WC增强镍基复合喷焊层的组织与磨粒磨损性能研究

采用扫描电镜、电子探针、X射线衍射和透射电镜技术分析了氧乙炔火焰喷焊WC增强镍基自熔性合金复合涂层的组织结构,并采用湿砂橡胶轮式磨粒磨损试验机对该涂层与等离子喷涂NiCr/Cr3C2涂层的磨损性能进行了实验比较.结果表明,复合喷焊层内形成了γ-Ni固溶体基体,其中弥散分布着大量细小的碳化物硬质相Cr3C2、B4C、Cr7C3、Cr23C6等.WC颗粒仅在边缘处发生部分溶解,与涂层基体形成了冶金结合,周围生成针状的碳化铬枝晶.该组织决定了喷焊层基体具有较高的硬度,WC增强颗粒与基体之间具有很高的结合强度.复合喷焊层具有很好的耐磨粒磨损性能,其磨损失重量仅为NiCr/Cr3C2涂层的57%.     

火焰喷涂Ni基WC复合涂层组织和性能的研究

研究了以T9铜为基体的Ni基WC火焰喷涂层的组织和性能特点。试验结果表明：自熔性合空粉末末喷焊后所形成的复合涂层除生成了γ-Ni固溶体外．还包含有WC、W2C、Ni，B、CrB、Cr7C3、Cr2B、Cr23C6、(Fe，Ni)23C6等化合物和硬质相，有效地提高了基体表面的硬度和耐磨性，其平均显微硬度达900HV。     

WC/17Co含量对Ni基喷焊涂层性能的影响

将不同比例的WC/17Co与Ni60粉末进行混合,并采用氧乙炔火焰喷焊工艺制备了相应的涂层。分别用洛式硬度计和X衍射仪测试了各涂层的硬度和相结构;采用湿砂橡胶轮式磨粒磨损实验机对各涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能进行了测试,采用扫描电镜观察了喷焊粉末形貌和喷焊层的磨损形貌,并进行了能谱分析。结果表明,喷焊层的组织为在γ-Ni固溶体基体上弥散分布着细小的Cr7C3、Cr23C6、Cr2B、CrB2和WC等硬质相。喷焊层的硬度随WC/17Co添加量的增加先增加后减小,当WC的含量为25wt%时,喷焊涂层的硬度最高,相应的抗磨粒磨损性能最好。     

等离子喷涂Ni基WC涂层的组织与性能研究

利用等离子喷涂的方法在45钢基体上喷涂Ni基WC涂层;并研究了涂层的显微组织、硬度、耐磨性。结果表明:涂层组织致密与基体结合良好,喷涂中WC颗粒部分分解形成W2C,同时生成新的硬质相和共晶组织。涂层中包含了W2C、Ni3B、Cr7C3、Cr23C6和(Fe,Ni)23C6等化合物,有效地改善了涂层的性能。     

WC颗粒对激光熔覆FeCoCrNiB高熵合金涂层组织结构与耐磨性的影响

采用CO2横流激光器制备添加WC颗粒的FeCoNiCrB高熵合金涂层,研究WC颗粒对涂层组织结构和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:未加WC时,涂层由条状M3B相和基体fcc相两相组成。当WC含量为5%时,涂层中出现M3C相,涂层由M3B相、fcc相和M3C组成。当WC含量为10%时,涂层组织发生较大变化,变为枝晶组织,其中枝晶对应M23(C,B)6相,枝晶间由网状M7(C,B)3相和fcc相组成。WC含量为20%时,涂层仍为枝晶组织,枝晶对应M23(C,B)6相,枝晶间中网状组织消失,枝晶间为fcc相。随着WC含量的增加,涂层的硬度和耐磨性能提高。     

激光重熔镍基合金复合涂层组织和性能

研究了激光重熔Ni60 20% WC喷涂层的组织和性能,通过对涂层显微组织、硬度、耐磨性等试验的结果分析表明:火焰喷涂后的Ni基WC喷涂层经激光重熔处理后,涂层中有新的硬质相和共晶组织形成,WC均匀地分布在涂层中.涂层中除了包含γ固溶体外,还有WC,W2C,Ni3B,CrB,Cr7C3,Cr23C6,Cr2B,(Fe,Ni)23C6等硬质相和化合物.这些化合物有效地改善了涂层的组织和性能,得到了硬度和耐磨性较好的喷涂层.涂层表面的硬度值可以达到HRC60,涂层截面的显微硬度可以达到800 HV.     

NiCr-Cr_3C_2/Ni60B等离子喷焊层的组织与性能

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度计等研究了Ni Cr-Cr3C2添加量、喷焊层数对H13钢表面Ni60B等离子喷焊层显微组织与性能的影响。研究表明:随着Ni Cr-Cr3C2添加量增加,喷焊层硬质颗粒相明显增多,组织更加细密和均匀。当添加10%Ni Cr-Cr3C2时,其显微硬度可达基材的4倍以上;喷焊层数增加,喷焊层出现明显的分层现象,且组织也变得不均匀,显微硬度下降;熔合区白色胞状晶粒为部分熔化的残留基材晶粒,柱状树枝晶区为联生结晶和以基材残晶为核心的"包覆结晶"共同作用的结果,与现有研究结果不同;喷焊层主相均为Cr2Ni3、(Ni,Fe)、Fe Ni3、(Fe,C)、Cr23C6,硬质强化相Cr2Ni3、Cr23C6、B2Fe3Ni3、Fe23B等显著提高了喷焊层的力学性能。     

激光熔覆纳米WC/Co复合涂层组织与抗裂性能的研究

采用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了基本消除裂纹与孔洞的镍基纳米WC/Co复合涂层,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)及原子力显微镜(AFM)分析了涂层的组织结构和相组成,还通过压痕法首次对涂层的断裂韧性进行了表征.结果表明,涂层中物相主要为黑色γ(Fe-Ni)基体上分布着W2C、Fe3W3C、(Cr,Fe)23C6的白色碳化物相.在本工艺条件下,当纳米碳化物为网络状 弥散分布的微细颗粒时,镍基纳米WC/Co复合涂层的Kc比常规喷焊镍基WC/Co涂层的Kc提高了约1.2倍,证实了激光熔覆纳米陶瓷复合涂层的抗裂作用.     

激光熔覆Co+Ni/WC复合涂层的组织和磨损性能

在低碳钢表面激光熔覆了钴基合金涂层(Co60)以及添加不同含量镍包WC(10%,20%,质量分数)的Co Ni/WC复合涂层,比较研究了几种涂层的组织与磨损性能.结果表明,Co60涂层主要由初生γ-Co枝晶及其间的共晶组织γ Cr23C6组成;Co Ni/WC涂层主要由未熔WC,γ-Co枝晶及细小的共晶组织组成,主要组成相有γ-Co,Cr7C3,Co3W3C和未熔WC等.添加WC改变了Co60涂层的定向枝晶生长模式,并细化了枝晶组织.且WC加入量提高,效果越明显.激光熔覆过程中WC颗粒与钴基合金界面间发生了扩散反应溶解,镍包覆有助于WC的残存.与Co60涂层相比,Co Ni/WC复合涂层的硬度与耐磨性均明显提高,Co 20%WC涂层的抗磨损性能提高1倍以上.     

等离子熔覆添加WC的Fe-Cr-Ni-B-Si涂层的研究

在Q235钢基体上采用等离子弧熔覆添加30%镍包碳化钨的Fe-Cr-Ni-B-Si合金粉末,制备具有冶金结合的复合涂层.采用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层的组织,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度分布.结果表明:复合涂层中WC颗粒部分溶解于铁基合金,两相界面形成厚达数微米的反应层,有效提高了涂层与WC的界面结合强度;涂层组织主要由枝晶γ-Fe为基,椭圆状的WC、Cr23C6、Fe6W6C强化相组成,熔覆层的显微硬度可达580～630HV0.2.     

Microstructures and properties of Ni based composite coatings prepared by plasma spray welding with mixed powders

The Ni based composite coatings have been obtained by using the plasma spray welding process and mixed powders (NiCrBSi + NiCr-Cr₃C₂ + WC). Their microstructures and properties were studied. The results showed that the coatings consist mainly of γ-Ni, WC, Cr₂₃C₆, Cr₇C₃, Ni₃Si, Cr₅B₃, CrB and FeNi₃ phases, and the Ni₃Si, Cr₅B₃, CrB and FeNi₃ phases mainly segregated between the carbide grains. The carbide contents in the coatings increased with increasing the mass fractions of NiCr-Cr₃C₂ and WC powders in the mixed powders, which results in enhancing the coating hardness. The abrasive wear resistance of the coatings depends on their hardness. The higher the coating hardness, the stronger the wear resistance is. When the mixed powder (15wt%WC + 30 wt% NiCr-Cr₃C₂ + 55wt%NiCrBSi) was used, the composite coating has higher hardness and more excellent wear resistance, and the coating hardness and weight loss after wear tests are 991 HV and 8.6 mg, respectively.     

Effects of Ti addition on microstructure homogenization and wear resistance of wide-band laser clad Ni60/WC composite coatings

Ni60/WC composite coatings were fabricated by wide-band laser cladding. The effects of Ti addition on microstructure homogenization and coating properties were investigated. Coating microstructure, phase constitution, microhardness and wear resistance were studied and grading analysis of in-situ synthesized ceramic particles was carried out. Results indicated that ceramics particles of Cr₅B₃ and M₂₃C₆ (M represents for Cr and W) carbides were in-situ synthesized in original Ni60-20WC coatings. With Ti addition, dissolution of original WC was facilitated and lots of TiC particles were synthesized instead of M₂₃C₆ carbides. Furthermore, the block Cr₅B₃ particles were greatly homogenized due to the net structure formed by dispersive TiC particles. With Ti addition, D50 of particle size decreased from 8.94 μm to 4.45 μm and particle morphologies were transformed from star-like shapes to uniform square blocks. Microhardness distribution became more uniform with average value decreased from 799 ± 89 HV_0.2 to 744 ± 77 HV_0.2. Due to the homogenized ceramic particles, wear resistance of coatings with Ti addition was enhanced to 2.6 times that of the original coatings.     

Effect of flow velocity on cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed WC-10Ni and WC-20Cr3C2–7Ni coatings

WC-10Ni and WC-20Cr₃C₂–7Ni coatings were deposited successively using high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers microhardness tester, and Ultra nanoindentation tester. The cavitation erosion behaviors of the coatings at different flow velocities were investigated by a rotating disk rig facility with bolt cavitator and circulating system. The results showed that the main phases in the WC-10Ni and WC-20Cr₃C₂–7Ni coatings were WC, W₂C, W, and WC, (W,Cr)₂C, respectively. Both coatings were dense and well bonded to the steel substrate. Despite higher porosity and elastic modulus (E) as well as slightly lower hardness (H), the WC-10Ni coating showed lower H/E, H³/E² and η values as well as cavitation erosion resistance at each flow velocity compared to the WC-20Cr₃C₂–7Ni coating. Both coatings exhibited an increase in the volume loss rates with increasing flow velocity, and the critical flow velocity of the WC-20Cr₃C₂–7Ni coating was in the region of 33.5 to 41.9 m·s⁻¹. The cavitation erosion failure mechanism of the WC-10Ni coatings was the brittle detachment of the WC particles, while cavitation pinholes, pits, cracks, craters, and massive exfoliation contributed to the evolution of the cavitation erosion processes of the WC-20Cr₃C₂–7Ni coating with the increase of the flow velocity.     

Microstructure and properties of Cr3C2-modified nickel-based alloy coating deposited by plasma transferred arc process

The nickel-based alloy with 30 wt.% chromic carbide (Cr₃C₂) particles has been deposited on Q235-carbon steel (including 0.12 wt.% C) using plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding machine. The microstructure and properties of the deposited coatings were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) equiped with X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microhardness testes, and sliding wear test. It was found that the γ(Ni, Fe), M₇(C,B)₃, Ni₄B₃, and (Cr,Fe)₂B phases existed in the Cr₃C₂-free nickel-based alloy coating obtained by PTA process. The typical hypoeutectic structure and composition segregation in the solid solution could be found clearly. The addition of 30 wt.% Cr₃C₂ particles led to the existing of Cr₃C₂ phase and the microstructure changing from hypoeutectic structure into hypereutectic structure. The composition segregation in the solid solution could not be found clearly. The average microhardness of the Cr₃C₂-free nickel-based alloy coating increased by 450-500 HV after the addition of 30 wt.% Cr₃C₂ particles. The partial dissolution of Cr₃C₂ particles led to the enrichment of carbon and chromium in the melten pool, and hence caused the formation of more chromium-rich carbides after the solidification process. The undissolved Cr₃C₂ particles and the increasing of chromium-rich carbides was beneficial to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of the Cr₃C₂-modified nickel-based alloy coating deposited by PTA process.     

Corrosion behavior of Ni-Cr weld overlay alloys with dispersed carbide particles in sodium chloride solution

Ni-Cr weld overlay alloys with dispersed carbide particles were prepared by a plasma transferred arc welding process. The corrosion behavior of the 40 vol% carbide/Ni-Cr materials was studied in sodium chloride solution by electrochemical techniques, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron dispersive spectroscopy. The materials under investigation were powder blends of Ni-50 mass % Cr powder mixed with NbC, TaC, TiC, WC, O₃C₂, or VC. The NbC, TaC, TiC, and WC particles partially dissolved in the molten alloy, causing the crystallization of M₂₃C₆. Blends with Cr₃C₂ and VC particles produced the crystallization of M₇C₃, V_xCr_yC_z and M₂₃C₆. The VC/Ni-Cr alloy combination caused preferential localized corrosion and the carbide remained as V_xCr_yC_z. The Cr₃C₂/Ni-Cr alloy combination became studded with the Cr-Cl corrosion product compound. With the WC/Ni-Cr alloy combination, the WC particles became oxidized and corrosion product spread over the matrix. Other carbides were not oxidized, but the matrix of the alloys with these dispersed particles did become covered with Cr-rich corrosion products. The NbC/Ni-Cr material exhibited the best corrosion resistance.     

Effect of Nb addition on microstructure and properties of laser cladding NiCrBSi coatings

NiCrBSi coatings with different Nb additions have been prepared by laser cladding. The microstructure, phase composition, hardness, and wear resistance of the coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalyser (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness tester and M-200 wear tester. The results show that the phases in the NiCrBSi coating without Nb addition include γ-Ni, Cr₂₃C₆, Cr₇C₃, Ni₃B, Ni₃Si₂ and CrB. The NbC phase appears in coatings after the addition of Nb element. When the addition of Nb is 2?wt-%, the NbC particles with a size of about 1.2?μm were found in the coating, and the amount of NbC is about 1.8?vol.-%. With the increase of Nb addition, the size and amount of NbC in the coatings also increased. When the addition of Nb is 6?wt-%, the size of NbC is about 2.3–6.1?μm and the morphology of NbC changed from particle to quadrangular and petaloid shaped. In addition, when the addition of Nb is 2?wt-%, the hardness and wear resistance of the coating are the best, and the wear resistance of the coating is 104% higher than that without Nb addition.     

Performance of high-velocity oxyfuel-sprayed coatings on an fe-based superalloy in Na2SO4-60%V2O5 environment at 900 °C Part I: Characterization of the coatings

This article demonstrates the successful formulation of NiCrBSi, Cr₃C₂-NiCr, Ni-20Cr, and Stellite-6 coatings on an Fe-based superalloy by a high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) process for hot corrosion applications. The microstructure, porosity, coating thickness, phase formation, and microhardness properties of the coatings have been characterized using the combined techniques of optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. A microhardness tester was used to determine the hardness of the coatings. The coatings in general exhibit characteristic splat-like, layered morphologies due to the deposition and resolidification of successive molten or semimolten powder particles. The NiCrBSi, Cr₃C₂-NiCr, and Ni-20Cr coatings have shown a nickel-base face-centered cubic (fcc) structure as a principal phase, whereas Stellite-6 coating has an fcc Co-rich metallic matrix. Oxides/spinel oxides are formed in small fraction as intersplat lamellae or globules oriented parallel to the substrate surface. Coatings possess some unmelted/partially melted particles, inclusions, and porosity less than 2%. The microhardness of the coatings is found to be higher than the superalloys. The Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating has indicated a maximum microhardness of 990 Hv, while a Ni-20Cr coating has shown a minimum value of about 600 Hv. This article is focused on the characterization of HVOF coatings. The hot corrosion behavior of these coatings in a molten salt (Na₂SO₄-60%V₂O₅) environment at 900 °C under cyclic conditions is being presented as part II included in this issue.     

Erosion Performance of HVOF-Sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr Coatings

Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings were deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying process under spray conditions of different flows of oxygen and propane gases, and spray distances. The orthogonal regression experimental design method was used for systematic investigation of the influence of spray parameters on the erosion performance of Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings. Erosion tests were performed at different jet angles of abrasive particles. The erosion mechanism of Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings was examined through the surface morphology and cross-sectional microstructure of the eroded coatings. The correlations of the carbide particle size and carbide content with the erosion rate were examined. It was found that the erosion occurred dominantly by spalling of splats from the lamellar interfaces. The spalling resulted from the propagation of cracks parallel to the interfaces between the lamellae exposed to the surface and underlying coating. The carbide particle size and content in the coating influenced significantly the erosion performance of Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings.     

超音速火焰喷涂Cr3C2/NiCr涂层抗加沙空蚀性分析

采用HVOF技术在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢基体上制备了Cr3C2/NiCr涂层,借助XRD,TEM,SEM等方法分析了涂层的组织形貌及相组成.以1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢作为对比材料,用磁致伸缩空蚀仪配备扬沙装置测试了涂层在清水以及含沙水中抗空蚀性能.结果表明,涂层呈层状结构,含有未熔颗粒和少量孔隙,涂层由Cr3C2,Cr7C3,Cr23C6及NiCr等相组成;在清水试验中,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢抗空蚀性能良好,与空蚀过程中1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢产生加工硬化有直接关系;在含沙40 kg/m3试验水中,Cr3C2/NiCr涂层呈现出较好的抗空蚀性能,与涂层自身相组成以及较高硬度有关.Cr3C2/NiCr涂层破坏总是从孔隙等薄弱环节开始,而1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢的破坏起始于晶界和孪晶界.     

Oxidation behavior of arc-sprayed FeMnCrAl/Cr3C2-Ni9Al coatings deposited on low-carbon steel substrates

FeMnCr/Cr₃C₂ and FeMnCrAl/Cr₃C₂ coatings, using Ni9Al arc-sprayed coating as an interlayer on low-carbon steel substrates, were deposited by high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) on the cored wires. The high temperature oxidation behavior of the arc-sprayed FeMnCrAl/Cr₃C₂-Ni9Al and FeMnCr/Cr₃C₂ coatings on the low-carbon steel substrates was studied during isothermal exposures to air at 800 °C. The surface and interface morphologies of the coatings after isothermal oxidation after 100 h were observed and characterized by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersion spectrum, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the oxidation weight gains of the coatings were significantly lower than that of the low-carbon steel substrate. Moreover, the FeMnCrAl/Cr₃C₂-Ni9Al coating registered the lowest oxidation rate. This favorable oxidation resistance is due to the Al and Cr contents of the aforementioned coating that inhibits the generation of Fe and Mn oxides. This is attributed to the interdiffusion between the substrates and the Ni9Al arc-sprayed coating, which can convert the mechanical bonding between substrates and coatings into a metallurgical one, thereby inhibiting the oxidation of interface between the low-carbon steel and the coating.