工业余热发电系统的应用及问题分析

工业余热发电特别是低温余热发电具有非常广阔的应用前景。结合国内某集团余热发电系统实际应用案例,经运行发现,余热发电系统可以实现并网发电,但存在热源稳定性、ORC机组可靠性及其冷端配套等问题,并就此做相关分析。余热发电作为工业节能减排的重要手段,需要进一步深入研究探索,对同类型的工程改造及设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

石灰窑超低温余热发电可行性技术探讨

根据太原钢铁集团已建成运行的600TPD回转石灰窑超低温余热发电设计选型参数为分析基础,对石灰窑采用超低温余热发电进行全面系统的分析,分析出石灰窑采用超低温余热发电的可行性。     

北京琉璃河水泥厂12MW机组热力系统存在的问题探讨

北京市琉璃河水泥厂余热发电技术改造工程为了建材系统重点科技攻关项目,目的是充分利用水泥生产线排放烟气中的低温余热发电,对节能与环保都有极大的意义.由于没有可参考的经过运行检验良好的系统资料,设计中存在一些问题,有的问题给运行的经济性造成一定影响.本文就某些问题做一分析,并对势力系统的改进提出几点看法.     

水泥窑余热发电

本文介绍了国外水泥窑余热发电情况和国内余热发电水泥窑的运行及经济效果,从 而提出我国目前应发展余热发电水泥窑的建议。本文还以杭州锅炉厂为小型回转窑(φ1.6/φ1.9×36米)设计的F10/800-4/13-350型余热锅炉为例简单地介绍水泥窑余热锅炉设计特点。     

余热补燃锅炉过热器超温问题分析

某水泥余热发电补燃炉,是专门为配合水泥余热综合利用而设计的,其燃烧器、过热系统设计独特,运行过程中过热蒸汽汽温超温现象严重,这一问题在启动过程中尤为突出.找出了产生的原因并提出了改进意见.     

新型蒸汽-低沸点介质联合双循环余热发电装置

为了回收轧钢生产线加热炉冷却水汽化余热,提出了一种新型蒸汽-低沸点介质联合双循环余热发电装置。以某轧钢厂10t／h余热蒸汽为例,阐述了该装置的构成与热力循环过程,对该装置进行了设计计算,结果表明在设计工况下发电效率理论上可以达到5．4％,年净产电量为263万kWh。对实际运行下可能出现的变工况运行进行了分析,定性地讨论了余热蒸汽的干度、压力和流量对发电量和发电效率带来的影响。最后对利用该装置进行余热发电的节能与环保效益进行了分析,分析结果表明该装置的静态投资回收期仅为1．8年,年节约标准煤972．8t,年减排二氧化碳330t,社会效益明显。     

烧结余热发电项目中高压变频器的应用

介绍了酒钢烧结余热发电工艺和变频调速的基本原理,分析了变频器的节能效果,阐述了变频器的选择方法及其注意事项.结合酒钢烧结余热项目中应用高压变频器控制循环风机的实例,进行变频器选型设计,分析了实际运行工况数据,验证变频器的节能效果,为变频器在烧结余热发电项目中的推广与应用提供了依据.     

余热蒸汽资源回收系统的设计及应用

根据中低温余热蒸汽资源的特点,本文提出了单循环与双循环相结合的发电系统来解决余热资源高效利用问题,并设计出了一种基于螺杆膨胀机的新型高效余热资源回收利用发电系统.通过实例计算研究了该新型余热回收技术,说明了它在技术和经济上都是可行的.     

转炉饱和汽轮机选型计算与分析

介绍了转炉余热发电工艺及汽轮机选型中应注意的问题,对饱和汽轮机的排汽压力、相对内效率及排汽干度等设计变量的选取进行了分析。以唐钢转炉余热发电项目为背景,计算了汽轮机组发电功率,确定了机组装机容量和型式。其研究结果可为转炉余热发电技术的应用提供理论指导,也可为相关工艺饱和汽轮机组的选型提供参考。     

纯低温水泥窑余热锅炉的设计

本文着重阐述了纯低温水泥窑余热锅炉在设计当中应当重点考虑的问题,并对水泥工业余热发电的现状进行了分析。     

垃圾焚烧发电工艺设计及技术装备研究

利用垃圾发电的技术,在国外发达国家已经比较成熟;在我国沿海发达城市则刚刚兴起发展态势,已经兴建了一些垃圾发电厂,但工艺技术装备还在探索研究。文中介绍了较新的垃圾发电工艺流程设计方法及装备技术,对我国开展垃圾发电、环境保护和再生能源技术项目,发展循环经济具有十分重要的意义。     

热网管道保温与热化发电之间的相互关系分析

热网管道的保温设计，尤其是长距离热风管道的保温设计，对热网管道设计成功与否显得十分重要。而热电厂供热参数的高低不仅与经济发电相关，更主要的是跟热网的保温、散热损失有关。一般热能工程设计手册中，仅有经济厚度等计算方法介绍，而没有考虑保温散热损失对热化发电的影响。这对集中供热来说是合理的，但对于热电联产来说，似乎有点欠缺。本文试图通过实例分析计算，来说明保温厚度、散热损失、热化发电的相互关系。以期重视热网管道的保温设计、施工，正确处理经济厚度与热化发电的联系，进一步降低消耗，节约能源。     

A global and local endogenous experience curve model for projecting future uptake and cost of electricity generation technologies

A global and local learning model (GALLM) has been developed to project the cost and global uptake of different electricity generation technologies to the year 2050. This model features three regions, endogenous technological learning within and across those regions, various government policies to facilitate technological learning and a penalty constraint which is used to mimic the effect market forces play on the capital cost of electricity generation technologies. This constraint has been added as market forces have been a strong factor in technology pricing in recent years. Global, regional and component experience curves have been developed for some technologies. The model, with the inclusion of these features, projects a diverse range of technologies contributing to global electricity generation under a carbon price scenario. The penalty constraint leads to gradual and continual installations of technologies and because the constraint provides a disincentive to install too much of a technology, it reduces the impact of uncertainty in the learning rate. Alternative forms of the penalty constraint were tested for their suitability; it was found that, with a zero and lower-cost version of the constraint, photovoltaics are installed in a boom-and-bust cycle, which is not supported by past experience. When the constraint is set at a high level, there are fewer installations.     

Modeling complex dispersed energy and clean water systems for the US/Mexico border

The technological advances have been accompanied by an enormous demand for energy. Non-renewable energy sources have supplied this energy so far, but it has also led to an erosion of the worldwide environment. The US/Mexico border region has some unique advantages and/or opportunities. The availability of high solar radiation, considerable amounts of non-potable water, and human and/or animal wastes can be used for generating hydrogen and biogas as alternative fuel sources.New technology can be used to produce hydrogen from salted water and this gas can be stored and later, used to fuel an electricity generator and consequently generate potable water as bi-product. Therefore, photovoltaic cells coupled to an electrolizer can be used to generate electricity in a sustainable manner.The research described here simulates complete energy systems based on commercial devices and developed using EXTEND software and has the capability to perform comparisons, predictions and evaluations among different processes for energy generation. In addition, it demonstrates alternatives in local energy production, and the feasibility of remote house hybrid system located in the El Paso/Juarez border area.     

Optimal utilization of renewable energy-based IPPs for industrial load management

Share of power generation from renewable energy sources has been steadily increasing all over the world, mainly due to the concern about clean environment. Cost of renewable power generation has reduced considerably during the last two decades due to technological advancements and at present some of the renewable energy sources can generate power at costs comparable with that of fossil fuels. In this paper, application of renewable energy-based power generation is proposed, for load management. The formulation utilizes non-linear programming technique for minimizing the electricity cost and reducing the peak demand, by supplementing power by renewable energy sources, satisfying the system constraints. Case study of twenty-two large-scale industries showed that, significant reduction in peak demand (about 34%) and electricity cost (about 14%) can be achieved, by the optimal utilization of the renewable energy from independent power producers (IPPs).     

Assessment of the possibilities of electricity and heat co-generation from biomass in Romania's case

The assessment of different systems for electricity production from biomass in Romanian specific conditions shown the most suitable system for electricity (and heat) (co) generation from biomass is the system based on boiler and steam turbine of 2 MW running on wood-wastes (bark). A pulp and paper mill - S.C. “LETEA” S.A Bacau - which needed electricity and heat, and, in the same time, had large amount of bark from technological process, was found as the most suitable location for a demonstrative project.     

风光互补控制器的智能化设计

介绍了基于ATtiny15L的智能化小型风光互补发电系统控制器的硬件结构、工作原理及其软件设计方法，并运用仿真和实验手段进一步证明该系统的安全性和可靠性。该技术已成功地应用到600VA风光互补发电系统的设计开发中，实践表明该控制器技术升级与降低成本并举，并即将投入生产。     

The synthesis of bottom-up and top-down approaches to climate policy modeling: Electric power technologies and the cost of limiting US CO2 emissions

In the US, the bulk of CO₂ abatement induced by carbon taxes comes from electric power. This paper incorporates technology detail into the electricity sector of a computable general equilibrium model of the US economy to characterize electric power's technological margins of adjustment to carbon taxes and to elucidate their general equilibrium effects. Compared to the top-down production function representation of the electricity sector, the technology-rich hybrid specification produces less abatement at a higher welfare cost, suggesting that bottom-up models do not necessarily generate lower costs of abatement than top-down models. This result is shown to be sensitive to the elasticity with which technologies’ generating capacities adjust to relative prices.     

Technical and cost assessment of energy efficiency improvement and greenhouse gas emission reduction potentials in Thai cement industry

The cement industry is one of the most energy-consuming industries in Thailand, with high associated carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The cement sector accounted for about 20.6 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions in 2005. The fuel intensity of the Thai cement industry was about 3.11 gigajoules (GJ)/tonne cement; the electricity intensity was about 94.3 kWh/tonne cement, and the total primary energy intensity was about 4.09 GJ/tonne cement in 2005 with the clinker to cement ratio of around 82%. In this study, the potential application of 47 energy-efficiency measures is assessed for the Thai cement industry. Using a bottom-up electricity conservation supply curve model, the cost-effective electricity efficiency improvement potential for the Thai cement industry is estimated to be about 265 gigawatt hours (GWh), which accounts for 8% of total electricity use in the cement industry in 2005. Total technical electricity-saving potential is 1,697 GWh, which accounts for 51% of total electricity use in the cement industry in 2005. The CO₂ emission reduction potential associated with the cost-effective electricity savings is 159 kilotonne (kt) CO₂, while the total technical potential for CO₂ emission reductions is 902 ktonne CO₂. The fuel conservation supply curve model shows a cost-effective fuel-efficiency improvement potential of 17,214 terajoules (TJ) and a total technical fuel efficiency improvement potential equal to 21,202 TJ, accounting for 16% and 19% of the total fuel use in the cement industry in 2005, respectively. CO₂ emission reduction potentials associated with cost-effective and technical fuel-saving measures are 2,229 ktonne and 2,603 ktonne, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for discount rate, electricity and fuel prices, and exchange rate that showed the significant influence of these parameters on the results. Hence, the results of the study should be interpreted with caution.     

Optimum sizing of investment in CHP plant for beverage-related processing industries

Using basic data for a specific brewery project, the sensitivity of discounted project net worth to capital costs and to fuel price relativities are explored. The precise balance of electricity demand to steam usage on the plant is another crucial factor and a number of marginal applications within the brewing and distilling sectors are likely to depend on the export value of surplus electricity to the national grid and the relative time-sequencing of plant demands. These demands are seen to be less severe than those associated with the interdependence of heat pump economics on supportive coactivation of other conservation techniques. Despite current decline of industrial CHP application in the UK, a widened choice of technological options with economic potential now exists and this is explored. New regulations governing the purchase of power by the CEGB are expected to contribute only marginally in the short term to economic viability of these private investments.