柑橘皮果胶提取工艺的研究

采用盐酸提取、乙醇沉淀的方法提取柑橘皮中的果胶,通过正交试验研究浸提温度、浸提pH、料液比和浸提时间对柑橘皮果胶提取率的影响。结果表明,柑橘皮果胶提取的最佳工艺条件为:pH 2.0、料液比1∶20(g/mL)、浸提时间90min、浸提温度85℃,柑橘皮果胶的最大提取率为20.12%。     

柑桔皮中果胶的提取工艺研究

通过正交实验法对果胶提取的最佳条件进行探讨,选用HCI水解,得到果胶的最佳提取工艺条件为:T=90℃,t=2.0h,pH=2.0),选用80%乙醇来沉淀果胶,果胶得率为20.3%.并探讨了H:O2对果胶脱色的影响,得出适宜条件为:在室温下,加入4～6mL H2.O2/1OOmL果胶提取液,脱色时间为24～72h.     

柑橘皮水溶性色素超声波提取研究

为优化柑橘皮水溶性色素提取工艺,以碱性复合磷酸盐水溶液为提取溶剂,采用超声波对柑橘皮中水溶性色素进行了提取。以色素收率为考察指标,考察了液料比、提取温度、超声功率和提取时间对色素收率的影响。通过正交实验得到了柑橘皮水溶性色素超声波提取的最佳工艺,液料比为35mL·g-1、提取温度为60℃、超声功率为240W、超声处理时间为30min。在此工艺下,色素提取率高、实验重现性好。      

从柑桔皮中连续提取色素、果胶的工艺研究

研究了以柑桔皮为原料,乙醇浸提色素,酸水解乙醇沉淀法提取果胶的工艺。在实验中用Ｌ９（３＾４）正交实验法对果胶提取的最佳条件进行探讨,对提取酸度,时间、温度等因素在三个不同水平上进行优选实验,以果胶得率＊粘度＝胶凝单元数（ｊｏｉｙｕｎｉｔｓ）作为衡量果胶产量的综合指标。实验中选择乙醇为浸取剂,果胶用盐酸水解,最佳条件：ＰＨ１．５,温度８０℃,时间２ｈ,果胶得率１３．８８％。     

超声波辅助提取柑橘皮色素的工艺研究

以柑橘皮为原料,分别通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了超声波辅助提取柑橘皮色素的工艺条件。试验结果表明,最佳工艺条件为以50%乙醇为提取剂、料液比1∶50(g/mL)、超声波处理温度55℃、超声波处理时间30 min、超声波功率70 W。     

从柑桔皮中提取果胶的工艺研究

研究了以柑桔皮为原料,用乙醇浸提色素,酸水解乙醇沉淀法提取果胶的提取方法。在实验中用 L9(34)正交实验法对果胶提取的最佳条件进行探讨,对提取酸度、时间、温度等因素在三个不同水平上进行优选实验,以果胶得率×粘度 =胶凝单元数 (jeily units)作为衡量果胶产量的综合指标。实验中选择乙醇为浸取剂,果胶用盐酸水解,最佳条件： pH1 5,温度 80℃,时间 2h,果胶得率 13 88％。     

两种微波装置提取柑橘皮总黄酮的工艺比较

分别利用微波化学反应器(简称微化装置)和微波消解/萃取系统(简称微消装置)提取柑橘皮总黄酮。通过L9(34)正交实验设计,以固液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间、微波功率(微化装置)或提取温度(微消装置)为考察因素,分别优化并比较了2种微波装置的提取工艺。微化装置最佳提取工艺条件为:固液比1:30,70%乙醇作提取剂,于240W下微波提取2.0min,此时总黄酮得率为4.72mg/g;微消装置最佳工艺条件为:固液比1:20,70%乙醇作提取剂,于160℃下微波萃取3.0min,此时总黄酮得率为9.15mg/g,得率约为前者的2倍。分析讨论了微消装置得率较高的原因,分别应用2种微波装置提取3个不同品种的柑橘皮样品。结果表明:微消装置提取柑橘皮总黄酮较常规微波辅助提取法更为有效,可用于高效、快速、简便地提取天然产物有效成分。     

柑橘皮中总黄酮提取工艺及降血糖活性的试验研究

研究柑橘皮中总黄酮的提取工艺条件及其降血糖作用。以柑橘皮为原料,通过正交设计试验考察乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间对柑橘皮黄酮提取率的影响,确定最佳的提取工艺条件;采用四氧嘧啶腹腔注射法制造糖尿病小鼠模型,随机分为5组:二甲双胍阳性药物组,模型小鼠溶剂对照组和正常小鼠空白对照组,醇提物高、中、低剂量组,观察柑橘皮中总黄酮的降血糖效果。柑橘皮中总黄酮最佳提取工艺条件为:70%乙醇,料液比1∶20(g/mL),回流提取2次,每次2 h,提取温度85℃,总黄酮提取率为7.68%。动物试验结果表明,模型各组的血糖质量浓度升高,经灌胃以柑橘皮醇提物14 d后,血糖浓度明显下降,而空白组小鼠的血糖值无明显变化。     

纤维素酶及耐高温淀粉酶提取柑橘皮果胶的研究

为提高柑橘皮果胶提取质量,本研究通过单因素及正交试验研究了纤维素酶与耐高温淀粉酶复合酶法对柑橘皮中果胶提取的影响。复合酶提取柑橘皮果胶的最佳工艺条件为:纤维素酶及耐高温淀粉酶的加量为45 U/g柑橘皮粉,pH为5.0,于55℃下提取3.0 h。该条件下提取率为36.48%。     

柑橘皮黄酮石灰水提取工艺及果胶去除效果的研究

以柑橘皮为原料,通过单因素及正交试验优化石灰水法提取柑橘皮黄酮的工艺条件,同时对石灰水提取法、NaOH提取法和乙醇提取法的黄酮得率以及黄酮提取液中的果胶含量进行比较。单因素及正交试验结果表明:以稀释4倍的饱和石灰水为提取剂,液料比为30 mL/g、90℃水浴2 h,黄酮得率最高为(5.15±0.03)mg/g。不同提取法的比较结果表明:石灰水法的黄酮得率与NaOH法相当,高于乙醇法;石灰水法的黄酮提取液中果胶略高于乙醇法,但远低于NaOH法。石灰水法不仅能有效地提取柑橘皮黄酮,也可以降低对杂质果胶的提取率。     

蛋白质水解度测定方法综述

对目前国内外常用的蛋白质水解度测定方法进行了综述，其中pH—state方法是通过滴定水解过程中释放的质子测定DH；OPA、TNBS及国内常用的水合茚三酮和甲醛等测定方法是利用游离氨基的反应测定DH。     

SEROLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN OF SAUSAGE MEATS

SUMMARY: A partially purified immunoglobulin G (lgG) solution prepared from the serum of species to be tested was heated to the specifications for sausages. The resulting supernatant fluid was decanted and the precipitate washed with saline and used to immunize rabbits. The supernatant fluid was used to sensitize tanned sheep red blood cells. The immune serum was rendered monospecific by absorptions with heterologous, heated lgG precipitates. A sample of monospecific immune serum was absorbed with a washed homogenate of sausage. Aliquots of the monospecific immune serum, both untreated and sausage absorbed, were tested with cells sensitized with the homologous heated lgG supematant fluid. A significant reduction of titer by sausage absorption indicated that the sausages contained the meat homologous to the immune serum.     

BASIS OF STABILITY OF AMINE SALTS OF LINOLEIC ACID

SUMMARY— The mechanism and generality of the known stabilization against autoxidation conferred on linoleic acid by certain basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, was investigated. Basic amino acids were the only class of compounds found to confer the effect. However, the smallest basic amino acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, was not effective, nor was αβω-diaminc acid, 3,6-diaminohexanoic acid, although a simple isomer of lysine. The stabilization was observed only in the solid phase. Inclusion of sodium chloride in the solid matrix was deleterious to the effect. A large number of physical and chemical observations were made and correlated but it has not been possible to draw detailed conclusions about the mechanism of stabilization, nor can a detailed structure of the stabilized complex be suggested. The cause of the phenomenon appears to be closely associated with the physical arrangement of the ions in the crystal lattice.     

聚多元羧酸盐的合成及应用

研究了聚多元羧酸盐的合成方法及反应机理,将其应用于洗涤剂和PVC制品中分别代替三聚磷酸钠和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,证明有良好效果。     

百年风尚

一场流光溢彩、赏心悦目的展览,一段百年风尚演进的传奇旅程,一次东西方文化艺术的完美对话。2013年9月13日,“博萃臻艺一中西方珍宝艺术展”在辽宁省博物馆举行了隆重的开幕仪式,法兰西共和国驻华大使白林女士、辽宁省文物局局长丁辉先生、辽宁省博物馆馆长马宝杰先生、卡地亚全球总裁兼首席执行官邓阁仕先生、卡地亚区域行政总裁（北亚洲）陆慧全先生、卡地亚中国区首席执行官陆意斯先生、辽宁省文物店总经理张春鹰先生,以及众多文化界与文博界的贵宾齐聚一堂,共同见证了这场文化艺术盛事。     

STABILITY OF AQUEOUS EMULSIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF HOPS

Hop oil emulsions prepared from different varieties of hops have been found to exhibit enhanced physical stability on the addition of blends of the emulsifiers Span 20/Tween 80 or Span 60/Tween 60. Examination of the particle size and volume distributions of an emulsion by use of a Coulter Counter was found to be an excellent method of monitoring its stability. An indication as to the relative efficiency of emulsifiers can be obtained from Coulter Counter measurements on hop oil emulsions after storage for 4 days. The use of an ultracentrifuge provies a rapid means of testing emulsion stability and hence the effectiveness of emulsion stabilizers.     

DEVELOPMENT OF CHAINS OF CELLS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE DURING FERMENTATION

The lengths of chains of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied during fermentation. Pitching yeast generally contained about half of the total number of cells as two-celled chains. The chain lengths varied during the subsequent fermentation and the variations were characteristic of the strain. Electronic counting assessments of chain length were unreliable.     

ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF NONENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION OF LYSOZYME

The quantitative analysis of the reaction products of the water activity dependent nonenzymatic glycosylation of lysozyme was not straightforward. Difficulties arose in the determination of the number of bound glucose molecules because glycosylation leads to glucose mediated protein aggregation, and the likely presence of a mixture of relatively labile Schiff-base intermediates, and the more stable ketoamine products generated by Amadori rearrangement. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to monitor protein aggregation; periodate oxidation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and oxalic acid hydrolysis combined with HPLC, emerged as the most promising methods to quantitate the degree of glycosylation. Possible interpretations are advanced to explain the apparent discrepancies in degree of glycosylation suggested by the different analytical methods evaluated.     

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF FAT AND OF RATES AND TEMPERATURES OF COMMINUTION ON DISPERSION OF LIPIDS IN FRANKFURTERS

ABSTRACT— The effect of time, temperature and rpm of comminution of emulsions was determined on the dispersion of approximately 25% of beef fat, pork fat or cottonseed oil in frankfurters. The numbers of lipid particles 5 μ or less in diameter increased in frankfurters containing either beef or pork fat as comminution was continued to higher temperatures, with pork fat dispersed more thoroughly. Fat tended to separate from frankfurters containing beef fat in particles 200 μ or more in diameter. In contrast, no specific degree of dispersion of particles 5 μ or less in diameter consistently indicated emulsion stability, or its lack. Increased rpm during comminution produced an increased dispersion of beef or pork fat. Under the same conditions pork fat was dispersed more finely than beef fat. Dispersion of cottonseed oil produced finely dispersed particles beyond the resolution of light microscopy, as was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed a substantial number of particles to be less than 1 μ in diameter.     

矩阵乘积的行式,列式

给出了ｍ×ｍ矩阵与ｍ×ｎ矩阵的行（列）式的表达式．若Ａ＝ａ１１ａ１２…ａ１ｍａ２１ａ２２…ａ２ｍ……ａｍ１ａｍ２…ａｍｍＢ＝ｂ１１ｂ１２…ｂ１ｎｂ２１ｂ２２…ｂ２ｎ……ｂｍ１ｂｍ２…ｂｍｎ分别是ｍ×ｍ，ｍ×ｎ矩阵，则｜Ａ｜｜Ｂ｜＝｜ＡＢ｜＋∑ｉ１＜ｉ２＜…＜ｉｔｊ１＜ｊ２＜…＜ｊｔ１≤ｔ≤ｍｎ－ｔ≥ｍＮＢｉ１ｉ２…ｉｔｊ１ｊ２…ｊｔＮＡＢ１…ｍ（－１）ｓｔ＋１ｊｔ＋１…（－１）ｓｎｊｎ其中ｉ１，ｉ２，…，ｉｔ是１，２，…，ｍ中ｔ个数码；ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｔ＋１，…，ｊｎ是１，２，…，ｎ的一个排列；ｓｒ＝π（ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ）（ｒ＝１，２，…，ｎ）是排列ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ的反序数．