表面活性元素硫对焊接熔池流动方式和深宽比的影响

建立了三维移动热源作用下焊接熔池的数学模型,模拟了表面活性元素S在不同质量分数作用下的熔池中的速度场和温度场。结果表明,S元素显著地影响了熔池中的流动方式,熔池深宽比随S质量分数的增加而迅速增大,当S质量分数超过80×10－6时,深宽比趋于一定值。S质量分数小于120×10－6时,熔池表面温度高于正表面张力温度系数发生的温度范围,正、负表面张力温度系数同时存在,温度梯度在最大表面张力处最大;当S质量分数超过120×10－6时,正表面张力温度系数控制着熔池中的流体流动,液体金属从熔池边缘流向熔池中心;随着S质量分数的增加,在熔池中出现数目、大小、方向和位置不同的涡流,当涡流的方向为由熔池边缘流向熔池中心时,涡流有效地把电弧能带到熔池底部,产生较大的熔深。     

全熔透钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊熔池流动与传热动态过程的数值分析

针对原有钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊熔池形态模型存在的问题,采用液体分数法处理了固液相变潜热,利用完备的熔池表面变形方程组描述了熔透熔池上、下表面变形方程的耦合作用,进一步提高了熔池形状尺寸与熔池表面变形的数值计算精度。在此基础上,对全熔透GTAW焊接熔池中的流体流动与传热过程和熔池形状的动态变化过程进行了数值模拟,展示了熔池形态的瞬时演变特性。     

活性剂钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊接熔池行为的观察

利用高速数字摄相机对涂敷活性剂与不涂活性剂条件下的熔池表面流体流动形态及等离子体行为进行观察.利用X射线实时焊缝数字观察系统,用钨粒子示踪法测试熔池流体流动的规律.试验结果表明,活性剂使电弧收缩、改变熔池流体的流动方向并使流体流动速度加快,有活性剂时的涡流流动速度比无活性剂的涡流流动速度增加4倍,强烈的熔池流体向内对流是活性剂钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊熔深增加的主要原因,验证了数值模拟得到的结果.     

Al—Si复合材料内在组分对润滑磨损性能的影响

本文研究了硅酸铝纤维增强Ａｌ－Ｓｉ复合金复合材料在润滑状态下磨损性能,结果表明,Ａｌ－Ｓｉ复合材料的耐磨性优于基体合金,随纤维体积分数增加,复合材料耐磨性增加。基体合金Ｓｉ含量对复合材料耐磨性没有明显影响Ａｌ－Ｓｉ合金中加入Ｍｇ元素,可显著提高其复合材料的耐磨性。     

外加高频磁场下电弧快速成形过程的电磁-流体耦合数值模拟

外加电磁作用是改善电弧快速成形零件组织和性能的有效方式之一。为了揭示高频磁场对熔池传热、对流和形态的影响机理,采用有限元电磁计算和有限体积流体分析耦合的方法,建立电磁场、熔池温度场和流体流动场分析的三维模型,分析工件和熔池中高频电磁力/热的分布特征,研究高频电磁力与表面张力、电弧力以及熔滴冲击共同作用下的熔池表面动态变形,对比分析有/无外加高频磁场情况下熔池温度分布和流体流动模式上的差异,并由此预测外加高频磁场对凝固组织和熔池形态的改变。结果表明,高频电磁力驱动熔池流体在垂直焊接方向的平面内形成单漩涡旋转对流,有利于熔断枝晶细化晶粒,熔池表面形状向远离线圈一侧倾斜,熔宽增大。金相和焊道横截面测试证实了上述模拟结果。     

TIG焊接电弧与熔池统一模型有限元分析

根据磁流体动力学理论以及焊接的实际情况,建立了三维TIG焊接电弧与熔池的统一数学模型,避免了对电弧以及熔池界面条件的假定,使得对焊接电弧与熔池行为的分析与实际情况更近了一步。运用该数学模型对TIG焊接电弧和熔池的流场和热场进行了有限元分析。采用等效比热法来确定液相分数,假定固液相等同区来解决工件熔化区与非熔化区的移动边界。结果表明：用数学模型模拟出的电弧行为特征以及熔池形状与试验结果相吻合。     

型内孕育硅铁块熔化过程的数值模拟研究

建立了描述硅铁块在型内熔化过程中传输现象的数学模型,在固相、液相和糊状区中的流体流动、热量和溶质传输用统一方程描述,用控制容积差分法耦合求解质量、动量、能量和溶质守恒方程,计算结果与试验结果进行了对比,两者基本一致,表明所建立的数学模型和采用的计算方法能够用于模拟型内孕育硅铁块的熔化过程,实现型内孕育工艺的优化设计。     

高钒合金型内熔化扩散温度场及钒含量分布模拟

利用ANSYS软件建立V9Cr4高钒合金型内熔化扩散有限元模型,模拟了浇铸5CrNiMo合金液后凝固过程中高钒合金棒不同位置处的温度;基于合金棒轴向温度变化不大的模拟结果,将合金元素的三维扩散简化成二维扩散,建立径向钒元素含量分布数学模型,计算了径向钒元素含量并进行了试验验证.结果表明:浇铸时合金棒的温度高于其固相线温度,说明高钒合金棒与5CrNiMo合金能实现冶金结合;由温度分布曲线确定钒元素的扩散时间为810s,将其代入钒元素含量分布数学模型,计算得到的不同位置处钒元素含量与测试结果的相对误差小于1％,说明建立的型内熔化扩散有限元模型较为准确,可以利用其模拟结果来计算钒元素含量分布.     

Al-Cu合金凝固过程中的准固态力学性能

本文用专用的实验装置研究了Al－Cu合金在凝固过程中的准固态强度、强度增长率、准固态区间和断裂应变。分析了Al－Cu合金准固态的力学性能与凝固过程的关系;还研究了钛、盐类细化剂和富铈混合稀土对准固态力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,亚共晶Al－Cu合金的固液共存区被固相线分成准液态区和准固态区,当含铜量低于4%时,准固态区又可分成热脆区和低强塑区。合金在低强塑区的力学性能明显地比热脆区的力学性能高,但仍有少量液体存在于枝晶间,铜含量高于4%时,准固态区就是热脆区,应变速率和微量添加元素都能改变Al－Cu合金在准固态的力学性能。     

上瓦开周向槽椭圆轴承动态特性分析

本文推导了计及惯性的Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程的简化形式，分析了考虑开槽区流体周向惯性的上瓦开周向槽椭圆轴承的动态特性。     

“<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">disassembly plan approach based on subassembly concept</Emphasis>”

A three-dimensional numerical model is established to study the temperature and fluid flow fields in the twin-wire gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. The high-speed photography system is used to capture the images of the weld pool during the welding. Based on simulation and experimental results, the weld pool formation, convection, and stability in twin-wire GMAW process are investigated. Both “push-pull” and outward flow patterns exist in the twin-wire GMAW weld pool, which can contribute to decreasing the height of the bulge and increasing the width of the pool. The convection in the weld pool can proceed adequately, the arc force between the leading and trailing arcs is relatively balanced, surface tension normal force is uniform along the liquid channel, and the liquid channel is capillary stable, all of those contribute to the stability of the weld bead. The simulation results are in good agreement with those in the experiment.     

Theoretical and experimental study of microstructures and weld pool geometry during GTAW of 304 stainless steel

In this work, temperature field and weld pool geometry during gas tungsten arc welding of 304 stainless steel are predicted by solving the governing equations of heat transfer and fluid flow under quasi-steady state conditions. The model is based on numerical solution of the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in the weld pool. Weld pool geometry, weld thermal cycles, and various solidification parameters are then calculated by means of the model predictions. The model considers the effects of various process parameters including welding speed and heat input. It is found that the weld pool geometry, predicted by the proposed model, is in reasonable agreement with the corresponding experimentally measured ones. In addition, the solidification behavior of the weld pool can be predicted properly by the model predictions.     

Modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow during gas tungsten arc welding of commercial pure aluminum

In the present study, the temperature and the velocity fields during gas tungsten arc welding of commercial pure aluminum were simulated using the solution of the equations of conversation of mass, energy and momentum in three dimensions and under steady-state heat transfer and fluid flow conditions. Then, by means of the prediction of temperature and velocity distributions, the weld pool geometry, weld thermal cycles and various solidification parameters were calculated. To verify the modeling results, welding experiments were conducted on two samples with different thicknesses and the geometry of the weld pool was measured. It is found that there is a good agreement between the predicted and the measured results. In addition, dimensional analysis was employed to understand the importance of heat transfer by convection and the roles of various driving forces in the weld pool. It is observed that the molten metal convection strongly affects on the weld pool geometry. Also the predictions make it possible to estimate the morphology and the scale of the solidified structure through solidification parameter (G/R). The result show that as the net heat input increases, the importance of convection becomes higher and the value of G/R at the weld pool centerline increases.     

脉冲激光焊接Hastelloy C-276合金的熔池流动传热特性分析

基于流体动力学方程和传热方程建立了三维瞬态模型,用于研究脉冲激光焊接0.5 mm厚Hastelloy薄板时熔池的流动行为及传热特性.应用Fluent软件,采用有限容积法(FVM)求解控制方程,用SIMPLE算法处理速度与压力的耦合.引入Pe来衡量焊接熔池中对流传热与传导传热的相对强弱,并以此分析焊接熔池的传热特性.结果表明:沿焊接方向,焊接熔池的流动速度随着离熔池中心距离的增加先增加后减小;在给定试验条件下,熔池流动速度在离熔池中心0.2 mm左右时出现最大值,且沿焊接方向前方稍大于后方,而后迅速减小为零;焊接熔池中对流的存在使得焊接熔池熔深较小而熔宽较大;最终的焊接形貌由对流传热与传导传热相互作用而成.对焊缝形貌的数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好.此模型可为脉冲激光焊接Hastelloy C-276薄板时熔池流体流动行为的分析提供理论依据.     

Numerical modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in hybrid laser–TIG welding of aluminum alloy AA6082

This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical model based on finite volume method to simulate heat transfer and fluid flow in laser–tungsten inert gas (TIG) hybrid welding process. To simplify the model and reduce the calculation time, keyhole dynamics are not considered; instead, a new modified volumetric heat source model is presented for the laser source to take into account the effect of the keyhole on the heat transfer into the workpiece. Due to the presence of arc current, an appropriate electromagnetic model based on the Maxwell equations are also solved to calculate electromagnetic forces in the weld pool. The results of computer simulation, including temperature, current density, electromagnetic, and melted material velocity field, are presented here. Furthermore, several dimensionless numbers are employed to recognize the importance of fluid flow driving forces in the weld pool. It is deduced that the fluid flow has an important effect on the weld pool shape. It is also founded that among the driving forces, Marangoni force is dominant fluid force in the weld pool. Besides, calculated results of hybrid welding process are compared with those of TIG and laser welding processes. The weld pool depth is relatively the same, but the width of the weld pool is highly larger in hybrid welding than lone laser welding. Eventually, the presented model is validated by comparison between calculated and experimental weld pool shape. It is founded that there is a good agreement as the capability of this model can be proved.     

Numerical analysis of a moving gas tungsten arc weld pool with an external longitudinal magnetic field applied

Mathematical models of the electromagnetic field, fluid flow and heat transfer of a three-dimensional moving gas tungsten arc (GTA) weld pool with external longitudinal magnetic field applied are established in the paper. Using a multi-coupled analysis function of ANSYS finite element code, distributions of current density and magnetic field, as well as fluid flow and heat transfer in a moving weld pool, were systematically studied and investigated to understand and reveal the effect of an external longitudinal magnetic field on liquid metal in a moving GTA weld pool and also to supply a basis for the application of an external longitudinal magnetic field in welding technology .     

TIG焊熔池表面流动行为的研究

针对钨极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊熔池表面流动行为,在确定TIG焊熔池表面可采用粒子示踪的方法来进行其表面流动行为示踪的基础上,在以激光为试验背光光源,通过激光在TIG焊熔池表面镜面反射后,使得熔池及示踪粒子清晰成像于成像屏上。在此基础上,开展对304不锈钢和Q235普通碳钢的熔池表面流动行为的试验研究,对所获得这两种材料的TIG焊熔池试验数据进行处理与对比分析,探究熔池表面流动规律。研究结果表明:在TIG焊过程中,其焊接熔池存在两种运动模式,在304不锈钢焊接过程中熔池表面的液态金属由边缘向熔池中心流动;在Q235碳钢焊接过程中熔池表面的液态金属不定向、不规则地由熔池中心向熔池边缘流动,并测量304不锈钢TIG焊过程中熔池表面的液态金属流动速率为12 mm/s左右,Q235碳钢的熔池表面的流动速率为15 mm/s左右。     

Use of a multivariate optimization algorithm to develop a self-consistent numerical heat transfer model for laser spot welding

Laser spot welding as a joining method offers many outstanding advantages, such as localized heating and melting, high weld-strength-to-weld-size ratio, and minimal heat affected zone. These provide the benefits of low heat distortion, repeatability, ability to automate and high throughout that are always in demand in industry. An accurate knowledge of the temperature-time history of the weld pool is a prerequisite for reliable prediction of the weld dimensions, final microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld joint. Measurement of the weld thermal cycle in the laser weld pool is nearly impossible due to high peak temperature, rapid melting and solidification, and the complex flow of liquid metal within a small weld pool. Mathematical modeling of the laser spot welding process has emerged as a useful tool for the prediction of the temperature-time history and weld pool dimensions. However, the reliability of the predicted values of temperature history and weld dimensions significantly depends on the accuracy of the input parameters provided in such models. For example, the value of the absorption coefficient is a significant input parameter for modeling the laser spot welding process. However, the same is rarely available with adequate reliability and is also difficult to assign from scientific principles alone. This work presents a novel mathematical framework where the values of a set of uncertain input parameters for mathematical modeling are identified inherently by integrating a finite element based heat transfer simulation using adaptive volumetric heat source and a multivariate optimization algorithm.