含铌弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒长大与夹杂物的动态观察及分析

采用高温金相显微镜观察了含铌弹簧钢60Si2MnNb(%;0.57C、1.60Si、0.76Mn、0.34Cr、0.022Nb)在950～1 250℃真空加热时奥氏体晶粒长大现象,得到其晶粒长大动力学曲线,通过Arrhenius方程对粗化过程进行了曲线拟合;通过SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)和EDS(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer)对出现的二相粒子进行了分析.实验结果表明,含铌弹簧钢60Si2MnNb晶粒粗化温度为1 050℃,较60Si2MnA钢的晶粒临界粗化温度Tcc提高了100℃;出现的二相粒子为非金属夹杂物.     

用UHP-LF/VD-CC工艺流程生产弹簧钢的质量控制

用UHP-LF／VD-CC工艺流程生产60Si2MnA、60Si2CrVA、50CrVA、55SiMnVB等弹簧钢，为控制其质量，采用精料、控制铁水比，初炼炉控制低的磷含量，精炼时加强脱硫、去气、去夹杂，使铸坯质量符合要求。轧制时严格控制加热温度和均热时间，确保钢材表面质量和力学性能。     

奥氏体化温度对51CrV4钢淬火组织和性能的影响

 为了找出51CrV4钢最佳的奥氏体化温度和最佳的综合力学性能，研究了奥氏体化温度对51CrV4钢淬火组织和性能的影响。试验结果表明，随着奥氏体化温度的升高，奥氏体晶粒逐渐长大，淬火后组织硬度呈先增大后减少的趋势，经460 ℃回火后的强度先增大后减小；当奥氏体化温度为880 ℃时，奥氏体晶粒细小均匀，得到的马氏体组织致密，强度和硬度均达到最大值；当奥氏体化温度达到910 ℃时，奥氏体晶粒粗大，而且试验钢出现明显的脱碳现象，强度、硬度和塑性明显下降。研究表明，在实现完全奥氏体化前提下，为保证晶粒均匀且不出现脱碳现象，51CrV4钢获得良好性能的最佳淬火温度为880 ℃。     

22CrMoH齿轮钢奥氏体晶粒度影响因素及混晶原因分析

分析了加热保温时间和加热速度对22CrMoH齿轮钢奥氏体晶粒长大倾向的影响以及其粗化及混晶原因。结果表明:随保温时间延长,奥氏体晶粒平均尺寸及粗大奥氏体比例不断增加;在保温时间较长的前提下,快速加热较慢速加热奥氏体晶粒度更容易长大;该成分22CrMoH奥氏体粗化温度在920～930℃,奥氏体晶粒的粗化及混晶与第二相质点AlN的聚集与溶解有关。     

新型高强度弹簧钢40Si2CrNi2MoV、44Si2CrV的疲劳性能研究

采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验方法研究了新型高强度弹簧钢40Si2CrNi2MoV、44Si2CrV钢的疲劳性能,试验结果表明,在试样回火温度420℃时,44Si2CrV钢试样的疲劳寿命高于40Si2CrNi2MoV钢;而当回火温度480℃或560℃时,40Si2CrNi2MoV钢的疲劳寿命高于44Si2CrV钢。经各种不同的温度回火处理而使其强度接近时,40Si2CrNi2MoV、44Si2CrV钢试样的疲劳寿命均高于60Si2CrVA钢。     

碳含量和晶粒尺寸对高碳钢表面脱碳类型和深度的影响

摘要：硬线在加热、轧制等过程中会发生表面脱碳，严重影响工件的性能。通过等温加热实验，研究了加热温度和碳含量对硬线60、70和82B钢表面脱碳层类型和深度的影响，及原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸对弹簧钢60Si2MnA表面脱碳类型和深度的影响。结果表明：保温90min后，60钢在700~750℃时仅存在完全脱碳层，在850~900℃时仅存在部分脱碳层，其完全脱碳层深度随温度增加而逐渐减小，部分脱碳层则相反。70钢仅在850~900℃时存在部分脱碳层。82B钢的脱碳层深度随着温度增加先增加后减少至消失，然后又逐渐增加。硬线在碳含量处于γ单相区时主要发生部分脱碳，且深度随碳含量的升高而增大；碳含量处于α+γ两相区时主要发生完全脱碳，且深度随着碳含量增加先减小后增大。弹簧钢60Si2MnA的完全脱碳层深度随着原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的增大逐渐减小。     

φ20～42iniil60Si2MnA弹簧钢的脱碳控制

介绍了石钢三轧厂加热炉在加热60Si2MnA弹簧钢时存在的缺陷。为了减小中φ20-42mm60Si2MnA弹簧钢的脱碳层深度,进行了加热工艺参数调整,根据用风量调整炉内氧化性气氛,调节烧嘴轴向风和切向风的比例等试验,使φ20～42mm60Si2MnA弹簧钢脱碳检验的一次合格率,稳步提高,达到96．O％,提高了产品质量。     

新型高强韧性弹簧钢40T 和44T 脱碳倾向的研究

新型高强韧性弹簧钢40T(%:0.41C-2. 12Si- 1.03Cr- 1.98Ni-0.31Mo-0.25V),44T(%:0.44C-2.28Si- 1.42Cr-0.25V)和弹簧钢60Si2CrVA(%:0.59C-1.65Si-1.11Cr-0.18V)的φ18 mm 和φ26 mm 试验钢材由北满特钢 20t电弧炉冶炼,经轧制、冷拔而成。各钢材经860～1000℃加热脱碳试验的结果表明,40T钢碳含量较低,并 有～2%Ni,其脱碳倾向明显低于44T钢和60Si2CrVA钢;880 ℃加热1 h时,40T钢没有脱碳,44T钢脱碳层深 0.05mm,60Si2CrVA钢脱碳层深0.15 mm;1000 ℃加热20 min,40T钢脱碳层深0.1 mm,44T 钢0.2 mm, 60Si2CrVA钢0.4 mm。40T钢脱碳倾向小,有利于提高弹簧的疲劳寿命。     

35CrMo钢控温模锻加热过程中奥氏体晶粒长大行为

将35CrMo钢试样在不同的加热温度和保温时间下进行等温奥氏体化处理,采用正较实验法研究加热温度与保温时间对奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸的影响,并对奥氏体晶粒长大行为进行研究。结果表明:当保温时间一定时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高而增大,奥氏体晶粒的粗化温度为950℃;当加热温度一定时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随保温时间延长而增大,保温初期晶粒快速长大,随保温时间延长,晶粒长大速率放缓。综合考虑加热温度、保温时间和初始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响,推导出35CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型,用该模型计算的晶粒尺寸与实验结果基本吻合。     

高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大的规律

 利用光学显微镜和H 800透射电镜研究了不同加热温度和不同保温时间下高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,该钢在高温加热时具有较好的抗晶粒粗化能力,奥氏体晶粒粗化温度在1250 ℃左右;在1100 ℃和1200 ℃保温时,奥氏体晶粒等温长大规律较好地服从抛物线型经验表达式;随着温度的升高,钢中的第二相质点逐渐减少,当加热至1250 ℃时,钢中仅存TiN颗粒。     

Reheating Austenitizing Temperature of Spring Steel 60Si2MnA for Railway

The microsturctural transformation of austenite grain, pearlite interlamellar spacing, and lamellar cement ite thickness of spring steel 60Si2MnA for railway were studied in the hot-rolled and reheated states. Furthermore, the effect of microstructural characterization on its final mechanical properties was discussed. The results showed that as far as 60Si2MnA, the pearlite interlamellar spacing determined the hardness, whereas, the austenite grain determined the toughness. Compared with microstructure and mechanical properties in the hot rolled state, after reheating treatment at 950 ℃, its average grain sizes are apparently fine and the pearlite interlamellar spacing and lamellar cementite thickness coarsen to some extent, but both hardness and impact toughness increase to HRC 48 and 8.5 J, respectively. In the course of making spring, the optimum reheating austenitizing temperature for the 60Si2MnA steel is 950 ℃.     

Austenite in the process of thermomechanical treatment of microalloyed spring steels

On a classical CrV-bearing spring steel 50CrV4 (1.8159) the effects of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) and additional microalloying with titanium and niobium on the processes in austenite were investigated. The aim of this study was to achieve an austenite state, that promises -after subsequent quench and tempering- mechanical properties of spring steels superior to those after conventional treatment. For laboratory tests the hot deformation simulator Wumsi was employed. It was found that after reheating to usual austenitization temperatures the austenite microstructure of steel 50CrV4 is widely uninfluenced by the initial as-delivered microstructure. Despite the finer austenite grain size occurring after austenitization, additional microalloying with Ti and Nb raises the recrystallization temperature considerably. The finding that the incubation time of austenite recrystallization can be prolonged up to several minutes by microalloying is decisive for the practical applicability of TMT. In this way the substructured state of polygonized austenite beneficial for martensite formation can be preserved over the time needed for additional production steps between hot rolling and hardening of leaf springs. Moreover, the deformation of a not recrystallizing austenite may favourably influence the distribution of undesirable tramp elements in spring steels.     

Gigacycle Fatigue Behavior of 1800 MPa Grade High Strength Spring Steel for Automobile Lightweight

Gigacycle fatigue behavior of 60Si2CrVA high strength spring steel was investigated by ultrasonic fatigue test machine. Fatigue fractography was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Maximum inclusion sizes and fatigue strength in different volumes were estimated by statistics of extreme values （SEV） and generalized Pareto distribution （GPD） methods. The results showed that S N curves of 60Si2CrVA spring steels for two rolling processes were not horizontal asymptotes but a gradient in a regime of 109 cycles, and traditional fatigue limits were eliminated. Surface machined topography and inclusions in steel were major factors that led to elimination of fatigue limit for 60Si2CrVA spring steel. The SEV and GPD methods could effectively predict size of the maximum inclusion and fatigue strength in different volumes of 60Si2CrVA spring steel. Predicted fatigue strength was in accordance with experimental results by ultrasonic fatigue testing.     

新型锯片基体用钢51CrV4的研究与开发

 51CrV4钢因具有良好的热处理性能与力学性能,广泛用作为高等级弹簧钢。为改善现有锯片钢的不足,根据51CrV4特有的化学成分,创新性地将其用于制造金刚石焊接锯片基体。通过研究动态CCT曲线,卷取温度对显微组织与第二相析出物的影响,淬火与回火工艺对碳化物尺寸、晶粒尺寸、力学性能的影响,评估了51CrV4钢用于制造金刚石焊接锯片基体的可行性。结果表明：卷取温度升高,先共析铁素体尺寸与珠光体片层间距变大,10 nm粒径以下的(V,Cr)C析出物在MC相析出物中所占的比例减少;淬火温度由800提高到900 ℃时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸先缓慢变化,随后快速长大,固溶的碳化物质量分数增多,回火后锯片硬度增强,而回火温度由450提高到550 ℃时,马氏体板条界片层状渗碳体逐步球化,强度明显下降,塑性小幅提高;设定合适的卷取温度控制热轧态中第二相碳化物的尺寸,并在850～900 ℃淬火、约450 ℃回火是生产高硬度、高韧性51CrV4金刚石焊接锯片的关键工艺。     

60Si2MnA弹簧钢的热变形行为

通过热模拟压缩试验，研究了60Si2MnA弹簧钢高温变形时的力学行为和动态再结晶行为。由实验数据求得了60Si2MnA弹簧钢的热变形激活能，峰值应力，峰值应变以及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系。结果表明，通过动态再结晶能获得细小的晶粒。     

高强度弹簧钢60Si2CrVAT力学性能研究

60Si2CrVAT钢是在国标弹簧钢60Si2CrVA钢种的基础上发展起来的铁道部专用弹簧钢牌号，为了适应铁路弹簧恶劣的工作环境，提高使用寿命，60Si2CrVAT钢对纯净度、伸长率、断面收缩率等质量指标提出了更高的要求。该钢种具有良好的综合力学性能、脱碳倾向低，淬透性高及其他优良的物理、化学性能，主要用于制造高速铁路货车转向架用圆柱螺旋弹簧。随着国民经济的飞速发展，铁道部做出了对干线铁路进行提速的决定，从而对60Si2CrVAT钢的性能提出了更高要求，为了解决这一问题，研究化学元素对60Si2CrVAT弹簧钢的力学性能的影响，通过改变元素构成，提高钢的综合力学性能。     

Effects of Niobium and Vanadium on Hydrogen-Induced Delayed Fracture in High Strength Spring Steel

 Influence of vanadium and/or niobium additions on delayed fracture behavior in high strength spring steel was studied by hydrogen permeation method and slow strain rate technique (SSRT), and its mechanism was analyzed. The results show that apparent diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in microalloyed spring steels Nb V steel and Nb steel is lower than that in non microalloyed steel 60Si2MnA. Percentage of strength reduction in SSRT in air after precharged hydrogen of the microalloyed steels is smaller than that of 60Si2MnA. Addition of the microalloys changes the fracture characteristics. Thence, vanadium and/or niobium additions are a very effective and economy means to improve the hydrogen induced delayed fracture resistance of high strength spring steel.     

两种不同冶金工艺生产的60Si2CrVA弹簧钢的高周疲劳性能

 采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验研究了两种不同冶金工艺生产的60Si2CrVA弹簧钢的高周疲劳破坏行为。结果表明,尽管两种试验料的氧含量接近,但两者夹杂物特征的差异使其疲劳性能存在明显的差异。与采用电炉+LF+VD+CC工艺生产的X8料相比,采用转炉＋LF+RH+CC工艺生产的X6料中的夹杂物数量明显减少,夹杂物尺寸较小,同时还减少了不规则的多棱角富Al2O3夹杂,因而后者的疲劳强度得到明显提高,并具有良好的疲劳寿命稳定性。     

Parameters affecting sag resistance in spring steels

Recent trends toward reducing the weight of automobile suspension springs have led to the development of a number of microalloyed steels and a variety of processing treatments which have claimed to improve the sag resistance of springs while increasing their operating stresses. More often than not, however, the subtle effects of varying levels of hardness and prior austenite grain size, as well as small but significant differences in critical elements such as Si, are over-looked in comparing these new steels with the conventional grades. Hysteresis loops measured in tension (related to the Bauschinger effect) were used to determine the relaxation behavior of a number of microalloyed and standard grade spring steels. The effects of hardness level, austenitizing temperature, prior austenite grain size, and warm prestressing on the Bauschinger hysteresis loops were also established. Silicon was found to be the most important factor influencing the size of the hysteresis loops; the greater the Si content of the steel (up to 2.2 pct), the larger the loops at a given strength level and the greater the expected relaxation resistance of the spring. The standard AISI 9261 steel containing 2.2 pct Si showed the same Bauschinger loops as the microalloyed grades containing Nb and V at the same hardness of 50 HRC.