3,3′-二(四唑-5-基)二呋咱基醚的合成与表征

以3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱为起始原料,经氧化、醚化、环化三步反应合成了未见文献报道的化合物3,3′-二(四唑-5-基)二呋咱基醚,总收率46.7%,经¹³C NMR、IR、MS、元素分析确认了其结构。确定了环化反应适宜的反应条件： 反应时间4 h,ZnCl₂·2H₂O为催化剂,n(ZnCl₂·2H₂O):n(FOF-2)=1:1,并对锌盐催化的四唑环合成机理进行了探讨。     

4,5-二(1H-四唑-5-基)-1H-咪唑的合成及热性能

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,优化了4,5-二(1H-四唑-5-基)-1H-咪唑(H₃BTI)的合成工艺: 4,5-二氰基咪唑、叠氮化钠和氯化铵的摩尔比为1 2.2 2.2,反应温度90 ℃,反应时间8 h,收率为94.6%。通过红外光谱、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和元素分析对H₃BTI的结构进行了表征,采用DSC和TG/DTG技术研究了H₃BTI的热分解性能,用非等温DSC技术研究了热分解反应动力学。研究结果表明,H₃BTI的活化能为197.62 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为16.16; H₃BTI的临界爆炸温度为556.38 K,大于RDX的487.90 K,表明其热稳定性优于RDX; 热分解反应的活化熵、活化焓和活化自由能分别为35.72 J·mol-1·K-1、193.66 kJ·mol-1和173.33 kJ·mol-1。     

1,2-二硝基胍的合成及热性能

以硝基胍(NQ)为原料、100%硝酸/20%发烟硫酸/硝酸铵为硝化体系,经硝化反应合成了1,2-二硝基胍(DNG)。用IR、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、MS表征了DNG的结构。研究了影响DNG产率和正交实验的因素。用TG和 DSC研究了DNG的热分解行为。结果表明,硝化反应的优化条件为n(HNO₃)n(NQ)n(NH₄NO₃)=15 2 1,V(H₂SO₄)V(HNO₃)=1.25 1,反应时间为8 h,反应温度为10 ℃。优化条件下DNG产率达61.76%。DNG的 DSC曲线峰温为182.83 ℃,显示DNG有良好的热稳定性。     

2,4-二硝基咪唑二甲基铵盐的制备及晶体结构

以2,4-二硝基咪唑为原料,经中和、取代两步反应合成出了2,4-二硝基咪唑二甲基铵盐[(DNI)NH₂(CH₃)₂],产率为62.7%。用IR、¹H NMR及¹³C NMR、元素分析和单晶X-射线衍射对其分子和晶体结构进行了表征。结果表明: 该晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群C2/c,a=31.403(5) ,b=6.7133(7) ,c=22.769(4) ,α=90.00°,β=126.80(3)°,γ=90.00°,V=3843.6(10) ³,Z=16,D_c=1.404 g ·cm-3,F(000) = 1696.0,μ(MoKα) = 0.121 mm-1。分子内及分子间氢键作用微弱,分子堆积不紧密,密度较小。并用TG-DSC对[(DNI)NH₂(CH₃)₂]进行了热分解研究,表明其分解经过两步,熔点190.7 ℃,热稳定性良好。     

4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑铜配合物的热分解机理及非等温反应动力学（英）

利用4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑（4-ATz）与二水氯化铜合成了标题化合物(C₂N₄H₄)₂CuCl₂·H₂O,采用元素分析和红外光谱分析对配合物进行了结构表征,用DSC和TG-DTG研究了配合物的热行为及主放热分解阶段的动力学。结果表明,金属离子与配体的化学计量比为12。配合物的主要分解阶段由机理函数f(α)=32（1-α）［-ln(1-α)］^1/3控制,反应速率方程为: dα/dt=10^21.83×32（1-α）［-ln(1-α)］^1/3×exp(-2.75×10⁴/T)。     

高纯2，4，6-三硝基-5-乙氧基-1，3-苯二胺的合成及性能

高纯度2,4,6-三硝基-5-乙氧基-1,3-苯二胺（DATNEB）可作为内标物,通过高效液相色谱法对含氯法合成的1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯（TATB）的纯度进行精确分析。为研究DATNEB的合成及其含能特性,以苦味酸为原料,经4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑（ATA）氨化,原甲酸三乙酯乙基化两步制得高纯DATNEB,总收率为32.5%,纯度≥99.8%。产物经红外（IR）、核磁（¹H NMR、¹³C NMR）、质谱（MS）以及单晶X-射线衍射确证结构。对苦味酸双氨基化机理和中间体二氨基苦味酸羟基乙基化机理进行了探讨,且对DATNEB热性能和爆轰性能进行了研究。结果表明,DATNEB为单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/c,晶体学参数为：a=1.21261（7） nm,b=0.89654（4） nm,c=1.12310（6） nm,V=1.17675（11） nm³,Z=4,D=1.62 g·cm^-3。吸热峰温为193.9 ℃,放热峰温为236.0 ℃,具有较好的热稳定性。理论爆速为7.05 km·s^-1,爆压为21.14 GPa,总体爆轰性能与三硝基甲苯（TNT）相当,但感度远低于TNT和环三亚甲基三硝胺（RDX）。因此合成的高纯DATNEB不仅可作为内标物,用于分析含氯法合成的TATB纯度,还有望作为熔铸炸药的辅助组分。     

6b-硝基-1,3,5-三氧环戊烷[cd]-并环戊二烯-2,4,6-三硝酸酯的合成与晶体结构（英）

以乙二醛(40%)和硝基甲烷为原料,通过缩合、硝化两步反应生成了新型硝酸酯类含能增塑剂6b-硝基-1,3,5-三氧环戊烷-并环戊二烯-2,4,6-三硝酸酯(2),总收率为40.90%,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振光谱和元素分析对其进行了表征。首次培养并获得了化合物2的晶体结构,晶体结构分析表明,该化合物属于单斜晶系,晶体空间群为P2₁/n; 晶胞参数为: a=7.792(9),b=8.534(9), c=19.41(2) , β=117.624(4)°, M_r=370.16, V=1305(2) ³, Z=4, D_c=1.884 g·cm-3, λ=0.71073 ,F(000)=752, μ =0.189 mm-1, S=1.097,最终偏差因子 R₁=0.0488,wR₂=0.1289。     

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)百克量合成及DNPP.H2O晶体结构

研究了3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)的百克量级合成工艺,总收率由9.3%提高到17.9%。采用IR、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、元素分析、质谱等方法对中间体及DNPP的结构进行了表征。探讨了环化、还原“一锅法”反应机理及反应安全性;改进了重氮盐中间体的后处理方法: 采用冷冻结晶法代替萃取法,操作简单,避免大量使用有机溶剂,收率从77.0%提高到86.1%; 培养了DNPP·H₂O单晶,晶体结构分析表明,DNPP·H₂O为单斜晶系,空间群为P2(1)/c,晶体学参数为: a=0.3480(4) nm,b=1.4134(16) nm,c=0.9027(11) nm,α=90°,β=94.327(16)°,γ=90°,V=0.4427(9)nm³, Z=4,D_c=1.756g·cm-3,μ=0.164 mm-1,F(000)=240,R₁=0.0503,wR₂=0.1391。     

4,4′-联-1,2,4-三唑的合成、表征和晶体结构

以甲苯为溶剂,N,N-双(二甲基氨基亚甲基)肼二盐酸盐)(1),与4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑缩合制得4,4′-联-1,2,4-三唑(2,BTr),产品经¹H NMR,IR,MS和元素分析确证结构,并成功培养出BTr单晶。考察了反应中溶剂、投料比、时间及温度对BTr产率的影响。结果表明,缩合反应的最佳溶剂为甲苯,最优工艺条件为n(1)n(4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑)=11.2,时间为8 h,温度为110 ℃,所得收率可达86.4 %。经X射线单晶衍射仪测定,BTr单晶晶体为斜方晶系,属Pnma空间群,晶体学参数为: a=0.69712(14) nm,b=0.74045(15) nm,c=1.1156(2) nm,V=0.5759(2) nm³,Z=4,D_c=1.570 g·cm-3,F(000)=280,R₁=0.043,ωR₂=0.1222,BTr分子中两个单三唑环在空间相互垂直,该立体结构空间位阻小,利于分子稳定。     

铵离子对3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(DPT)硝解反应影响（英）

基于3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(DPT)在HNO₃-NH₄NO₃及HNO₃中两种硝解机理,分别通过实验和理论计算方法对NH+4 在DPT硝解反应中的作用进行了研究。将三种不同的铵盐 (NH₄)₂HPO₄,(NH₄)₂SO₄和CH₃COONH₄添加到硝解体系中,考察了NH+4 对HMX产率的影响。结果表明,与NH₄NO₃的作用相似,以上三种铵盐可提高HMX产率,提高率分别为41.5%、37.4%和20.7%。在不同的HNO₃-铵盐体系中,当NH+4 与DPT的摩尔比接近10时,HMX的产率均达到最大值,分别为56.3%、52.2%和35.5%。对比了HNO₃-铵盐和HNO₃-硝酸盐体系中DPT硝解反应的结果,发现NH+4 对HMX产率的提高起主导作用。采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对NH+4 在DPT硝解反应过程中的作用机理进行了理论解释,得出HNO₃/NH+4 体系中DPT硝解反应的活化能为133.95 kJ·mol^-1,低于HNO₃体系中的376.73 kJ·mol^-1。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.