基于局部法高密度聚乙烯管道材料的断裂行为

作者主要对低温下高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)管道材料的断裂参量进行了测试，并对三点弯试样进行了有限元数值计算，分析了低温下具有不同裂纹尺寸的三点弯试样裂纹尖端应力应变场。利用试验和有限元计算结果，基于局部法对HDPE材料的抗开裂行为进行了研究。结果表明，采用局部法可对具有不同原始裂纹长度三点弯试样之间的断裂行为进行相互预测，并且预测结果与试验结果吻合良好。一方面验证了表征材料脆性断裂特征的参量m和σu与初始裂纹长度无关，为一材料常数；另一方面也表明局部法能有效地描述HDPE材料的脆性断裂行为。对于HI)PE管道材料，威布尔应力可以作为有效的断裂控制参量。     

基于分布位错法对涂层裂纹力学行为的研究

目的 在单轴拉伸载荷下,用理论方法求解弹性涂层中裂纹的力学性质和相互影响。方法 根据叠加原理,将问题分为2个子问题,使用分布位错原理求解裂纹问题,将裂纹建模为沿裂纹线分布的位错阵列,叠加后使用数值求解方法进行求解。结果 得到了不同涂层模量、不同裂纹长度下表面裂纹尖端的应力强度因子（SIF）和涂层界面应力。涂层与基底模量相差越大,表面裂纹越长,其界面应力越大。计算了不同方位下的微裂纹对表面裂纹的影响,给出了60°倾角微裂纹、2l/h=0.2和2l/h=0.04表面裂纹以及2a/h=0.01和2a/h=0.018表面裂纹的影响区域。分析了涂层内部倾斜裂纹对表面裂纹应力强度因子和扩展角的影响。内部倾斜裂纹尖端对表面裂纹尖端的等效应力强度因子（ESIF）有增强作用,两侧有减弱作用。结论 较硬涂层对表面裂纹的扩展有增强作用,裂纹越长,受涂层模量对其应力强度因子的影响越大。微裂纹对表面裂纹的影响跟微裂纹位置、方向、长度和表面裂纹长度有关。表面裂纹附近的倾斜裂纹对表面裂纹的扩展具有吸引作用。     

Na~+在环氧粉末涂层/Q235钢界面的传输行为

使用离子选择性微电极对0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液(60℃)中Na+在一种环氧粉末涂层/Q235钢界面上的传输行为进行了研究,并基于Fick第二定律建立了数学模型。结果表明,实验结果和模型吻合较好,依据模型计算得到的Na+表观扩散系数与前人的结果相符。     

双涂层界面接触应力分析

目的研究在接触应力作用下,双涂层的总厚度及厚度比对其界面应力的影响规律。方法采用有限元方法研究两个界面,即涂层与基底界面和涂层间界面的Mises应力突变量和界面最大剪应力。结果总厚度一定时,涂层厚度比变化对涂层/基底界面应力的影响较小,而对涂层间界面应力的影响明显。对于薄涂层,涂层间界面Mises应力突变量和最大剪应力随着中间层厚度比例的增大而减小;对于厚涂层,涂层间界面Mises应力突变量和最大剪应力随着中间层厚度比例的增大而减小。涂层厚度比一定时,随着涂层总厚度增加,涂层间界面Mises应力突变量和最大剪应力先增大,后减小。结论双涂层的总厚度及厚度比对其界面应力有显著影响。     

双涂层界面接触应力分析

目的研究在接触应力作用下,双涂层的总厚度及厚度比对其界面应力的影响规律。方法采用有限元方法研究两个界面,即涂层与基底界面和涂层间界面的Mises应力突变量和界面最大剪应力。结果总厚度一定时,涂层厚度比变化对涂层/基底界面应力的影响较小,而对涂层间界面应力的影响明显。对于薄涂层,涂层间界面Mises应力突变量和最大剪应力随着中间层厚度比例的增大而减小;对于厚涂层,涂层间界面Mises应力突变量和最大剪应力随着中间层厚度比例的增大而减小。涂层厚度比一定时,随着涂层总厚度增加,涂层间界面Mises应力突变量和最大剪应力先增大,后减小。结论双涂层的总厚度及厚度比对其界面应力有显著影响。     

热障涂层陶瓷层/TGO界面开裂行为的有限元模拟

目的更好地理解热障涂层在热循环条件下的失效行为。方法采用有限元方法引入了内聚力模型,研究热障涂层在多次热循环条件下的界面开裂行为,并且考虑了陶瓷层厚度和粘结层厚度对界面开裂行为的影响。结果涂层最先在陶瓷层/TGO层界面的波峰与波谷之间开裂,此外在界面波谷处也存在开裂现象。当陶瓷层厚度在300~500μm范围内,界面裂纹的平均长度随陶瓷层增厚而增长,裂纹密度也随之增加。粘结层厚度为50μm时,界面裂纹的平均长度为15μm;当厚度增加到100μm时,界面裂纹平均长度减少到10μm;而厚度为150μm时,界面裂纹平均长度又提高至12μm。当粘结层与陶瓷层厚度比在0.2~0.4的范围内时,陶瓷层/TGO层界面上的最大拉应力最小。结论陶瓷层厚度和粘结层厚度对热障涂层界面开裂行为的影响极大,小厚度陶瓷层以及当粘结层与陶瓷层厚度比在0.2~0.4的范围内时,热障涂层具有更好的抗界面开裂能力。粘结层厚度不宜过大,超过一定厚度时反而会降低涂层的抗界面开裂能力。计算结果与文献报道的结果相近,证明了模拟结果的准确性。     

热障涂层TGO界面应力分布及裂纹扩展行为的研究进展

热障涂层以其优异的抗氧化? 隔热? 耐腐蚀性而广泛应用于热端部件表面.在超过1000℃高温的服役环境下,外界的氧元素通过陶瓷层扩散到粘接层界面,与其中的金属元素发生氧化反应生成一层热生长高温氧化物(TGO)? 随着服役时间的增加,TGO不断生长,TGO界面产生较大的热应力,导致裂纹的萌生与扩展,使得涂层大面积剥落,因此...     

弯曲载荷下涂层断裂行为

采用静载下的三点弯曲试验,详细分析观察了高速电弧喷涂LX88A金属基陶瓷涂层的断裂行为.研究发现涂层中某位置所受力矩达到一定值时,该处会产生垂直于界面的裂纹,故可将力矩是否达到临界值作为该位置产生裂纹的条件.有限元分析结果也证明了上述结论,对于三个不同位置的裂纹,当裂纹产生时该位置处界面附近的应力水平基本接近.研究结果可以为涂层构件的设计提供参考.     

金属基陶瓷涂层弹性模量和界面断裂韧度

对双面涂层三点弯曲试验方法进行了改进(两面涂层不必等厚度),基于该理论对一种铁基陶瓷涂层进行了试验研究,并与单面涂层的三点弯曲试验结果进行了比较.结果表明,随涂层厚度的增大,弹性模量增大.分析认为,一方面涂层越厚,测量精度越高;另一方面涂层厚度增大,孔隙率降低,使得弹性模量增大.研究发现涂层弹性模量与喷涂方向有关,呈现了各向异性的特性.文中还介绍了测量涂层/基体界面断裂韧度的研究进展,着重介绍了测量界面临界应变能量释放率的四点弯曲试验、改进的拉伸试验方法以及采用威布尔应力评价界面强度的局部法.     

Q345钢/镍固态剪切连接界面扩散行为研究

采用固态剪切连接工艺实现镍/Q345钢连接,并对结合界面的显微组织、扩散行为和连接性能进行测试分析.结果表明:镍和Q345钢界面结合良好,无明显的缺陷;过渡区厚度约4 μm,结合处Fe、Ni元素发生互扩散,Fe元素向镍基体扩散距离大于Ni元素向Q345钢基体扩散距离,主要以Fe元素向镍基体扩散为主;过渡层主要为FeNi...     

NiCoCrAlYHf/EB-PVD热障涂层的热循环氧化行为

采用电子束物理气相沉积方法(EB-PVD)在NiCoCrAlYHf粘结层上沉积YSZ热障层,研究了该热障涂层1 100℃的循环氧化行为(每个循环为:1 100℃保温30 min、空冷5 min),分析了粘结层和热生长氧化物的演化过程.结果表明:NiCoCrAlYHf粘结层氧化初期由β-NiAl和γ固溶体组成,186次循环氧化后β相完全转变为γ固溶体.NiCoCrAlYHf/EB-PVD热障涂层中的热生长氧化物包含Al2O3层和靠近热障层的尖晶石薄层.该热生长氧化物生长速度较快,在粘结层的一些富Hf区域优先生长而呈现出明显的不均匀性;但其具有较大的失效临界热生长氧化物厚度,失效时热生长氧化物均匀处的厚度约为10 μm.     

Indentation method for fracture resistance determination of metal/ceramic interfaces in thick TBCs

The indentation technique has been used to measure the adhesion of plasma- sprayed ceramic coatings on metals intended for thick thermal barrier coating ( TTBC) applications. This approach provides the adhesion value as the critical strain energy release rate,Gc, of the interface, which also takes into account any residual stresses. The theoretical background of the method is outlined, and specific examples are reported with respect to the effect of substrate temperature on the metal/ceramic adhesion of thick TBCs.     

热喷涂涂层界面断裂韧性的反向三点弯曲法试验

以热喷涂NiCrBSi涂层/钢基体为材料模型,利用将涂层置于受压侧的反向三点弯曲法试验,对热喷涂涂层界面断裂现象进行分析并建立相应的界面断裂韧性计算模型。结果表明,界面裂纹起始于三点弯曲试样中部,对应于加载压头与涂层接触区域正下方的界面上,并向两侧扩展,伴随涂层屈曲,形成分层屈曲的破坏形貌。根据分层屈曲形貌建立计算模型,通过分层屈曲几何参数与屈曲临界应力、涂层内真实应力以及界面断裂韧性的关系,获得界面断裂韧性值。     

铀表面Ti/Al复合镀层在腐蚀气体中的腐蚀行为

研究了铀表面磁控溅射离子镀Ti/Al复合镀层在200～500℃温度范围,分别在o.05 MPa的O2、H2O和HCl气体中的腐蚀失效形式.采用俄歇电子能谱(AES)分析了腐蚀后腐蚀介质元素在复合镀层中的深度分布,并采用有限元分析方法计算了在腐蚀加热和冷却过程中复合镀层的应力变化.结果表明:O2、H2O、HCl引起铀表面Ti/Al复合镀层的反应腐蚀温度依次降低,界面分离是Ti/Al复合镀层抗气体加热腐蚀的主要失效形式,Al/U和Ti/Al界面分别成为Ti/Al复合镀层在含O气氛和HCl气体中加热腐蚀的薄弱环节;镀层从界面剥离主要是腐蚀气体从镀层缺陷渗透到界面,降低界面的结合力,从而产生应力引起的.     

Tensile fracture behavior of thermal barrier coatings on superalloy

Tensile fracture behavior of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on superalloy was investigated in air at room temperature (RT), 650 °C and 850 °C. The bond coat NiCrAlY was fabricated by either high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) or air plasma spraying (APS), and the top coat 7%Y₂O₃-ZrO₂ was deposited by APS. Thus two kinds of the TBC system were formed. It was shown that the coating had little effect on tensile stress-strain curves of the substrate and similar tensile strength was obtained in two kinds of the TBC system. However, the cracking behavior in the two kinds of TBC system at RT was different, which was also different from that at 650 °C and 850 °C by scanning electron microscopy. The interface fracture toughness of the two kinds of TBC system was evaluated by the Suo-Hutchinson model and the stress distribution in the coating and substrate was analyzed by the shear lag model.     

Interface fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings investigated by indentation test and acoustic emission technique

Interface fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of plasma-/sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were investigated by interfacial indentation test (IIT) in combination with acoustic emission (AE) measurement. Critical load and AE energy were employed to calculate interface fracture toughness. The critical point at which crack appears at the interface was determined by the IIT. AE signals produced during total indentation test not only are used to investigate the interface cracking behavior by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and wavelet transforms but also supply the mechanical information. The result shows that the AE signals associated with coating plastic deformation during indentation are of a more continuous type with a lower characteristic frequency content (30-60 kHz), whereas the instantaneous relaxation associated with interface crack initiation produces burst type AE signals with a characteristic frequency in the range 70-200 kHz. The AE signals energy is concentrated on different scales for the coating plastic deformation, interface crack initiation and interface crack propagation. Interface fracture toughness calculated by AE energy was 1.19 MPam_1/2 close to 1.58 MPam_1/2 calculated by critical load. It indicates that the acoustic emission energy is suitable to reflect the interface fracture toughness.     

Study on fracture behavior of SiCp/A356 composites

The fracture behavior of SiCp/A356 composite at room and high temperatures was studied.Under tensile stress condition at room temperature, the fracture is mostly a combination of the brittle fracture of SiC particles and ductile fracture of A356 matrix.As the tensile temperature increases, the composite changes the main fracture behavior to the separation fracture of the bonding surface between SiC particles and A356 matrix.When the tensile temperature reaches 573 K, the fracture behavior of the composites is almost the whole separation fracture of the bonding surface, which is the main strengthening mechanism at high temperature.Under the cycle stress condition at room and high temperatures, the main fracture behavior of the composites is always a combination of the brittle fracture of SiC particles and ductile fracture of A356 matrix.However, under the cycle stress at high temperature, cycle behavior of the composites changes from cycle hardening at room temperature to the cycle softening at high temperature.     

基于有限元计算的金属断裂准则的应用与分析

为获得金属各种断裂行为的有限元分析与实际情况的符合度,论述了金属材料在有限元分析中常见断裂的判断方法.介绍了断裂行为有限元分析关键技术和常见延性断裂准则,并提出一种获得金属断裂准则的方法,以及此方法在断裂行为有限元分析中的成功应用.介绍了断裂行为有限元分析过程中有限元网格的调整和重划分,有限元技术在挤压、金属切削、切断和精冲工艺中断裂行为的成功分析,得出断裂行为有限元分析中的关键因素.     

Application of the local approach to the fatigue assessment for welded joints

The fatigue behavior of welded structures is currently determined by means of recommendations defined in terms of S-N curve corresponding to the detail classes of welded joints without taking account of the actual geometry of the weld. A new fatigue strength assessment method based on Dang Van multiaxial fatigue limit criterion was introduced, which is named the local approach and presented by lnstitut de Soudure recently. The local approach has advantages in taking welding residual stresses and the geometry of the weld toe and weld root into consideration. The application of the local approach to the fatigue strength assessment of low carbon steel Q235B welded joints was studied. The fatigue tests and finite element analysis results show that the local approach parameters recommended by lnstitut de Soudure were incorrectly for low carbon steel Q235B welded joints. With aluminum alloy welded joints being used widely, the parameters of the local approach used for aluminum alloy welded joints were obtained and verified on bases of the fatigue tests and finite element analysis.