The fundamentals of pediatric patient and disease management

We have reported that increases in lipid peroxide (LPO) formation, nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) oxidation, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity and a decrease in constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) activity in the gastric mucosa of rats with water immersion restraint (WIR) stress are closely related to gastric mucosal lesion development. Peroxynitrite, which is produced by the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with superoxide anion, can initiate intracellular LPO formation and NP-SH oxidation, resulting in producing an extreme cellular membrane damage. In this study, the relation of changes in cNOS and iNOS activities to LPO formation and NP-SH oxidation was examined in the gastric mucosa of rats with WIR stress. An increase in iNOS activity, but not a decrease in cNOS activity, correlated well with an increase in LPO concentration (r = 0.750) and NP-SH concentration (r = -0.808) in the gastric mucosa of rats with WIR stress. In addition, the above-mentioned changes in iNOS activity and LPO and NP-SH concentrations with lesion development in the gastric mucosa of rats with WIR stress were attenuated with both prevention of the lesion development and an increase in the concentration of gastric mucosal nitrite/nitrate, the breakdown products of NO, by pretreatment with aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor. These results suggest that in the gastric mucosa of WIR-stressed rats, NO produced by increased iNOS could contribute to enhanced LPO formation and NP-SH oxidation, resulting in lesion development.     

Clinical features of pediatric Beh?et''s disease

Ageing affects the mechanical properties of skin. Studies using objective measurements on facial skin have been rare and yielded contradictory information. In the present study, the age-related changes occurring in the mechanical properties of facial skin were reviewed using a computerized suction method. A total of 200 healthy women, aged from 17 to 68 years, were enrolled. Data show a significant increase in skin extensibility and a significant decline in elasticity with ageing. These changes become obvious in women approaching 40 years.     

A university-based predoctoral practicum in pediatric psychology.

Discusses the development of the clinical practicum in terms of its history and function. The practicum has become a year-long option within a Boulder-model training program in clinical psychology. The source and nature of the referrals, the intervention strategies, and the development of community relationships are presented. It is concluded that pediatric psychology at a practicum level can be a valuable clinical training and research experience within a clinical psychology training program. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitudes of pediatric nephrologists to management of end-stage renal disease in infants

2-Ketoaldonate reductase, which is involved in ketogluconate catabolism, was purified to homogeneity from Brevibacterium ketosoreductum ATCC21914. The enzyme was found to catalyze the reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate to 5-keto-D-gluconate, and to a lesser extent, 2-keto-D-gluconate to D-gluconate, and 2-keto-L-gluconate to L-idonate. The molecular mass of the reductase was 35 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 72 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that the native enzyme may exist as a dimer. The reductase was optimally active at pH 6.0 with NADPH as a preferred electron donor. The pI of 4.7 was measured for the enzyme. The apparent Km for 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate and NADPH were 5 microM and 10 microM, respectively. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence was NH2-Ala-Ser-Ile-Ser-Val-Ser-Val-Pro-Ser-Ala- Arg-Leu-Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu-Ser-Asp-Ile-Glu.     

Clinical psychology programs in the universities.

Questions G. W. Albee's (see record 1971-08263-001) conclusions concerning the desirability of training clinical psychologists in arts and sciences graduate schools; the psychiatric setting as inappropriate for apprenticeships; and the incompatibility of scientist-professional models. Rather, the proper meld of scientist-professional characteristics may offer the greatest hope for clinical psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology in Poland.

Discusses the history and current practice of clinical psychology in Poland, focusing on recent developmental trends and the educational standards and practices used in the training of Polish clinical psychologists. The preparation of students for the Magister (master's degree) in clinical psychology includes basic courses in psychology, specialization in 1 of 4 clinical areas (adult clinical, child clinical, neuropsychology, or forensic psychology), sensitivity training, and on-site practicum training. Doctoral work includes research and often emphasizes teaching more than in the US. Settings in which clinical psychologists work, programs in which they are involved, and the orientation or style of their work are described. Differences in psychological practices between Eastern and Western countries are examined in the context of sociocultural and political differences. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology in Britain.

"Clinical psychology in Britain is a postwar development." Clinical psychology in the National Health Service is discussed in a major section of the article. "The past decade has… seen a rapid growth of clinical psychology in Britain from small beginnings. In 1945, 77 members of the British Psychological Society were identified as a group of professional psychologists in the field of mental health. Today some 400 are members of this group. "Psychologists in Britain have been vigorous in shaping their professional status. Training facilities are being extended and efforts made to extend them further. Higher degrees are encouraged. The structure of the psychological service is flexible, and adjustments have been made in response to new demands. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Decrease in costs for management of lower airway disease in the pediatric intensive care unit

PURPOSE: Hypertensive patients exhibit exaggerated cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation. This study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory effects of calcium channel blockers, nicardipine and diltiazem, on haemodynamic changes after tracheal extubation. METHODS: Sixty hypertensive patients (ASA physical status II) undergoing elective orthopaedic (upper and lower extremity) surgery received, in a randomized, double-blind manner, 30 micrograms.kg-1 nicardipine, 0.2 mg.kg-1 diltiazem or saline (as a control) (n = 20 of each) i.v. before tracheal extubation. Changes in heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rate-pressure product (RPP) were measured before and after tracheal extubation. RESULTS: The HR, MAP and RPP increased after tracheal extubation in the control group (P < 0.05). The increases in these haemodynamic variables were attenuated with nicardipine or diltiazem. The inhibitory effects of diltiazem on these cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation were greater than those of nicardipine (HR; 86 +/- 7 vs 101 +/- 10, RPP; 11,437 +/- 1,575 vs 14,675 +/- 2,874, mean +/- SD, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with nicardipine, administration of diltiazem produced greater attenuating the circulatory responses to tracheal extubation in hypertensive patients.     

Future directions in pediatric and clinical child psychology.

Examined future directions in pediatric and clinical child psychology, utilizing a "Delphi" survey of 80 experts. Experts were asked to identify future trends in research, training, and clinical service. Findings suggest considerable overlap for the two subspecialties. Differences were predominantly related to the characteristics of the settings within which the professionals practiced. Implications with regard to research, training, and clinical service are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology specialist training in the Army.

In recent years, the problem of training the psychological worker who does not hold the doctorate has received considerable attention in the pages of the American Psychologist (3, 5). Owing to a shortage of clinicians with the PhD, the Army has utilized specialists, possessing limited but useful technical skills in clinical psychology, who work under the supervision of fully qualified psychologists. This paper is a report on the program conducted by the Army to train these specialists. It is offered as a contribution to the general discussion of subprofessional training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology abroad.

Clinical psychology, in common with its sister sciences, knows no national boundaries. Current journals, texts, and international congresses reflect steadily expanding horizons of scientific and professional interests that effectively transcend geographical, linguistic, and ideological barriers. These very brief, nontechnical observations of clinical psychology abroad will be limited to some recent trends noted in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe, including the Soviet Union. The observations are based, in varying degree, on a cursory survey of recent publications, informal correspondence, and fleeting conversations during the Brussels International Congress and other travels abroad. No claims are made for complete accuracy or all-inclusiveness; a process of "selective perception" may be assumed, both here and in earlier comments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role of the industrial hygienist. Evaluation and management of occupational skin disease

The industrial hygienist provides an important resource for the prevention of occupational skin disease and injury. This is accomplished by the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of dermal hazards in the workplace. The industrial hygienist can assess and control dermal hazards before the occurrence of injury or disease. For instances in which injury has occurred, the industrial hygienist can assist the physician in determining the cause as well as developing and implementing controls to reduce or eliminate the problem.     

Perioperative management of the pediatric patient

Children are not just small adults. Perioperative nurses working with pediatric patients plan nursing interventions based on established principles of perioperative practice as well as incorporating concepts of growth and development relating to the child. A thorough assessment of the pediatric patient prior to surgery enables the perioperative nurse to plan for the surgical procedure, modifying as need be for the individual patient's specific needs. With adequate preparation, communication, and emotional support, the pediatric surgical experience can be positive for the child, parents, and perioperative team.     

Clinical health psychology: A health care specialty in professional psychology.

Clinical health psychology is a specialty recognized by both the American Board of Professional Psychology and the American Psychological Association. Clinical health psychology focuses on psychological and behavioral components of illness and health and promotes the understanding of psychology as a health profession. In this article the author reviews its definition, provides a brief overview of practice in the specialty, addresses its relevance for practitioners, and notes sample resources for further study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology and the nature of evidence.

"Can a clinician, as an applied member of the field of psychology, call himself a scientist?" Historical and philosophical aspects of issues implied by the question are discussed. Major sections are Recent History and What is Science? (Two Kinds of Evidence, The Function of Evidence in Therapy). Clinicians "are and must remain scientists, must subject their hypotheses to public trial, and must keep in touch with other points of view (the larger body of scientific knowledge)." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology and the emergence of psychotherapy.

This article examines the relationship between clinical psychology and psychotherapy and describes the difficulties experienced by clinical psychologists in obtaining training in therapy before the development of doctoral programs in the clinical specialization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology and evolutionary psychology: Toward a dialogue.

The growth of evolutionary psychology as a theoretical framework for the study of human behavior has been spectacular. However, evolutionary psychology has been largely ignored by clinical psychology. This article is an attempt to encourage greater dialogue between the two. First, some of the major principles of evolutionary psychology are outlined, followed by consideration of some of the criticisms that have been made of this approach. Second, an attempt is made to trace the influence of evolutionary theory on the history and development of clinical psychology. Third, the authors describe how an evolutionary perspective has enhanced the understanding and study of autism and depression. Finally, some implications of an evolutionary perspective for etiological theory, assessment, treatment, and ethics are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology and logic.

The application of certain forms of formal logic to the thought processes involved in knowing the other person can result in increasing our understanding of the clinical process and also supply a scientific underpinning for the field. "The logical problem involved in clinical psychology is this: The making of inferences about experiences from overt behavior." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology in Britain: Comment.

B. A. Maher's article about clinical psychology in Britain (see record 1958-03576-001) shows the dangers of generalizations based on inadequate data and on a lack of familiarity with the frame of reference to which the data belong. Here it is intended to point out some of the fallacious inferences drawn by Maher from his limited observations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)