湖库水华治理的微电流电解抑藻技术研究

相比于现有的水华末端治理方式,采用以预防为主的思路进行水华防控,避免水华发生带来的不利影响,是更为经济有效、生态友好的水华治理措施。详细阐述了控制藻类“种源”的微电流电解抑藻技术,对微电流电解抑藻技术的最佳应用时机、技术原理、应用效果等进行了分析,深入探讨了微电流电解技术抑制湖库藻类生长的机理,同时开展了技术应用研究。结果表明,移动式微电流电解对湖泊藻类生长具有良好的抑制效果,2 h的处理可使50 m3水体中85%的藻类失活。     

砂石骨料加工废水电絮凝处理实验研究

针对利用传统絮凝沉淀法处理水电工程砂石骨料加工废水效果不理想的问题,通过室内实验研究了电絮凝处理砂石骨料加工废水中高浓度悬浮物的性能,并优化了相关的工艺参数。结果表明,铝适合用作电絮凝阳极材料,最佳电流强度和电解时间分别为0.08 A和4 min,初始悬浮物浓度宜控制在50 000 mg/L以内。电絮凝前,自然沉降能够有效去除粒径在8 μm以上的悬浮颗粒和总体悬浮物负荷,最佳的自然沉降时间为2 h。通过比较絮凝前后及自然沉降后的悬浮物颗粒粒径分布,发现电絮凝对粒径1~2 μm的细颗粒去除性能优异。若采取沉淀+电絮凝的措施,对砂石骨料加工废水高浓度悬浮物的处理效果更佳。     

Application of a bio-electrochemical reactor process to direct treatment of metal pickling wastewater containing heavy metals and high strength nitrate.

The fundamental performance of a bio-electrochemical reactor for the direct treatment of metal pickling wastewater was investigated experimentally. In the reactor, carbon anode and cathode were installed. On the cathode, denitrifying microorganisms were immobilized. Continuous experiments were carried out by feeding a synthetic wastewater containing nitrate and binary heavy metal ions, copper and lead, under different operating conditions. Acetate as well as the electric current was supplied at the minimum amount for stoichiometry of the dissimilatory denitrification reaction. The results indicated that the dissolved copper and lead removal, denitrification and neutralization could be achieved simultaneously in a single bio-electrochemical reactor. The dissolved heavy metals were removed by electrochemical deposition on cathode and by the other phenomena such as the formation of insoluble suspensions and the sorption on suspended bacterial sludge. Denitrification proceeded effectively with the utilization of both added acetate and hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis of water. The pH value increased up to around neutral due to the occurrence of denitrification in the reactor, although the influent pH was less than 3. The removal efficiencies of heavy metals and nitrate increased with increasing the current density. The applied electric current was indispensable for sustaining the stable treatment in the reactor.     

超声内电解协同作用对对硝基苯酚的处理

通过超声波、内电解以及其联合作用对对硝基苯酚(P-NP)进行处理,试验发现在相同处理率的条件下,两者联用可以大大缩短处理时间.单纯内电解处理10 mg/L的P-NP去除率大于90%时需要30 min,而加入超声波强化后只需不到10 min.同时通过动力学分析可知,超声波、内电解、超声协同内电解处理P-NP均符合一级反应,且超声波强化内电解具有协同作用,其反应速率常数的增强因子为1.37.     

活性炭填充三维电极电解法处理氨氮废水研究

针对传统城市污水处理厂冬天出水存在氨氮浓度偏高的问题,采用间歇试验法对活性炭填充三维电极深度去除污水中的氨氮进行了研究。考察了氨氮初始浓度,电流密度,氯离子浓度,p H值等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响。结果表明:氨氮去除速率随着电流密度和氯离子浓度增加而增加,单位氨氮去除能耗随着电流增加而增加,随着氯离子浓度增加而减少。p H值在3.0~9.0范围内对三维电极除氨氮过程影响比较小。实际废水在经过2.5h电解后,氨氮浓度从28.0 mg/L下降至0.3 mg/L,去除率高达99%,可以满足国家污水排放标准一级A要求。     

地下水铬污染原位电化学动力修复技术试验研究

 以重金属铬为地下水污染物,研究了原位电化学动力修复技术的具体应用,分析了恒压条件和恒流条件的电化学动力原理,开展了污染地下水的修复模拟试验,揭示了电场作用下地下水中重金属迁移规律。成果表明：该法对地下水重金属污染修复效果较好,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到99.95%以上,出水浓度满足相关标准,应用于实际工程是可行的。     

Electrolytic degradation of biorefractory organics and ammonia in leachate from bioreactor landfill.

Electrochemical oxidation was applied to treat the effluent from bioreactor landfill with leachate recirculation, characterised as poor biodegradability and high NH3-N concentration. In this study, the effluent was electrolysed in a batch reactor with Ti/TiO2-IrO2-RuO2 anode and stainless steel cathode. The oxidation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during electrolysis was evaluated based on the evolution of molecular weight grade, hydrophilic fractionation (humic acid, fulvic acid and hydrophilic fractions), specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254) and AOX. The impact of the initial NH3-N concentration on the oxidation was discussed. The results showed that at a current density of 100 mA/cm2, electrolysis time of 1.5 h and electrode gap of 1 cm, NH3-N with an initial concentration of 1.2 g/L could be completely eliminated and 56% of COD with an initial concentration of 1.2 g/L could be removed, which illustrated that the electrolysis-produced chlorine preferentially oxidised ammonia. The electrolysis mainly resulted in the degradation of humic substances and other high molecular DOM, followed by the increase of BOD/COD ratio and decline of SUVA254 of the leachate. The current efficiencies for COD and ammonia oxidation gradually decreased during the electrolysis, with the latter obviously higher than the former. At the optimal electrolysis time of 1.5 h, NH3-N could be totally removed and the BOD/COD ratio could be enhanced to 0.3, which was also favourable to control the AOX at a reasonable level.     

微电流电解对尿素降解的机理及影响因素研究

采用微电流电解技术对模拟游泳池水中的尿素进行降解处理,探索了电解对尿素的去除机理,研究了电流密度和氯离子浓度等因素对电解去除尿素效果的影响。结果表明:以钌钛和不锈钢分别做阳极和阴极材料,当水溶液中有较高浓度的氯离子存在时,电解过程中产生的活性氯使得尿素被氧化,尿素降解产物中无氨氮、氯胺等二次污染物,尿素极有可能通过电解生成了N2等气体挥发到空气中。电流密度和氯离子浓度对尿素的去除效率有很大影响,随着电流密度和氯离子浓度的增加,尿素去除效率逐渐上升。在500 mg/L的氯离子浓度条件下,电流密度为12 m A/cm2时,电解处理30 min时尿素去除率可达99.5%。将微电流电解技术应用于游泳池水中的尿素去除,无需添加电解质,即能达到较高的尿素去除效果,采用该技术对游泳池水中的尿素进行降解去除完全可行。     

氯离子浓度与电流密度对电解抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

通过分析电解前后铜绿微囊藻液的光密度与叶绿素荧光动力学参数变化,探究了氯离子(Cl^-)浓度及电流密度对微电流电解抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。结果表明:微电流电解产生的活性氯在抑藻过程中起了重要作用,对初始细胞密度5×10⁵个/mL、体积100 mL的铜绿微囊藻液而言,当藻液中初始Cl^-浓度为18 mg/L时,电解后藻细胞的生长受到了完全抑制;而对于无氯藻液,电解后藻细胞的生长未受明显影响。当电流密度为10 mA/cm²、电解时间为15 min,而藻液中的初始Cl^-浓度在0～18 mg/L范围内时,电解抑藻效率会随着Cl^-浓度的升高而逐步提高;并且当Cl^-浓度≥12 mg/L时,电解后藻细胞彻底死亡,无法再恢复活性。当电解时间为15 min、藻液中初始Cl^-浓度为18 mg/L,电流密度在0～20 mA/cm²范围内时,随着电流密度的增加电解抑藻效率也会提高。成果为深入研究微电流电解的持续抑藻机理提供了基础。     

低含水W/O乳化液电脱水实验研究

针对低含水W/O型乳化液,通过高压脉冲电脱水实验,对影响脱水过程的关键因素进行了实验研究,绘制了不同电场参数下的电流曲线与脱水效率曲线。实验是在直径80 cm的圆筒脱水器中进行的。实验结果显示了与高含水时不同的电流特征。作为辅助手段,通过三目显微镜与成像系统对电场中微小水滴的运动进行了观察,还观察和分析了电极附近水滴在电泳力作用下的运动。     

基于不同土地利用类型下的初期雨水径流污染特征分析与LID措施研究

探究初期雨水径流污染物在不同用地类型下的变化规律,对比分析海绵城市建设技术对径流污染的控制效果。首先对landsat 8卫星影像资料进行目视解译将天津市河西区解放南路郁江道研究区分为9类二级用地类型,之后根据土地利用类型划分结果和雨水管网资料建立SWMM水质模型并进行相关参数率定,最后模拟典型径流污染物悬浮固体(SS)的污染特征和低影响开发设施(LID)对其的削减效果。结果表明:不同土地利用类型和重现期下,径流污染物均呈现先增大后减小最后稳定在某一数值附近即初期雨水径流污染效应。采用渗透铺装和生物滞留池对径流SS拦截效果明显,但随着降雨强度增大,其处理能力逐渐达到饱和,处理效果不明显。     

Reductive dehalogenation of iopromide by zero-valent iron.

Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), as derivatives of 2, 4, 6-triiodo benzoic acid, are applied in high doses to humans and are excreted unchanged via urine within 24 h. Common as well as advanced wastewater treatment is not able to remove the iodinated compounds leading to an environmental pollution. A specific treatment of contaminated urine or hospital wastewater could minimise the emission. For that reason the deiodination of iopromide, the most commonly used ICM, was investigated using zero-valent iron. Initial experiments carried out in stirred batch reactors with an initial pH of 2 using iron powder and iopromide dissolved in ultra pure water showed that iopromide can be deiodinated by zero-valent iron. Even in contaminated urine collected in a hospital a deiodination of ICM was possible. Further experiments at different constant pH values, temperatures and stirring speeds were performed. The kinetic studies at constant pH showed that the deiodination can be described by pseudo-first order for equal iopromide and iron concentrations. In general, the reaction depends strongly on the pH, the temperature and the stirring speed. The observed rate constant K(obs) has an optimum at pH 3 and rises with increasing temperature and stirring speed.     

Lab scale study on electrocoagulation defluoridation process optimization along with aluminium leaching in the process and comparison with full scale plant operation

An excess or lack of fluoride in drinking water is harmful to human health. Desirable and permissible standards of fluoride in drinking water are 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively, as per Indian drinking water quality standards i.e., BIS 10500, 1991. In this paper, the performance of an electro-coagulation defluoridation batch process with aluminium electrodes was investigated. Different operational conditions such as fluoride concentration in water, pH and current density were varied and performance of the process was examined. Influence of operational conditions on (i) electrode polarization phenomena, (ii) pH evolution during electrolysis and (iii) the amount of aluminium released (coagulant) was investigated. Removal by electrodes is primarily responsible for the high defluoridation efficiency and the adsorption by hydroxide aluminium floc provides secondary effect. Experimental data obtained at optimum conditions that favored simultaneous mixing and flotation confirmed that concentrations lower than 1 mg/L could be achieved when initial concentrations were between 2 and 20 mg/L. pH value was found to be an important parameter that affected fluoride removal significantly. The optimal initial pH range is between 6 and 7 at which effective defluoridation and removal efficiencies over 98% were achieved. Furthermore, experimental results prominently displayed that an increase in current density substantially reduces the treatment duration, but with increased residual aluminium level. The paper focuses on pilot scale defluoridation process optimization along with aluminium leaching and experimental results were compared with a full-scale plant having capacity of 600 liter per batch.     

水泥净浆和水泥砂浆材料的Ⅰ型断裂韧度测定

本文针对水泥净浆和水泥砂浆两种灌浆材料,采用三点弯曲梁进行了不同强度、不同尺寸以及不同初始缝高比的断裂试验。根据水工混凝土断裂试验规程,利用试验中测得的最大荷载及对应的裂缝口张开位移计算了水泥净浆和水泥砂浆的失稳断裂韧度,并通过电阻应变片法确定的起裂荷载得到了二者起裂韧度的实测值。试验中发现,水泥净浆并不是一经起裂就失稳破坏,而是在失稳破坏前存在着一个比较明显的裂缝稳定扩展过程。结果表明,随试件强度的提高,两种材料的起裂韧度和失稳韧度均增大,而随试件尺寸和初始缝高比的变化,水泥净浆的起裂韧度和失稳断裂韧度     

小型间歇式次氯酸钠发生器的设计参数研究

为提高小型间歇式次氯酸钠发生器的适用性和可靠性,综合考虑农村小型供水工程特点,结合两端式板式电极,采用单因子试验方法开展电极结构、阴极材质、电极安装高度、盐水浓度、配盐水质、盐水体积、电流密度等设计参数的试验研究。试验结果表明: 小型间歇式次氯酸钠发生器的最佳设计参数为: 电极左右间距 6 cm,阴、阳极采用相同涂层,电极板间距 5 mm,电极板中心距电解槽底部 20 cm,盐水浓度3% ,盐水体积30 L,电流密度480 ～ 640 A /m2,电解时间300 ～ 360 min,有效氯浓度 8. 50 ～ 8. 80 g /L,有效氯产量 255 ～ 264 g,运行成本 7. 16 ～ 7. 20 元/ kg。此外,亦可结合实际供水工程规模、消毒剂需求量、电解时间等多个因素,选择适宜的电解参数。试验结果为下一步设备定型和实际应用奠定了良好基础。     

Electrocoagulative treatment of mercury containing aqueous solutions

In recent years, electrocoagulation has been successfully used for wastewater treatment and is efficient in heavy metal ions removal. In the present work, electrocoagulation has been used for the removal of Hg(II) from synthetic wastewaters containing up to 20 mg/L of mercury. The electrode materials used are stainless steel (SS) and aluminum (Al). The effects of operating parameters, viz., current density, time of electrocoagulation, distance between electrodes, initial pH of the solution, presence of electrolyte in the solution and temperature have been studied. It was observed that more than 99% Hg(II) removal can be achieved by keeping the distance between SS and Al electrodes from 2 to 6 cm and initial pH range from 3 to 7. The results show that the pseudo second-order kinetics fits the data well. Also, preliminary cost estimation was reported.     

A long-term suspended solids runoff simulation in a highway drainage system.

A long-term monitoring investigation was carried out in a highway drainage system in Winterthur, Switzerland. Several runoff quality and quantity simulations were carried out using the distributed model 'InfoWorks-CS'. Serial rainfall monitoring data was used for investigation of SS runoff behavior from the highway. Under continuous rainfall conditions, the quantity simulation showed a good agreement with the measured hydrograph. However, in some cases where rainfall was not continuous, overestimation of the peak height was found at the later stage after the end of the rainfall. It was believed that the initial/depression loss on the road surface was recovered during the halting period of rainfall. The consideration of regenerated depression loss significantly improved runoff simulation results in the on-and-off type rainfall events. A single event quality simulation underestimated the SS load in light rainfall events. One of the reasons was possibly inadequate consideration of pipe sediment conditions. A long term simulation was carried out to establish the initial condition of surface and pipe sediment for the target event. The newly simulated pollutograph gave a good agreement with the measured one. It revealed that it was essential to consider appropriateness of the initial condition of pipe sediment as well as surface sediment.     

Impact of copper and cadmium on aerobic and anaerobic digestibility of sonicated sludge

The effects of the introduction of a sludge reduction process such as ultrasound on batch aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability after exposition to two metals (copper and cadmium) were investigated. The specific energy of ultrasonic treatment applied to the sludge was 200,000 kJ kg TS(-1). Ultrasonic treatment led to floc size reduction and to organic matter solubilization. Low copper (< 5 mg L(-1)) and cadmium (< 1 mg L(-1)) concentration improved aerobic biodegradability. For high metal concentration the maximal instantaneous biogas production rate q(max) inhibition by copper and cadmium was modeled by a saturation-type relationship under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, respiration inhibition was not affected by sonication. Cadmium inhibition (74%) was more than copper (58%). The positive effect of sonication on CO2 production was maintained after metal introduction. Under anaerobic conditions, metal introduction cancelled out the positive effect of the treatment. The sonicated sludge was 16% less sensitive to copper inhibition but 10% more sensitive to cadmium inhibition compared to non sonicated sludge.     

Treatment of contaminated groundwater in sandy layer under river bank by electrokinetic and ultrasonic technology.

A series of laboratory experiments involving simple, ultrasonic, electrokinetic, electrokinetic/ ultrasonic flushing test were carried out for treatment and removal of heavy metal and hydrocarbon from contaminated groundwater in sandy layers under a river bank. The test results show that the electrokinetic/ultrasonic flushing technique is most effective for the removal of heavy metal and hydrocarbon from contaminated sandy layers by the coupling action of their own phenomena. It is shown that the electrokinetic technique is most effective to enhance the removal efficiency of heavy metal contaminants such as cadmium from contaminated sandy soil under the river bank; on the other hand the ultrasonic technique is most effective to enhance the removal efficiency of hydrocarbon contaminant, such as diesel fuel from contaminated soil.