融合多特征表示和超像素优化的双目立体匹配

针对目前许多局部双目立体匹配方法在缺乏纹理区域、遮挡区域、深度不连续区域匹配精度低的问题,提出了基于多特征表示和超像素优化的立体匹配算法。通过在代价计算步骤中加入边缘信息特征,与图像局部信息代价相融合,增加了在视差计算时边缘区域的辨识度;在代价聚合步骤,基于超像素分割形成的超像素区域,利用米字骨架自适应搜索,得到聚合区域,对初始代价进行聚合;在视差精化步骤利用超像素分割信息,对匹配错误视差进行修正,提高匹配精度。基于Middlebury立体视觉数据集测试平台,与自适应权重AD-Census、FA等方法得出的视差图进行比较,该算法在深度不连续区域和缺乏纹理区域的匹配效果显著改善,提高了立体匹配精度。     

基于自适应极线距离变换的立体匹配

针对极线距离变换对噪声的敏感性及其在不连续区域匹配的不确定性,提出一种基于自适应极线距离变换的立体匹配算法.自适应极线距离变换利用图像结构特征,提出迭代目标尺度算法与区域不连续图来自适应选择极线距离变换参数,将图像的强度信息转化为沿着极线局部分割区域的相对位置信息,在区分低纹理区域像素点的同时保持了图像边缘信息;采用局部极小窗口均值计算分割线长度,有效地提高了低纹理区域对噪声的鲁棒性.对多幅真实图像的实验结果表明,自适应极线距离变换对低纹理区域以及不连续区域是有效的,且采用变换后图像计算视差的立体匹配算法,有效地降低了图像边缘点和噪声点等不连续区域的误匹配率,提高了图像匹配精度.     

基于自适应匹配窗及多特征融合的立体匹配*

针对局部立体匹配方法中存在的匹配窗口大小选择困难、边缘处视差模糊及弱纹理区域、斜面或曲面匹配精度较低等问题,提出基于CIELAB空间下色度分割的自适应窗选取及多特征融合的局部立体匹配算法.首先,在CIELAB空间上对立体图像对进行色度分割,依据同质区域的分布获取初始匹配支持域,同时估计遮挡区域,更新匹配支持域.然后,基于更新后的匹配支持域,采用自适应权值的线性加权多特征融合匹配方法得到初始视差图.最后,利用左右视差一致性检测方法进行误匹配检验,利用基于分割的均值滤波器进行视差优化及细化,得到稠密匹配视差结果.实验表明文中算法有效,匹配精度较高,尤其在弱纹理区域及斜面等情况下匹配效果较好.     

基于自适应阻尼因子渗透滤波器的匹配代价聚合算法

针对局部立体匹配算法中局部平滑性假设导致的倾斜平面内连续视差的误估计问题,提出基于自适应阻尼因子的渗透滤波器权重匹配算法.首先构造适用于复杂多样图像结构特征的"蝶形"支持窗口;随后通过计算像素点间距离度量、灰度相似性度量及梯度信息度量,自适应地选择水平和垂直阻尼因子,并放宽局部平滑性约束条件,允许倾斜平面上灰度相似的像点存在视差变化;最后根据窗口特征计算带有阻尼因子的渗透滤波代价聚合函数.实验结果表明,该算法在保持局部匹配算法高效性的同时,明显地改善了倾斜平面的误匹配问题,且对低纹理区域同样有效.     

多特征融合和自适应聚合的立体匹配算法研究

针对局部立体匹配在光照失真和弱纹理区域匹配精度低的问题,提出了一种多特征融合的代价计算和自适应十字窗口聚合的立体匹配算法。引入HSV颜色空间分量,结合改进后的Census变换和梯度信息作为匹配代价计算方法,排除了视差边界异常值的影响,增强了算法对光照失真的稳健性;提出了基于梯度信息和可变颜色阈值的自适应窗口代价聚合方法,提高了在弱纹理区域的匹配精度;通过视差计算和多步骤的视差精细得到了最终的视差结果。实验结果表明,所提算法较AD-Census算法在无光照失真条件下误匹配减少了3.24%,能有效解决视差边界和弱纹理区域错误匹配的问题,对光照失真稳健性好且能有效抑制噪声干扰。     

基于自适应权重的立体匹配优化算法

为解决现有立体匹配算法对低纹理以及视差不连续区域匹配效果较差的问题,提出一种改进的立体匹配优化算法。在传统自适应权重算法匹配代价的基础上,融合高斯差分图像差分信息,即左右图像高斯差分图的差分,重新定义其初始匹配代价,增加算法在视差不连续区域的鲁棒性,并加入边缘约束和视差边缘约束迭代聚类以及基于高斯差分图的自适应窗口算法,保证改进算法在低纹理区域的匹配性能,消除坏点与视差空洞。将该算法与传统自适应权重匹配算法分别在Middlebury数据集上进行匹配实验,结果表明,该算法平均性能提升了15.05%,明显优于传统自适应权重匹配算法。     

基于自适应权重的遮挡信息立体匹配算法

针对传统局部立体匹配算法在深度不连续区域误匹配率高的问题,提出一种基于自适应权重的遮挡信息立体匹配算法。首先,采用左右一致性检测算法检测参考图像与目标图像的遮挡区域;然后利用遮挡信息,在代价聚合阶段降低遮挡区域像素点所占权重,在视差优化阶段采用扫描线传播方式选择水平方向最近点填充遮挡区域的视差;最后,根据Middlebury数据集提供的标准视差图为视差结果计算误匹配率。实验结果表明,基于自适应权重的遮挡信息匹配算法相对于自适应权重算法误匹配率降低了16%,并解决了局部立体匹配算法在深度不连续区域误匹配率高的问题,提高了算法的匹配精确性。     

基于改进的种子点扩展自适应立体匹配算法

由于在图像中不同区域的纹理密集程度不同,因此使用固定窗口大小的算法无法兼顾纹理不同的区域,并且在视差不连续区域的匹配精度较低。针对该问题,提出一种自适应窗口和自适应权重相结合的算法,并且采用种子点扩展的方法。首先,通过交叉自适应窗口法,区分出连续点和孤立点,对于不同的分类点采用不同的处理方法。其次,针对每一个像素点,利用改进的自适应权重方法进行匹配。最后,提出一种新的种子点扩展的视差优化方法,对初始视差图进行精细化。实验结果表明,视差图中纹理密集区域和视差不连续区域的误匹配现象得到改善。该算法可以有效地处理图像中纹理分布不均的问题,提高了在视差不连续区域内匹配精度。     

融合边缘保持与改进代价聚合的立体匹配算法

目的 立体匹配是计算机双目视觉的重要研究方向,主要分为全局匹配算法与局部匹配算法两类。传统的局部立体匹配算法计算复杂度低,可以满足实时性的需要,但是未能充分利用图像的边缘纹理信息,因此在非遮挡、视差不连续区域的匹配精度欠佳。为此,提出了融合边缘保持与改进代价聚合的立体匹配。方法 首先利用图像的边缘空间信息构建权重矩阵,与灰度差绝对值和梯度代价进行加权融合,形成新的代价计算方式,同时将边缘区域像素点的权重信息与引导滤波的正则化项相结合,并在多分辨率尺度的框架下进行代价聚合。所得结果经过视差计算,得到初始视差图,再通过左右一致性检测、加权中值滤波等视差优化步骤获得最终的视差图。结果 在Middlebury立体匹配平台上进行实验,结果表明,融合边缘权重信息对边缘处像素点的代价量进行了更加有效地区分,能够提升算法在各区域的匹配精度。其中,未加入视差优化步骤的21组扩展图像对的平均误匹配率较改进前减少3.48%,峰值信噪比提升3.57 dB,在标准4幅图中venus上经过视差优化后非遮挡区域的误匹配率仅为0.18%。结论 融合边缘保持的多尺度立体匹配算法有效提升了图像在边缘纹理处的匹配精度,进一步降低了非遮挡区域与视差不连续区域的误匹配率。     

根据灰度值信息自适应窗口的半全局匹配

目的 立体匹配算法是立体视觉研究的关键点,算法的匹配精度和速度直接影响3维重建的效果。对于传统立体匹配算法来说,弱纹理区域、视差深度不连续区域和被遮挡区域的匹配精度依旧不理想,为此选择具有全局匹配算法和局部匹配算法部分优点、性能介于两种算法之间、且鲁棒性强的半全局立体匹配算法作为研究内容,提出自适应窗口与半全局立体匹配算法相结合的改进方向。方法 以通过AD（absolute difference）算法求匹配代价的半全局立体匹配算法为基础,首先改变算法匹配代价的计算方式,研究窗口大小对算法性能的影响,然后加入自适应窗口算法,研究自适应窗口对算法性能的影响,最后对改进算法进行算法性能评价与比较。结果 实验结果表明,匹配窗口的选择能够影响匹配算法性能、提高算法的适用范围,自适应窗口的加入能够提高算法匹配精度特别是深度不连续区域的匹配精度,并有效降低算法运行时间,对Cones测试图像集,改进的算法较改进前误匹配率在3个测试区域平均减少2.29%;对于所有测试图像集,算法运行时间较加入自适应窗口前平均减少28.5%。结论 加入自适应窗口的半全局立体匹配算法具有更优的算法性能,能够根据应用场景调节算法匹配精度和匹配速度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.