Children aged 6 to 60 months in Nepal may require a vitamin A supplement regardless of dietary intake from plant an animal food sources

The purpose of this survey was to explore the relationship between the prevalence of the health indicators of malnutrition, diarrhea, and acute respiratory infection and the consumption of vitamin A-rich food and the supplementation status of three groups of children in Nepal (supplemented, supplemented only once, and never supplemented). A trained female community health worker interviewed mothers about vitamin A-rich food feeding practices to children aged 6 to 60 months using a standardized questionnaire and then estimated the nutritional status of the children using mid-upper-arm circumference measurements and recording the incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection from mothers' interviews. Regardless of the amount of vitamin A-rich foods consumed, children who were regularly supplemented with high doses of vitamin A were protected against malnutrition, diarrhea, and acute respiratory infection at a higher rate than children who were supplemented only once or were never supplemented. Regularly providing a high-dose (200,000 IU) capsule of vitamin A to children aged 6 to 60 months, including those who eat vitamin A-rich foods, may be effective in decreasing the prevalence of morbidity from malnutrition, diarrhea, and acute respiratory infection.     

Dietary assessment of refugees living in camps: a case study of Mae La Camp, Thailand

This study presents data on consumption patterns, methods of food procurement, and adequacy of dietary intake among Burmese refugee camp households living along Thailand's border with Burma. Households established for one or more years and with children under 15 years of age were sampled. A questionnaire was used to determine economic, food-consumption, and dietary intake patterns; foods consumed were weighed and measured using a 24-hour recall for the household unit; and nutritional status was determined by a Microtoise tape and digital standing scales. In total, 182 households containing 1,159 people were surveyed. The average household energy and protein intakes were 96.6% and 111.4%, respectively, of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for healthy Thais. Twelve percent of protein was derived from animal sources. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat accounted for 84%, 9%, and 7% of total energy, respectively. The intake of vitamins A, B1, B2, and C and of calcium ranged from 24.2% to 53.1% of the RDA. Iron intake was 85.3% of the RDA, derived mainly from rice, fermented fish, mung beans, green leafy vegetables, and eggs. Ration foods supplied 60.5% to 98.18% of all nutrients consumed in the households, with the exception of vitamins A and C. Among children under five years of age, 33.7% were underweight, 36.4% were studied, and 8.7% were wasted. Although the refugees were able to procure some nonration foods by foraging, planting trees and vegetables, raising animals, and purchasing and exchanging ration foods for other items, the quantity and quality were not sufficient to compensate for the nutrients that were low or lacking in the ration. The overwhelming majority of dietary nutrients were provided by ration foods, and although the ration and the overall diet may be adequate for short-term subsistence, they do not suffice for long-term survival and optimal growth, especially for younger children.     

Home-grown school feeding: promoting local production systems diversification through nutrition sensitive agriculture

The consumption of some non-staple crops such as legumes and dark, green leafy vegetables can address common deficiencies in key nutrients such as vitamin A and iron; however, limited markets and supply chain development impede their production and accessibility to consumers. This study investigates the pathways to promote agricultural production and dietary diversity for a local market intervention called Home-Grown School Feeding (HGSF). School feeding menus from 24 districts across 10 regions in Ghana during the 2014–15 school year were analysed in terms of food groups and several individual foods. The menus were then compared with food groups produced by households during the past year or consumed in the past seven days using data collected from a household survey. Greater inter-food group diversity in the menus was associated with higher production levels for tubers and dark, leafy green vegetables in the South and cereals in the North. A correspondence between the frequency in which a food group appeared in a menu and the share of households who consumed foods from the food group was also noted. Key issues, such as optimizing supply chains, enabling farm linkages and supporting diverse nutrient rich food groups, that underlie the success of Home-Grown School Feeding and other agricultural policies with similar goals of promoting production and dietary diversity are highlighted through commodity specific examples. The findings of this study may help strengthen operational linkages between agriculture production and nutrition for HGSF and other similar interventions.     

苏州工业园区公办幼儿园膳食调查、分析与建议

目的:了解当前苏州经济发达地区幼儿园食谱中膳食结构、原料种类、烹饪方法等情况。方法:用随机抽样的方法选取出工业园区10所公办幼儿园,对幼儿园负责人、保健老师分别进行为期1周(5个工作日)的膳食调查;膳食调查采用访谈调查法。结果:食谱主食中饼干比例高,为高油高钠食物;点心中甜食比例高,易引起儿童龋齿;菜肴原料中猪肉比例高,鱼、豆制品、叶菜类蔬菜比例少,没有海产品和动物内脏,易造成维生素C、维生素A、锌、碘、铁等营养素的缺乏;烹饪方法中红烧、糖醋比例高,易高钠高糖饮食。结论:针对幼儿园食谱存在的问题,根据儿童生长发育特点及合理营养、平衡膳食的原则,提出改善幼儿园食谱的建议。     

Changes in β-Carotene and Vitamin A Contents of Vitamin A-rich Foods in Thailand During Preservation and Storage

ABSTRACT: To prolong consumption of β-carotene and vitamin A-rich foods in Thailand during off-season, plant foods such as ripe mango, ripe papaya, pumpkin, Pak Sien (a local Thai vegetable), and Chinese green cabbage were preserved by candying and pickling. Chicken liver was incorporated into local rice-flour chips. Pumpkin was also stored as fresh whole fruit at room temperature. β-Carotene loss in candied mango and papaya during processing was 17 to 18%, and loss continued from 30 to 40% during storage over 3 months. In contrast, β- carotene contents increased during fermentation of pickled Pak Sien and Chinese green cabbage, ranging from 30 to 40%. A 3-month storage of fresh whole pumpkin in the shade led to as much as a 1263% increase of β-carotene concentrations. On the other hand, vitamin A content was reduced about 50% during the processing of fried chicken liver chips and continued to lose 16% more during storage.     

Women's access to food-processing technology at the household level is associated with improved diets at the pre-harvest lean season in The Gambia

BACKGROUND: Women's access to food processing technology at the household level may have positive dietary benefits during the pre-harvest lean season when households are most stressed from food shortages and higher energy expenditures from agricultural work. OBJECTIVE: This study in rural Gambia was conducted to determine if women's access to small manually operated oil presses (ram) for sesame oil extraction had any significant effects on seasonal fluctuations of household oil supply and on dietary intakes of women and children. METHODS: Participants were 40 women and children with access to community-based motorized oil press expellers (Expeller-control), 37 women and children with access to village-based ram presses (Press-experiment), and 43 women and children with access to both ram press and motorized expeller (Combination). Dietary data were collected at baseline, at peak oil-pressing, at pre-harvest lean, and at the post-harvest seasons. RESULTS: Households in the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed 37 and 51 percent more oil, respectively, than those in the Expeller-control group during the pre-harvest lean season. Women from the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed more energy at the lean season than those in the Expeller-control group. Similarly, children from the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed more protein at peak oil-processing season than those from the Expeller-control group. At the pre-harvest season children from these two groups also consumed more protein, however, only the consumption of the Combination children was statistically significant compared with that of the Expeller-control group (p < .05). Press-experiment children consumed more nutrient-dense weaning foods during the pre-harvest lean season than Expeller-control children. CONCLUSIONS: Women's access to appropriate technology can provide the means to "add value" to their agriculture product, which may serve as an economic stabilizer with potential to increase dietary intakes and incomes, especially during the pre-harvest lean season.     

The production of provitamin A‐rich vegetables in home‐gardens as a means of addressing vitamin A deficiency in rural African communities

Vitamin A deficiency remains a public health problem in the developing world. The highest prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is in Africa and Asia (>30%). Dietary modification, a long‐term strategy to address vitamin A deficiency, complements food fortification and vitamin A supplementation programmes. Provitamin A carotenoids from foods of plant origin are more affordable than preformed vitamin A from animal foods, and many resource‐poor households rely on yellow/orange‐fleshed vegetables and fruits and dark‐green leafy vegetables as their main source of vitamin A. The provitamin A carotenoid content in plant foods varies widely and differences among cultivars of the same food exist. Several factors influence the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids. The potential contribution of plant foods to vitamin A status depends on the retention of provitamin A carotenoids after storage, preparation and processing. Home‐gardens can provide households with direct access to provitamin A‐rich vegetables that are not readily available or within their financial reach. The components and critical issues of home‐garden projects are described. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Folate Content and Composition of Vegetables Commonly Consumed in China

Abstract: Folate deficiency increases the risk of chronic diseases, including neural tube defects (NTDs) in infants, megaloblastic anemia, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers in adults. China is the most NTDs prevalent area in the world. Folate deficiency in China can be reduced by proper supply of fresh leafy green vegetables but little is known about the folate content and vitamers in the vegetables commonly consumed by Chinese population. The purposes of this study were first to analyze most commonly consumed important vegetables that contribute to folate intake in the Chinese population and second to estimate the significance of selected vegetables as a source of dietary folate intake. Folate content and vitamers forms in vegetables were analyzed using a valid liquid chromatography method. Monoenzyme treatment was used for leafy green and some fruit vegetables, and dienzyme treatment for some root vegetables. Total folate content in commonly consumed vegetables ranged from 14.78 to 145.54 μg/100 g in edible portion with an average of 61.99 μg/100 g. The highest folate content (>140 μg/100 g) was found in pak choi and spinach. Total folate contents in leafy vegetables, fruit vegetables, and root vegetables were in the range of 17.22 to 145.54 μg/100g, 18.14 to 86.04 μg/100g, and 14.78 to75.81 μg/100g, respectively. The considerable variations in folate content were found in different types of vegetables commonly consumed by Chinese population. Leafy vegetables are a better source of folate than fruit and root vegetables commonly consumed by Chinese population. Practical Application: Data from this research would facilitate to accurately establish the actual folate intake by Chinese population. Our folate composition data on vegetables can be incorporated into the national food databases. Availability of such data is essential for estimating folate intake and defining an optimal level for fortification program in China.     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS ON ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN SOME COMMONLY CONSUMED LEAFY VEGETABLES IN CAMEROON

Effect of squeeze-washing, boiling in kanwa (a local alkaline salt) and drying of the leaves of some leafy vegetables ( Vernonia colorata, V. calvoana var. bitter, V. calvoana var. nonbitter and V. amygdalina ) consumed in Cameroon on antinutritional factors were evaluated. Results show that values for polyphenols were high in the unprocessed leaves. These values were reduced by 84.5% in V. amygdalina during processing. Sun drying and oven drying at 75C also caused slight losses ( P <  0.05) in polyphenols. Saponin values were high in these four species but were considerably reduced by processing, rendering the nutrients in these leafy vegetables more bioavailable. Reductions ( P <  0.05) were also observed for proteins as a consequence of processing by squeeze-washing and use of kanwa. Similar trends were found for oxalic acids. Losses of up to 73% oxalic acids were observed in samples after processing. With the exception of drying, significant losses in minerals were observed due to these processes. This study, therefore, suggests the use of some of these different processing techniques to reduce the levels of antinutritional factors in these leafy vegetables.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The different species of leafy vegetables ( Vernonia ) are potentially rich sources of provitamin A, vitamin C and minerals. Use of appropriate processing and preservation technology makes these vegetables available at off seasons and in cities of high demand and improves on the actual nutritional value to the consumers. Industrially, these vegetables can be processed by squeeze-washing and the use of minimal quantities of kanwa and possibly dried at 45C for use in urban centers.     

A Preliminary Investigation of Naturally Occurring Aluminum in Grains,Vegetables, and Fruits from Some Areas of China and Dietary Intake Assessment

An investigation of the naturally occurring aluminum contents in grains, fruits and vegetables locally planted in some areas of China was conducted, and the aluminum dietary intake from the investigated food was estimated. A total of 2,469 samples were collected during 2013 to 2014 and tested for aluminum content using ICP‐MS method. The results showed that although 77.6% of the samples contained aluminum less than 5 mg/kg, significant variations of aluminum contents were observed in different food groups. Generally, the aluminum contents were found to be relatively high in dried grains and fresh vegetables, and low in fresh fruits. The mean value of aluminum contents in grains was 6.3 mg/kg, with wheat being the highest, followed by soybean and corn. The fresh vegetables had an average aluminum content of 4.7 mg/kg, with leafy vegetables being the highest, followed by bulb and stem vegetables. Most varieties of fresh fruits were low in aluminum, with the mean of 1.3 mg/kg. Based on the food consumption data from the China National Nutrient and Health Survey, the average weekly dietary intake of naturally occurring aluminum from the investigated foods was estimated to be 0.62 mg/kg bw for the general population and 0.55 to 1.00 mg/kg bw for different age groups. Grains and vegetables were the main contributors to the overall intake. Evaluated against the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 2 mg/kg bw, the dietary naturally occurring aluminum intake from the investigated foods was considered to be no safety concern.     

组合保鲜方式应用于叶菜保鲜的研究进展

叶菜是人们日常饮食中必不可少的食物之一,富含膳食纤维、Vc以及多种微量元素,但是其特有的生理特性以及组织结构使其极易腐败变质,因此探究适宜的保鲜方式显得尤为重要。本文综述了物理、化学、生物保鲜技术间的不同组合对叶菜的保鲜效果,结合叶菜典型指标及货架期,介绍了相比于单一保鲜方式,不同组合保鲜方式的特点及优势,并指出在未来叶菜保鲜技术的发展方向,为叶菜的实际保鲜工作提供参考。     

Effects of gallotannin treatment on attachment, growth, and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on spinach and lettuce

Food-borne illness outbreaks are increasingly associated with fresh produce. Their high prevalence may reflect the lack of methods to effectively remove pathogenic bacteria from the surface of fruits and vegetables. This study evaluated the effect of antimicrobial gallotannins on attachment, growth, and survival of food-borne pathogens on green leafy vegetables. Spinach leaves and interior leaves of lettuce harboring high and low cell counts of background microbiota, respectively, were washed with tap water with and without added gallotannins. To account for the variability among organisms, green leafy vegetables were inoculated with strain cocktails of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Cell counts of L. monocytogenes were significantly reduced by the gallotannin treatment. Lower cell counts after storage for 8?days at 4?°C demonstrated antimicrobial effects of gallotannins retained on the surface of green leafy vegetables. Gallotannin treatments with 1?g/L did not inhibit E. coli O157:H7 but hindered their attachment to filter paper by up to 94?%. The addition of gallotannin-containing extracts from mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernels to the washing water did neither alter color nor texture of bagged fresh-cut products. In conclusion, gallotannin treatment significantly reduced surface contamination of green leafy vegetables with L. monocytogenes and reduced the attachment of cells of E. coli O157:H7.     

Carotene content of some common (cereals,pulses, vegetables,spices and condiments) and unconventional sources of plant origin

This study provides new data on the the total carotenoids and β-carotene content of commonly consumed cereals, pulses, vegetables, spices and condiments. Separation of carotenoids by HPLC showed that β-carotene is the predominant carotenoid in all the foods studied. Cereals and pulses appear to be poor sources of provitamin A precursors. Among the vegetables studied pumpkin, ridge gourd, green chillies, tomato, green peas, field beans and French beans are not only inexpensive but are better sources of β-carotene (20–120 mg/100 g). Among the spices and condiments, red chilli (1310 mg/100 g) and Smilax (2136 mg/100 g), which are regularly used in Indian recipes are good sources of provitamin A precursors. The study also identified unconventional sources like Gulmohar, Peltiforum ferruginum,Lucern and Spirulina as rich sources of β-carotene. Considering that Indian diets predominantly consist of cereals and pulses, choosing appropriate combinations of cereals and pulses will contribute significantly to overall vitamin A intakes. Together with our earlier efforts, the present study has generated a database of β-carotene contents of Indian plant foods, which could be of help in the elimination of vitamin A deficiency.     

常见蔬菜的黄酮含量及烹饪对其含量的影响

本实验目的在于了解我国辽宁省地区常见蔬菜的黄酮类物质含量及黄酮类物质在不同烹饪方式下的变化情况,为进一步估算膳食中黄酮类物质的摄入水平提供依据。结果表明,叶菜中黄酮类物质含量较高,花、果类和根、茎类次之。萝卜缨、韭菜、芹菜中黄酮类物质含量较高,分别达到39.18,36.26和32.20mg/100g。经过烹饪后,大部分蔬菜中黄酮类物质含量均有所增加,其中,中火炒制的烹饪方式使蔬菜中的黄酮含量增加得较为显著,增加幅度在12.11%～166.38%之间。增加绿叶蔬菜的摄入量,可获得充足的黄酮类物质,采用中火炒制的烹饪方式有利于黄酮类物质的释放。     

Determination of Trimethylamine in Spinach,Cabbage, and Lettuce at Alkaline pH by Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction

Abstract: Trimethylamine (TMA) found in some leafy vegetables, such as spinach, cabbage, and lettuce, at alkaline pH was identified and quantified using headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME and GC‐MS). HS‐SPME conditions were optimized at an adsorption temperature of 50 °C, equilibration time of 5 min, and adsorption time of 5 min with 65 μm of polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fiber. The TMA that was formed from spinach, cabbage, and lettuce was assayed at pH 7 to 11 for 0 to 4 h at 50 °C using HS‐SPME. The results showed that the amount of TMA formed was dependent on pH. The amount of TMA formed increased dramatically at a pH greater than 9. TMA was not formed at a pH lower than 7. Spinach produced a higher amount of TMA than cabbage or lettuce. TMA was formed at alkaline pH from choline, betaine, and carnitine, which are TMA precursors. To confirm the SPME results, TMA was quantitated using the AOAC official method. Data obtained from chemical analysis were in good agreement with the SPME data. The formation mechanism of TMA is thought to be the Hofmann elimination reaction, which generates amine compounds at alkaline pH. Practical Application: Fishy off‐flavor in foods is associated with trimethylamine (TMA), which is frequently found in fish and seafood. In this study, TMA was identified for the first time in some leafy vegetables, such as spinach, cabbage, and lettuce, at alkaline pH. The presence of TMA in leafy vegetables under certain circumstances such as high pH and temperature may affect the sensory properties of foods containing these vegetables.     

Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods: An Update

Deficiencies of iron, zinc, iodine and vitamin A are widespread in the developing countries, poor bioavailability of these micronutrients from plant-based foods being the major reason for their wide prevalence. Diets predominantly vegetarian are composed of components that enhance as well as inhibit mineral bioavailability, the latter being predominant. However, prudent cooking practices and use of ideal combinations of food components can significantly improve micronutrient bioavailability. Household processing such as heat treatment, sprouting, fermentation and malting have been evidenced to enhance the bioavailability of iron and β-carotene from plant foods. Food acidulants amchur and lime are also shown to enhance the bioavailability of not only iron and zinc, but also of β-carotene. Recently indentified newer enhancers of micronutrient bioaccessibility include sulphur compound-rich Allium spices—onion and garlic, which also possess antioxidant properties, β-carotene-rich vegetables—carrot and amaranth, and pungent spices—pepper (both red and black) as well as ginger. Information on the beneficial effect of these dietary compounds on micronutrient bioaccessibility is novel. These food components evidenced to improve the bioavailability of micronutrients are common ingredients of Indian culinary, and probably of other tropical countries. Fruits such as mango and papaya, when consumed in combination with milk, provide significantly higher amounts of bioavailable β-carotene. Awareness of the beneficial influence of these common dietary ingredients on the bioavailability of micronutrients would help in devising dietary strategies to improve the bioavailability of these vital nutrients.     

Prevalence of challenging nutritional problems among adolescents in Sri Lanka

BACKGROUND: Although 21% of the population of Sri Lanka consists of adolescents, studies of nutritional status among this group are limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess nutritional problems and dietary and activity patterns among adolescents in Sri Lanka. METHODS: A nationally representative cross-sectional study was conducted on 6,264 adolescents 10 to 15 years of age. All subjects were clinically examined for Bitot's spots, and their weights and heights were measured. The subjects were interviewed during regular class time. Hemoglobin concentration and dietary and activity patterns were assessed among a subsample (n = 787) of 1,521 adolescents. The World Health Organization age- and sex-specific references for body-mass index and height-for-age were used to estimate the prevalence of underweight and stunting, respectively. The International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific reference for body-mass index was used to estimate the prevalence of overweight. Age-specific WHO-defined cut off points were used to estimate the prevalence of anemia. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of underweight, stunting, and overweight were 47.2%, 28.5%, and 2.2%, respectively. The prevalence rates of anemia and vitamin A deficiency were 11.1% and 0.4%, respectively. During the previous 6 months, 10.4% of the subjects had usually not eaten breakfast before going to school. During the week before the interview, 24.4% of the children had not consumed green leafy vegetables, 26.6% had not consumed fruit, 19.0% had not participated in physical activities, and 27.5% had watched television for more than 2 hours per day. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional problems of adolescents aged 10 to 15 years should be addressed through the schools. Specific policies should be developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Education to control nutritional problems among adolescents.     

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica and the hygienic indicator Escherichia coli in raw meat at markets in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

This study investigated the hygienic status and prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in retail meat sold at open markets in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 150 samples of beef meat (n = 45), beef intestine (n = 45), mutton (n = 30), and chicken (n = 30) were collected from four local markets for investigation. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was 9.3%, and six serotypes, all previously unreported in Burkina Faso, were identified: Derby, Tilene, Hato, Bredeney, Agona, and Senftenberg. Most of the Salmonella isolates were sensitive to the 12 antimicrobial drugs tested. The prevalence of E. coli was 100% in all the meat types. An assessment of hygiene practices for the production, transportation, display, and vending of the meat revealed unhygienic conditions. Meat sellers had a low education level and poor knowledge of foodborne pathogens and their transmission routes. The findings showed that foodstuff handlers were in dire need of education about safe food handling practices.     

Contribution of plant-based sauces to the vitamin A intake of young children in Benin

A food consumption survey on 420 children was conducted in four areas in Benin to identify the local vitamin A (VA)-rich foods most frequently eaten and assess their contribution to the coverage of VA requirements of young children. Mangoes, eggs, red palm oil, various leafy vegetable (LV) sauces and palm nut juice sauce appeared to be the main VA-rich foods consumed. The recipes of the most promising sauces were characterised. Sauces with red palm oil/palm nut juice showed high carotenoid contents ranging from 0.9 ± 0.3 to 4.0 ± 0.8 mg Retinol Activity Equivalent/100 g dry matter (DM). Lipid contents were also high (from 39.6 to 66.8 g/100 g DM). When consumed, and taking into account the mean quantity eaten per meal, LV sauces containing red palm oil or palm nut juice contributed to the meeting of more than 70% of the recommended VA intake of young children.     

An ethnographic exploration of perceptions of changes in dietary variety in the Kolli Hills,India

The Malayalis Tribe, a Scheduled Tribe of the Kolli Hills in southern India, has experienced a decrease in the variety of foods consumed in the past 20 years. It is important to understand these changes in dietary patterns to inform future interventions to improve dietary diversity. This study aimed to investigate the perceived factors and experiences from participants belonging to different age groups and genders that have affected changes in dietary variety in the Kolli Hills over the past 20 years. An ethnographic approach was used for the study. Data collection methods included semi-structured focus group discussions, informal individual interviews, and participant observations. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze themes related to the research questions. Results suggest that dietary diversity has declined and a smaller number of foods are consumed from grain products, fruits, vegetables and meat products. The main reasons for the decrease in dietary variety include an increased reliance on market systems (linked with an increase in cassava cash cropping) to obtain food and a lack of financial resources to purchase a variety of foods for consumption. Intergenerational changes in taste preferences influenced the types of foods consumed in the household. Drudgery associated with preparing traditional millets for consumption made it a less favorable choice in comparison to subsidized rice purchased through Fair Price Shops. The findings from this study are important to understand the changes in dietary patterns from the perspective of community members and will help inform future interventions to improve dietary diversity in the Kolli Hills.