蒸汽侧氧化膜对超临界机组T92钢管壁温的影响

通过建立T92钢受热管及其蒸汽侧氧化膜的数值分析模型,定量分析了不同厚度氧化膜对T92钢受热管壁温的影响,并在此基础上得出了不同受热条件下导致T92钢管超温运行的氧化膜的临界厚度值.结果表明:随着氧化膜厚度的增加,管壁平均温度和平均温度升高幅度均呈近似线性增加;且管内壁温度越高、管外热流密度越大,氧化膜的临界厚度值越小.因此,当T92钢应用于高温受热面时,需综合考虑壁面热负荷和管内壁温度对氧化膜临界厚度的影响.     

600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器T23和T91金属氧化膜热应力分析

以某600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器为研究对象,分析了氧化膜厚度、生长温度和热膨胀系数等参数对金属管内蒸汽侧氧化膜热应力的影响.基于有限元方法建立了圆管数值计算模型,计算得到不同厚度和不同生长温度下T23和T91金属蒸汽侧氧化膜从生长温度冷却至常温时的热应力变化,并依据热应力的变化特征确定了这2种金属管材蒸汽侧氧化膜易发生脱落的温度范围.结合锅炉出口蒸汽温度与高温过热器指定位置处氧化膜温度的关系,提出用出口蒸汽温度判别氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的温度范围的方法,给出了该锅炉停炉时的出口蒸汽温度值.结果表明：2种金属管材在冷却过程中低于一定温度时,其氧化膜的应力达到或接近最大应力值,可以依此判断氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的危险区域.     

600MW超临界锅炉高温过热器T23和T91金属氧化膜热应力分析

以某600MW超临界锅炉高温过热器为研究对象,分析了氧化膜厚度、生长温度和热膨胀系数等参数对金属管内蒸汽侧氧化膜热应力的影响.基于有限元方法建立了圆管数值计算模型,计算得到不同厚度和不同生长温度下T23和T91金属蒸汽侧氧化膜从生长温度冷却至常温时的热应力变化,并依据热应力的变化特征确定了这2种金属管材蒸汽侧氧化膜易发生脱落的温度范围.结合锅炉出口蒸汽温度与高温过热器指定位置处氧化膜温度的关系,提出用出口蒸汽温度判别氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的温度范围的方法,给出了该锅炉停炉时的出口蒸汽温度值.结果表明:2种金属管材在冷却过程中低于一定温度时,其氧化膜的应力达到或接近最大应力值,可以依此判断氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的危险区域.     

锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜在线监测技术研究

建立了高温受热面炉内壁温在线监测模型、氧化膜生长模型、氧化膜应力在线监测计算模型和氧化膜脱落评估模型等.在此基础上,开发了锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜管理系统,并利用该系统对某600MW超临界锅炉高温受热面炉内管壁温度和蒸汽侧氧化膜厚度及应力状态进行实时计算与分析.结果表明:利用该系统可以减小沿烟道宽度方向的热偏差,有效降低偏差屏的炉内温度,减缓管内氧化膜生成速率;通过对温度变化速率、氧化膜应力状态的实时监测,可以积极预防氧化膜的脱落和堆积.     

非均匀受热管管壁温度场的数值计算

针对非均匀受热管管壁周向壁温和热负荷等热特性参数分布不均性,将外壁温度与外壁散热热负荷作为边界条件,建立非均匀受热管的温度场计算二维模拟数学模型,基于径向节点推进思想,采用有限容积法建立离散方程,编制求解流体换热和管壁导热耦合决定的非均匀受热管二维温度场导热反问题数值计算程序。利用程序计算了Φ32mm×3mm和Φ24mm×4mm半周加热垂直上升光管对超临界水的传热特性,计算结果都可以很好地反映非均匀加热管管壁温的分布规律,同时计算收敛性良好。计算结果表明:超临界压力下,半周加热垂直上升光管壁温及壁面热负荷周向分布不均,高热负荷侧温度高,而低热负荷侧温度低。在拟临界区,出现传热强化,管内传热系数的增大会减小热量沿管壁周向的均流作用。     

高压给水加热器管板单元的有限元分析

高压给水加热器管板上换热管呈正三角形排布.采用ANSYS通用有限元软件,对任意三根管子围成的单元进行分析.首先计算单元上的瞬态温度场,然后将节点温度作为载荷求解模型热应力;还有热载荷和机械载荷同时作用时的应力.得出布管区的管板温度能够在短时间内达到平衡;在管板与管子连接处热应力影响较大;耦合后应力主要受热应力影响,且随...     

锅炉过热器蒸汽侧氧化膜瞬态应力的有限元分析

采用有限元方法,计算并分析了过热器管基体及氧化膜内的温度和应力情况,通过稳态分析得到了稳定工况下的温度和应力分布;在此基础上又进行了瞬态分析,分别考虑了蒸汽侧温度和烟气侧温度两种情况下的扰动,得到了扰动后温度和应力的响应曲线.结果发现:蒸汽侧扰动时,氧化膜内温度和应力的变化都很大,更易于造成氧化膜的剥落.     

含缺陷管子蠕变断裂寿命的估算

本文研究了不同尺寸的表面裂纹对于12Cr1MoV 钢过热器管子高温蠕变断裂寿命的影响。试验结果表明:随着表面裂纹的长度和深度的增加、含缺陷管子的高温蠕变断裂寿命显著降低。根据试验结果,本文提出了蠕变断裂切向应力与管子表面缺陷尺寸之间的关系式。利用该公式,可以估算含缺陷管子的高温蠕变断裂应力。本文可供设计锅炉过热器时作参考。     

锅炉炉内承压部件的蠕变分析及寿命计算

以高温过热器为例，对锅炉炉内承压部件的寿命损耗规律进行了分析，采用拉森-米勒参数式确定蠕变断裂时间，用罗宾逊法则求出过热器蠕变寿命损耗，同时考虑疲劳对高温金属的破坏作用，最终得到适用于在线监测系统的过热器蠕变寿命简化计算公式。在计算管壁应力时，取额定负荷下的工质压力作为恒定的工作压力，这种处理使计算得到简化并趋于安全。高温腐蚀的影响通过原始壁厚乘以一个修正系数考虑。现场直接测量过热器管壁温度信号，经过适当的补偿和修正，就可输入在线监测系统进行寿命损耗监测。参5     

燃烧室蒸发管的热负荷与膜态沸腾的关系

前言目前燃油锅炉的需要量正在急剧增加。在锅炉设计和运行时,对高热负荷受热面的传热必须要有确当的估算。特别是蒸发受热面通常是布置在燃烧室内的,很可能引起与热负荷、冷水速度、蒸汽干度等有关联的膜态沸腾,因此要重视管壁温度的掌握和受热面布置的合理性。根据实践所得的相对于不同冷水速度下热负荷与管壁温度的关系归纳成线算图。燃烧室中热负荷的分布在燃烧室中,根据燃料、空气的显热所得到的平均烟气温度是假想的计算值,也没有实际的燃烧室内烟气温度分布规律。实际的燃烧器轴线方向上     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996