凝汽器变工况特性计算分析

通过汽轮机、凝汽器变工况计算相结合可以得到不同机组负荷、不同循环水进口温度下循环水泵的机组负荷切换点。在凝汽器变工况时,两台循环水泵可以灵活改成一台运行方式,合理调节循环水量,使机组在最佳真空下运行。     

汽轮机冷端优化运行和最佳背压的研究与应用

根据对电厂330MW汽轮机组冷端系统的试验结果,结合机组微增功率和背压关系曲线以及凝汽器变工况特性,经过认真研究和分析,建立了冷端优化数学模型,并结合循环水泵运行优化调整试验,提出了机组在不同运行负荷和冷却水进口温度下冷端循环水泵的最佳运行方式,从而确定了凝汽器最佳运行背压。研究结果应用于某电厂,在夏季工况时取得了较好的经济效益,验证了该方法具有较强的实践意义。     

双压凝汽器循环水系统优化

阐述了双压凝汽器的工作原理,以N-39000-2型双压凝汽器作为研究对象,在不同工况和循环水泵不同运行组合条件下,就其高、低压侧变工况特性进行计算。在此基础上,利用等效焓降法对某600MW机组进行计算和分析,以获得最佳真空为优化目标,得出不同工况下循环水泵的最优组合。结果显示,双压凝汽器可以在更小的循环水流量下达到最佳真空。     

330MW单元制火电机组循环水运行方式优化

为进一步发掘节能潜力、优化循环水运行方式,我们采用将相邻机组循环水系统并列运行,即打开相邻机组循环水泵进、出口联络门,让两台机组的四台循环水泵都参与调整的方式,这样就可以统筹考虑两台机组的负荷与真空的关系,使得循环水泵调整方式更加灵活。通过机组性能试验得到的凝汽器最优真空与实际采用双机三泵或双机四泵运行记录的参数对比,我们得到了循环水并列运行的相邻机组在进行双机三泵或双机四泵切换的最佳工况点。     

基于实时稳态模型的汽轮机冷端系统闭环优化控制

汽轮机冷端系统是火电机组的重要辅助系统,其运行状态的好坏直接关系到机组的安全、经济运行。分析汽轮机冷端系统的换热机理,通过对汽轮机末级变工况计算模型、凝汽器换热变工况计算模型以及变频循环水泵变工况特性分析,建立汽轮机冷端系统最佳真空稳态计算模型。分析了机组在不同边界条件下的最佳运行真空,进而利用稳态计算模型构建最佳真空闭环优化实时控制系统,实现对机组循环冷却水流量的连续调节,提高了机组的运行经济性。     

循环水泵在线优化运行

以某厂110MW机组为例,通过凝汽器和汽轮机的变工况计算,在线给出了机组在不同主汽流量和循环水进水温度下可操作性较强的循环水泵最佳运行方式以及与此方式对应的最佳真空。     

火电机组定速循环水泵的全工况运行优化

为解决枚举法得出的定速循环水泵最优运行方式的局限性,通过分析汽轮机低压缸、冷却塔及凝汽器真空的全工况计算模型,提出了在环境温度相等的前提下进行循环水泵全工况运行优化,并对其流程进行了阐述,将排汽压力对汽轮机功率的修正曲线进行了全工况拟合,利用二分法求解机组各工况下循环水泵相邻运行方式的等效益点,进而获得等效益曲线,并采用二分法对某电厂的定速循环水泵进行了等效益曲线实例验证．结果表明：循环水泵优化运行后,平均可降低煤耗0．594g／（kw·h）．     

考虑汽轮机工况变化的凝汽器最佳真空的确定及应用

基于汽轮机与凝汽器之间相互影响的运行特性,提出了汽轮机工况变化下的凝汽器变工况特性计算方法并建立了数学模型,确定了汽轮机工况变化下的凝汽器最佳真空的计算方法,建立了实际运行工况偏离基准工况时对凝汽器最佳真空的影响模型,并以某330 MW机组为例给出了机组状态发生变化时的循环水系统优化运行方案.结果表明:当汽轮机运行状态发生变化时,不同工况下的凝汽器最佳真空也发生变化,新模型能够确定其变化影响,使循环水系统优化运行方案更加实用.     

燃煤电厂300MW机组循环水系统运行优化研究

以某燃煤电厂2×300 MW机组循环水系统为研究对象,充分考虑外界环境因素,基于循环水泵运行优化理论建立了冷却塔、凝汽器与汽轮机低压缸耦合的冷端优化数学模型。基于麦克尔焓差理论建立冷却塔热力计算模型并给出冷却塔出塔水温的计算方法,研究了环境温度、相对湿度和循环水量对冷却塔出塔水温的影响。研究了机组背压、循环水量与排汽流量对凝汽器真空的影响。绘制全工况下循环水泵运行方式间的等效益曲面,确定了不同的机组负荷、环境温度及相对湿度下循环水泵最佳运行方式。对比传统循环水泵优化方式,可知新型等效益曲面方法具有一定的合理性。对火电机组实际运行中循环水系统优化有一定的指导意义。     

考虑清洁系数的循环泵变频优化运行分析

确定循环水泵的最优运行方式的重点在于计算循环水泵在不同运行方式时凝汽器压力的估计值。现有文献在利用凝汽器变工况计算凝汽器压力估计值时,认为凝汽器的清洁系数保持不变,从而不能精确地计算凝汽器的总体传热系数。针对以上的问题,该文基于传热学理论提出了通过实时监测的清洁系数来确定凝汽器的总体传热系数的方法,并将该方法应用到某330MW机组的变频循环水系统中,运用枚举法搜索不同负荷、不同循环水温度下循环水泵的最佳运行方式,对火电厂循环水系统的运行具有一定的指导意义。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.