked cheesemaking procedures, with milk heating, rennet addition, coagulation, curd cutting, and draining. Data were submitted to statistical analysis; results showed that the increase of milk fat content was associated with a large improvement of cheese yield because of the higher recovery of all milk nutrients in the curd, and thus a higher individual daily cheese yield. The increase of milk protein content affected the recovery of fat, total solids, and energy in the curd. Casein number, calculated as casein-to-protein ratio, did not affect protein recovery but strongly influenced the recovery of fat, showing a curvilinear pattern and the most favorable data for the intermediate values of casein number. In conclusion, increased fat and protein contents in the milk had an effect on cheese yield not only for the greater quantity of nutrients available but also for the improved efficiency of the recovery in the curd of all nutrients. These results are useful to improve knowledge on cheesemaking processes in the caprine dairy industry.