淬火油的再生处理

对已老化变质的淬火油进行了测试分析，发现根据具体情况采取不同措施可对老化变质淬火油进行再生处理，提高其冷却特性，满足了工件淬火质量要求，使淬火油使用寿命得到了延长。     

UCON E型淬火介质在大模块工件上的应用

测定和分析了包括UCONE在内的几种冷却介质的冷却速度,讨论了UCONE淬火剂的应用技术问题,如介质浓度、温度以及消耗量和环境因素等。结果表明,UCONE水基淬火剂在低温区的冷却性能接近油,可作为油的代用介质。经多年生产实践,证明浓度为15％的UCONE水基淬火剂可用于模具钢、结构钢等大件的淬火处理,并取得良好的效果。     

淬火油冷却性能的评定方法

1.前言淬火油用于淬火操作过程中的冷却。淬火所采用的冷却剂,除了淬火油之外,还可用水、水溶性淬火剂、盐浴等。但就冷却性能的稳定、使用方便和处理成本来说,淬火油在冷却剂中仍占主导地位。以淬火油为主的冷却剂的冷却性能评定方法有 JIS 冷却性能测试法和ASTM 淬火表测定法等。我国通常采用前一种测试方法。因此,首先对用 JIS 测试法所测得的 JIS 冷却曲线加以说明,然后再对用 JIS 冷却曲线来判定淬火油的冷却性能时所需注意的问题等作进一步的说明。与此同时,为了得到稳定的淬火结果,需要将淬火油冷却性能的     

稀土淬火油的开发与应用

介绍了淬火油稀土催冷添加剂的合成与调合工艺以及对淬火油理化性能、冷却性能和淬火工艺性能的影响。在淬火油中添加一定比例的稀土油溶性添加剂可明显改善淬火油冷却性能,工件采用该油调质淬火可提高其综合机械性能。     

LKZT淬火油添加剂用于搓丝板硬化处理

曾对9SiCr钢搓丝板进行过N15机械油与好富顿K油淬火冷却效果的对比，又进行过N15机械油中添加LKZT淬火油添加剂不同含量的淬火冷却效果的对比。两次试验对比的优胜者──好富顿K油和添加4％LKZT添加剂的N15机械油在本次试验对比中，前者在淬火态试样表层显现略微优势，回火后则后者明显胜过前者。     

两种淬火油对板簧热处理质量影响的研究

通过对N32机油和今禹Y15-Ⅱ快速光亮淬火油的冷却特性的对比研究．以及对采用两种油进行的60Si2Mn和50CrVA钢样品淬火冷却后的组织性能分析，研究了两种油对板簧热处理质量的影响。实验结果表明，N32机油的高温冷却速度不足是其不适于有效厚度大于12mm的60Si2Mn板簧淬火的原因。而今禹Y15-Ⅱ快速光亮淬火油的蒸汽膜阶段短，高温冷却速度较快，有足够的低温冷却速度，能够满足14mm以下厚度的60Si2Mn和20mm左右50CrVA板簧淬火。     

对自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点的研究

从自来水淬火时工件容易淬裂、硬度不均且畸变大等现象，列出了自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点：一是低温冷却速度太快，二是冷却特性对水温变化太敏感。分析了自来水第二大缺点引起淬火硬度不均和畸变的原因。通过与气态介质的对比，指出了液态淬火介质共同的两类缺点：一是任何确定的液态介质，其冷却速度的可调节范围都很有限，以致同一个车间必须配备普通淬火油、中速淬火油和高速淬火油，才能满足不同工件的需要；二是工件从蒸汽膜阶段到沸腾阶段期间，冷却速度突然增大，可能引起较大的淬火畸变。提供了克服液态淬火介质第二类缺点的七类技术方法。     

提高淬火油使用寿命的措施

采取防止和减少淬火油外来污染、合理使用和管理好淬火油、定期检测淬火油冷却性能等措施,可以减缓淬火油变质和老化的速度,从而提高淬火油的使用寿命;对已发生变质和老化的淬火油进行再生,可以恢复其使用性能,延长其使用寿命.     

聚合物水基淬火介质在锻造冷作模具钢上的应用

本文详细介绍了锻造冷作模具钢Cr12、Cr12Mo、Cr12MoV和Cr12Mo1V1的性能、热处理工艺和用途。并指出Cr12MoV钢最适合用于制造轧制焊接钢管模具,具有使用寿命长、性价比高的优点。重点论述了金润宝ZFQ-A型和ZFQ-BI类油聚合物水基淬火介质和ZFQ-BIIPAG聚合物水基淬火介质的冷却特性,三种水溶性淬火介质的最大冷却速度为15~151℃/s,300℃冷却速度为6.4~47.4℃/s。基本上满足各种高碳高铬铸铁(以Cr26为代表、中碳中合金钢和高碳高合金钢零件淬火工艺)的需要。其中15%浓度ZFQ-BI型类油聚合物水基淬火介质,成功地代替了淬火油,用于Cr12MoV焊接钢管轧辊的淬火。BI型类油聚合物15%水溶液与普通淬火油的冷却特性十分接近,最大冷却速度分别为64.2℃/s和83.5℃/s,300℃冷却速度分别为5.9℃/s和6.5℃/s。在马氏体转变阶段,产生的应力非常小,工件不发生开裂。     

根据淬火油的使用条件鉴别其传热系数

淬火介质的传热系数对于热处理模拟是必要的。淬火油的冷却特性根据它们的种类和用途而有很大变化。用户根据所要求的硬度和变形量要求来选择合适的淬火油。特别是通过搅拌和减压可提高冷却性能。因此，我们根据淬火油的用途和种类鉴别其传热系数。冷却特性因淬火油种类的不同而有很大的改变。不同种类淬火油冷却特性的差异主要取决于沸腾的温度范围和最大传热系数。另一方面，在对流阶段，在沸腾期，冷却特性没有什么变化。即使改变淬火油温度，传热系数也没有明显的变化。当淬火油被搅拌时，蒸汽膜和对流期的传热系数增大，但是沸腾期的传热系数仅略有变化。当淬火油被减压时，具有高传热系数的温度区域向低温侧移动。此外，蒸汽膜期的传热系数下降。为了提高热处理模拟精度，遵照现场使用的实际情况计算传热系数乃至为重要。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。