基于小波能量的变压器励磁涌流识别方法

提出了一种基于小波能量变化实现励磁涌流判别的新方法。由于励磁涌流和内部故障电流产生的机理不同,因此其能量分布是不同的。小波变换能够准确捕捉暂态信号的特征,且小波能量能够反映信号能量在时域的分布情况。采用db4作为母小波对电力系统仿真所产生的大量实验数据进行了小波变换,通过提取小波变换后的d4（第四层细节部分）并计算其能量变化情况,制定了合理的判据。实验结果表明,该方法能够准确、迅速地识别出变压器励磁涌流状态。     

电力变压器励磁涌流判别的自适应小波神经网络方法

励磁涌流识别一直是电力变压器差动保护中比较关注的问题。文中提出了一种基于自适应小波神经网络实现变压器励磁涌流判别的新方法。结合励磁涌流和内部故障电流的特点，构建了一个四层的自适应小波神经网络模型，并对其具体的实现方法进行了详细的分析；利用ATP—EMTP程序进行仿真计算生成训练样本和测试样本，对所构建的网络进行了训练和测试，结果表明自适应小波神经网络能准确、可靠地识别出变压器的励磁涌流状态。     

Internal fault current identification based on wavelet transform in power transformers

This paper presents a novel approach for differential protection of power transformers. This method uses wavelet transform (WT) and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to discriminate internal faults from inrush currents. The proposed method has been designed based on the differences between amplitudes of wavelet transform coefficients in a specific frequency band generated by faults and inrush currents. The performance of this algorithm is demonstrated by simulation of different faults and switching conditions on a power transformer using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Also the proposed algorithm is tested off-line using data collected from a prototype laboratory three-phase power transformer. The test results show that the new algorithm is very quick and accurate.     

A correlation based method for discrimination between inrush and short circuit currents in differential protection of power transformer using Discrete Wavelet Transform: Theory,simulation and experimental validation

This paper presents a new method for discrimination between magnetic inrush current and internal fault current in the differential protection of power transformer. The proposed method is based on the Wavelet Transform and correlation coefficient. In this study Discrete Wavelet Transform is used to describe the current signal in terms of different time and frequency components. In the proposed method, the energy signals of these components are employed. In the proposed method, a statistical parameter known as correlation coefficient is used to establish a criterion for the proposed discriminative algorithm. The correlation coefficient is used for express the relationship between wavelet coefficients energy at different scales of the signal resolution. Then pattern of these relations is utilized as a measure to discriminate the inrush current from fault current. For investigation the accuracy of the proposed algorithm different cases of inrush and internal fault currents is simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC software. Also, the proposed method is tested by the gathered data from experimental test at the laboratory. Current signals obtained from the simulation as well as the results obtained from the experimental test are employed by the proposed discriminative algorithm. Analysis of the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method accurately identifies inrush and fault currents in the distance of the power transformer protection in a time period less than quarter of power frequency cycle. In addition to the sensitivity and high reliability, the proposed method has low computation work and does not required determining the threshold for each new power system.     

适用于新能源并网变压器匝间故障识别的新判据

为增加功率输送能力,新能源并网变压器采用两电压等级三绕组、接线形式为星角角的变压器。变压器在低压侧发生匝间故障时,差动保护灵敏度不足,同时变压器空载合闸于匝间故障时,涌流闭锁判据会闭锁差动保护,延长故障切除时间。基于星角角接线型式的新能源并网变压器零序等值回路,文中通过建立零序节点电压方程,利用区外故障及匝间故障节点电压方程特征构建匝间故障识别判据,该判据与差动保护原理相比,不受励磁涌流的影响,具有较高的可靠性及速动性。文中利用实时数字仿真系统(RTDS)进行故障仿真,验证新判据的有效性及可靠性,发现采用新判据能够可靠灵敏地识别变压器匝间故障,弥补差动保护的不足。     

基于最小二乘矩阵束的励磁涌流识别方案

准确、快速地切除变压器故障直接影响电力系统能否持续安全稳定运行,励磁涌流的鉴别正是变压器保护中的重要一环。为了有效辨识励磁涌流与故障电流,避免变压器差动保护的不正确动作,利用变压器励磁涌流与短路故障电流频域信息的差异,提出了一种基于最小矩阵束算法的励磁涌流识别新方案,以变压器两侧的差动电流作为信号量,通过矩阵束算法分析采样信号中不同频率的分量,计算含衰减因数的电流能量信息熵识别励磁涌流。仿真试验证明了新判据具有原理清晰、抗干扰能力强等优点,能够正确区分励磁涌流和故障电流,为后续研究及工程应用提供借鉴和参考。     

自适应变压器励磁涌流判据研究

基于差流谐波正序分量的变压器励磁涌流判据能够有效识别励磁涌流和内部故障。为了进一步提高差动保护的励磁涌流闭锁可靠性和内部故障动作快速性,分析了变压器端电压及其基波正序分量突变量在励磁涌流和内部故障时的不同特征,由此确定了自适应控制因子Q,并将Q加入到差流谐波正序分量的励磁涌流判据中,进而提出了一种自适应变压器励磁涌流新判据。大量EMTP仿真及动模实验表明：新判据能够在励磁涌流时自动降低涌流制动定值,提高涌流的闭锁可靠性;在内部故障时自动升高涌流制动定值,提高区内故障时保护的动作速度。     

特高压换流变故障性涌流产生机理及其对差动保护的影响

从磁链变化角度分析特高压换流变压器(简称换流变)阀侧发生单相接地故障时由换流阀单向导通性引起的励磁涌流(定义为故障性涌流)的产生机理和变化特点。以特高压直流输电系统中某一换流变为例,分析故障性涌流对换流变差动保护动作特性的影响。研究结果表明,故障性涌流容易导致换流变区外故障转区内时差动保护误闭锁。针对该问题,进一步分析发现,由于换流阀的单向导通性使得转换性故障发生后差动电流的直流分量存在由负极性到正极性反转的特征,进而利用该特征提出换流变差动保护闭锁逻辑改进判据。仿真结果证明了所提判据的可靠性。     

A Morphological Scheme for Inrush Identification in Transformer Protection

This paper presents a novel morphological scheme for the identification of transformer magnetizing inrush. The scheme decomposes a current signal into multiresolution levels based on synthesis and analysis operators of mathematical morphology. It is able to discriminate between inrush and internal fault currents even in the case of an inrush with a low second harmonic component and an internal fault current with a high second harmonic component. Simulation studies have been undertaken to evaluate the scheme based on a three-phase high-voltage power transformer operating under different conditions, which is simulated with an Alternative Transients Program. The testing results show that the proposed scheme is able to identify inrush currents reliably and provides an alternative solution for transformer differential protection.      

基于平方根滤波法参数辨识的变压器保护新方法

针对无功补偿用的并联电容以及超高压长输电线分布电容的存在,容易引起二次谐波判据制动的变压器差动保护误动,提出了一种基于平方根滤波法参数辨识的保护方法。参数辨识法依据变压器在内部故障时其结构及某些参数会改变,而励磁涌流及外部故障时不变的原理,利用变压器绕组的漏感值是否发生变化作为区分变压器内、外部故障与涌流的判据。和应涌流与励磁涌流的本质相同,只是变压器铁心发生了饱和,其内部结构及漏感等参数并不改变。大量仿真实验验证该方法的可行性和有效性,当励磁涌流、和应涌流与区外故障时能够可靠闭锁差动保护,而区内故障时保护能够准确动作。该方法计算量小、数值稳定性好,避免了最小二乘、卡尔曼滤波等算法可能发散的问题。     

基于电子式互感器的变压器励磁涌流识别方法

随着电子式互感器研究的日趋成熟及智能变电站的快速推进,智能变电站已广泛采用电子式互感器获取电流及电压信号。传统的变压器保护采用励磁涌流中的二次谐波含量区分励磁涌流和故障电流,从而对差动保护进行闭锁。但在空投或故障切除后恢复供电时,变压器内部发生轻微匝间故障,受非故障相励磁涌流的影响,差动保护可能延迟动作甚至拒动。针对上述原理的缺陷,提出了二次谐波“或”闭锁原理加故障开放的励磁涌流识别方法。试验结果表明,改进方案能明显提高变压器内部故障时差动保护的动作速度。     

基于小波变换的配电变压器差动保护相位补偿方法

为降低配电变压器故障引起的财产安全损失,提升电力系统运行稳定性,提出了基于小波变换的配电变压器差动保护相位补偿方法。首先,通过计算线模行波电流波动及其梯度绝对值大小,判断配电变压器有无故障,即创建保护启动判据。然后,依据等效线模行波差动电流的能量比确定故障区域,并计算小波变换故障区域的初始模量反向行波差动电流,以获得小波变换模极大值。最后,通过构建故障选极判据获取故障类型,计算故障状态下配电变压器空载合闸时的励磁电流,判断励磁涌流和内部故障电流的变化,并结合保护输出信号的开启和关闭,实现配电变压器的差动保护相位补偿。仿真实验表明,该方法可对区内故障进行有效鉴别,具有很强的可靠性及有效性。负载工况下,该方法相位补偿后电压电流的相位差一致,具有更好的稳定性。     

并联电容器对变压器差动保护的影响

对变压器低压侧区内故障差动保护动作较慢的情况做了详细分析,指出其原因为并联电容器中的串联电抗器引起故障时刻并联电容器发生振荡放电,导致变压器励磁涌流判据闭锁差动保护。并分析了并联电容器振荡放电频率与电容器选型的关系,其产生的谐波分量对变压器励磁涌流判据的影响。通过EMTDC进行了仿真研究,提出了对变压器差动保护的励磁涌流判据的建议。     

基于小波变换的变压器差动保护算法

通过对典型励磁涌流和常见变压器内部故障的电流波形进行分析,总结归纳出一种基于小波变换的差动保护算法.     

基于瞬时功率的变压器励磁涌流和内部故障电流识别新方法

在分析瞬时功率频谱特性的基础上，提出了一种基于瞬时功率的变压器励磁涌流和内部故障电流识别新方法。该方法主要依据变压器两侧三相差瞬时功率幅频特性中直流分量和基频分量的相对关系来识别变压器励磁涌流和内部故障电流。该方法具有传统变压器电流差动保护简便易行的特点，并从能量守恒的角度出发，进一步揭示了变压器励磁涌流与内部故障电流本质上的不同。HYBRISIM混合仿真实验结果表明该方法简单可靠、识别效果明显。     

基于综合形态算法的变压器励磁涌流识别方法

针对励磁涌流对变压器差动保护的影响,提出了一种基于综合形态算法的励磁涌流识别方法.首先,利用改进形态梯度算子对采集的信号进行处理,然后利用加权形态滤波算子对梯度信号进行滤波.然后,基于内部故障电流和励磁涌流基波相似性的显著差异构造判据对二者进行区分.判据1用来快速识别大多数内部故障,判据2应对电流互感器饱和及空合于内部轻微匝间故障等特殊情况.两识别判据通过协同逻辑,实现涌流情况下的保护闭锁与内部故障情况下的快速动作.最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真对所提算法进行了验证分析.     

基于选相投旁通对的LCC-HVDC系统逆变侧换流变故障性涌流主动抑制策略

当高压直流输电系统换流变阀侧发生单相接地故障,由于换流阀的单向导通性,阀侧故障电流中含有较大的直流分量,流入换流变可能导致换流变饱和并产生“故障性涌流”。与传统三大涌流不同,故障性涌流由阀侧单相接地故障诱发并受直流控制与保护系统的影响。计及直流控保系统的影响,分析了逆变侧换流变发生阀侧单相接地故障时,换流变故障性涌流的产生机理及其对换流变差动保护的影响。针对换流变保护区内阀侧单相接地故障场景下,故障性涌流可能导致差动保护误闭锁的问题,提出了一种基于选相投旁通对的故障性涌流主动抑制策略,可以从根本上避免差动保护误闭锁问题。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真实验验证了所提方案的有效性。     

电力变压器的励磁涌流判据及其发展方向

励磁涌流与内部故障电流的判别一直是伴随电力变压器差动保护的关键问题，围绕这一主题，世界各国的科技工作者先后提出了许多方法，但仍不能很好地满足当前电力变压器保护的需求——可靠（不拒动）、安全（不误动）及快的动作速度。文中对各种判别方法的原理、优缺点、技术关键及研究和应用现状进行了较详细的分析与客观评价，对比研究后给出了今后励磁涌流判别方法的发展方向。     

Discriminating transformer large inrush currents from fault currents

One of the most widely used approaches for transformer protection is the low impedance differential relay, which can be adversely affected by inrush currents. Although the conventional inrush current detectors, i.e. the gap detection and second harmonic criteria, can block the differential relay in most of such cases, they are severely prone to maloperation in the case of large inrush currents. This paper presents a new strategy to enhance the security of the differential relay. The suggested approach exploits an intrinsic feature of large inrush currents in three-limb three-phase transformers with the widely used star-delta connection. Based on the feature, some novel criteria are proposed to improve the inrush current detection scheme. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach for both inrush current and internal fault phenomena, a real 230/63-kV power transformer is modeled based on the time-based transient simulation. Extensive simulation studies and also evaluation using real data reveal that the proposed approach results in a more secure inrush current discrimination method.     

Decision Tree based discrimination between inrush currents and internal faults in power transformer

This paper presents a new approach for discriminating inrush currents from internal faults in case of power transformer protection using Decision Tree (DT). Differential current of one cycle inrush and internal faults are taken as inputs to the Decision Tree with corresponding target outputs as ‘0’ for inrush and ‘1’ for internal fault conditions. The DT is trained with inrush currents and internal faults with wide variations in operating parameters of the power network and provides accurate results in distinguishing inrush currents from internal faults. The proposed DT based algorithm is found to be accurate and robust, and thus highly suitable for power transformer protection.