符号互动论视域下的视觉设计原理

从符号互动理论的视角看,视觉设计作品实践中设计者与他者的互动既是两者以设计作品为媒介的主体间交往过程,又是两者对共通的意义空间进行双向建构的生成过程,也是两者完善自我与整合分歧的过程.当前许多视觉设计者面临陷入设计作品同质化高且作品单薄无意义的困境中,单向度的社会互动和形式化的互动思维,都在一定程度上造成视觉设计者高质量作品的生成.符号互动论的基本概念涉及符号与情境,对视觉设计者生成高质量的作品,该理论可以提供新的思路和理论指导.     

交互设计中的行为分析在社区公共设施的应用

目的 分析当前城市公共空间设施的非正规使用现象,探索交互设计理念对提升社区公共空间设施质量的作用.方法 以使用者的行为分析为基础,深度解读使用者的行为习惯及其规律,并引入"产品交互设计"理念,强调"环境—产品—人—产品—人—环境"的循环设计思想,加强公共设施在设计过程中与使用者的互动;并通过行为分析结果,指导公共设施的产品原型设计,继而把产品原型投放使用,在一定的周期内观察记录,得出产品的使用后评价报告,以及公共设施的优化方案,供决策者和设计者参考.结论 交互设计理念中的行为分析能为设计者提供科学的数据,帮助设计者深入了解使用者的需求,有效促进产品设计的科学性,对提升公共空间产品设计有重要意义.     

图片刺激对设计者概念生成策略的影响研究

目的探讨设计者在不同图片的刺激作用下概念生成策略的差异。方法设计实验,观察设计者在不同类型图片刺激下的设计概念输出,使用拓展链接图工具对设计者问题空间的发展过程进行可视化,通过分析概念数量、链接数量以及活跃度变化等指标对设计者响应图片刺激的结果进行分类。结论设计者对刺激物距离有自身的偏好,近距离活跃型设计者通过研究与设计主题距离相近的刺激物来设计知识活跃的产生概念,而远距离刺激活跃型设计者擅长从抽象的图片刺激中提取适合设计主题的元素来产生概念。提供合适距离的刺激物可以引导设计者进行活跃的设计构思过程。     

导视系统形态设计在景观设计中的应用研究

导视系统形态设计在景观设计中的应用,可帮助设计者从空间环境、地域文化等方面对景观设计内容加以分析和探讨,并提炼其中有用元素,完善设计内容,凸显景观的独特性、艺术性特征,满足不同人群的需求.不过现阶段,导视系统形态设计在景观设计中的应用存在弱化现象,有必要加大研究力度,将其与景观设计紧密结合起来,从而提高设计水平.     

基于SEM-KE的校园共享打印机设计研究

目的 为了提供更好的校园生活,提升校园共享打印机的用户体验,提出以结构方程模型(Structural Equation Modeling,SEM)和感性工学(Kansei Enigneering,KE)进行设计分析,从而帮助设计者准确获取用户的复合需求。方法 首先,运用语义差分法和聚类分析构建用户感性意象空间,并以形态分析法和正交试验设计构建产品形态要素空间,借助感性工学生成用户感性意象空间和产品形态要素空间的映射关系,进而形成设计知识库;其次,运用类目层次法获取感性层级与设计要素,再通过结构方程模型构建用户感性意象空间和信息条目编码空间的映射关系,根据模型路径分析得到设计策略;最后,形成设计知识和策略的关联模型。结果 通过设计知识和策略指导设计者进行校园共享打印机的设计应用。结论 通过将感性工学与结构方程模型有效结合,进一步完善校园共享打印机的设计研究,并为相关的用户体验设计提供一定理论参考。     

园林设计中水景的运用探讨

水景是园林设计中重要的景观元素,它在组织空间、表达设计意境及功能需要等方面具有不可替代的作用,理解和掌握它的特性,有助于设计者更好把握水景设计与设计意图的表达。本文对水景的作用和设计作一分析,供大家参考。     

纪念性建筑空间的设计构思和发展研究

本文通过解读发表在《建筑学报》上的从1954年到2007年的67篇文章内容,考察设计者在纪念性环境设计中对人与环境关系的构想。并在此基础上,深入地探讨了五十年间设计师对纪念性空间氛围和环境营造变化的脉络,和设计构思中的空间序列的安排,为今后纪念性空间设计提供依据和参考。     

设计中的情感困惑

空间中存在情感 一间优雅闲适的餐厅，放置一张大桌子，人与桌子的关系，除使用之外，也可以产生很多联想，如想到与家人、亲友、恋人相聚的情景，那是一种创造启迪连带的意识气氛，使人产生丰富情感。对这间茶室产生无限遐想，我们说这是一个有情感的空间。设计者对和谐的家庭的理解和美好生活的向往，空间被输入了情感，而使用者读到了这份情感。这是在一次家装设计中，对情感在空间设计中的位置引起的思考，而且深入思考，这种思想在设计中是非常重要的。     

动画艺术创作中五点透视法的绘制方法探究

动画艺术是时间与空间的艺术,随着现代影视动画技术的发展,在设计理念、制作技术、效果呈现等方面,都更趋向于从二维平面走向三维空间与四维时间的探索。因此,设计者在角色表演的场合与环境上应更加关注对时间与空间的塑造,这就要求动画设计者重点着眼于动漫场景的设计与绘制,而画面的透视效果直接影响到环境,文章阐述了曲线透视中的五点透视法在动画创作中的运用。     

视觉媒体设计中视觉思维的运用

视觉媒体设计是近年来发展很快的一个工业设计的研究领域之一。视觉媒体设计独特的视觉空间和心理空间的表现技术,把对过去经验的体验提升到对虚拟的现实体验,其目的,首先就是经由视觉形象准确地传达信息内容--从设计者角度来说,视觉形象有其他信息传递方式,没有天然优势:从受众角度来说,视觉心理左右受众对信息的接受程度,设计阶段对视觉因素的关注,往往能够起到事半功倍的效果。     

A complete plane strain fictitious stress boundary element method for poroelastic media

A fully coupled generalized plane strain boundary element model for determining the distribution of stress and pore pressure around underground openings in poroelastic media is developed. It is based on the indirect boundary element method of fictitious stress extended to complete plane strain analysis. New fundamental solutions for longitudinal forces were derived for the development of the model which uses elements with a constant variation of fictitious forces and sources in both space and time. As an example, the problem of a borehole drilled in an arbitrary direction in a triaxial stress field is considered. The results indicate that the fictitious stress method is an accurate and suitable means for complete plane strain poroelastic analyses of underground openings.     

A BEM based domain decomposition method for nonlinear analysis of elastic space membranes

In this paper the Domain Decomposition Method (DDM) is developed for nonlinear analysis of both flat and space elastic membranes of complicated geometry which may have holes. The domain of the projection of the membrane on the xy plane is decomposed into non-overlapping subdomains and the membrane problem is solved sequentially in each subdomain starting from zero displacements on the virtual boundaries. The procedure is repeated until the traction continuity conditions are also satisfied on the virtual boundaries. The membrane problem in each subdomain is solved using the Analog Equation Method (AEM). According to this method the three coupled strongly nonlinear partial differential equations, governing the response of the membrane, are replaced by three uncoupled linear membrane equations (Poisson's equations) subjected to fictitious sources under the same boundary conditions. The fictitious sources are established using a meshless BEM procedure. Example problems are presented, for both flat and space membranes, which illustrate the method and demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy.     

Two-dimensional solidification in a cylindrical mold with imperfect mold contact

A two-dimensional axisymmetric problem of solidification of a superheated liquid in a long cylindrical mold has been studied in this paper by employing a new embedding technique. The mold and the melt has an imperfect contact and the heat transfer coefficient has been taken as a function of space and time. Short-time exact analytical solutions for the moving boundary and temperature distributions in the liquid, solid and mold have been obtained. The numerical results indicate that with the present solution, for some parameter values, substantial solidified thickness can be obtained. The method of solution is simple and straightforward, and consists of assuming fictitious initial temperatures for some suitable fictitious extensions of the actual regions. Sufficient conditions for the commencement of the solidification have been discussed.     

A Fictitious Time Integration Method for Multi-Dimensional Backward Heat Conduction Problems

In this article, we propose a new numerical approach for solving these multi-dimensional nonlinear and nonhomogeneous backward heat conduction problems (BHCPs). A fictitious time t is employed to transform the dependent variable u(x, y, z, t) into a new one by (1+t)u(x, y, z, t)=: v(x, y, z, t, t), such that the original nonlinear and nonhomogeneous heat conduction equation is written as a new parabolic type partial differential equation in the space of (x, y, z, t, t). In addition, a fictitious viscous damping coefficient can be used to strengthen the stability of numerical integration of the discretized equations by utilizing a group preserving scheme. Six numerical experiments illustrate that the present algorism can be employed to recover the initial data very well. Even under the very large noisy final data, the fictitious time integration method is also robust against noise.     

Perfectly matched anisotropic layer for the numerical analysis ofunbounded eddy-current problems

An extension of the perfectly matched layer (PML) technique in quasi-static fields is developed. The new low frequency PML is based on a fictitious medium with diagonal tensor anisotropy. On the basis of a theoretical investigation, the material properties of the anisotropic layer are specified, so that it will be reflectionless for an arbitrary eddy-current field that may exist in free space. Furthermore, the PML is designed in such a way that outgoing eddy-current fields are sufficiently absorbed. The effectiveness of the low-frequency PML is validated by the implementation of the finite-element solution of a simple two-dimensional eddy-current problem as well as a more complicated three-dimensional one     

A Fictitious Time Integration Method for Multi-Dimensional Backward Wave Problems

We address a new numerical approach to deal with these multi-dimensional backward wave problems (BWPs) in this study. A fictitious time τ is utilized to transform the dependent variable u(x, y, z, t) into a new one by (1+τ)u(x, y, z, t)=: v(x, y, z, t, τ), such that the original wave equation is written as a new hyperbolic type partial differential equation in the space of (x, y, z, t, τ). Besides, a fictitious viscous damping coefficient can be employed to strengthen the stability of numerical integration of the discretized equations by using a group preserving scheme. Several numerical instances demonstrate that the present scheme can be utilized to retrieve the initial wave very well. Even though the noisy final data are very large, the fictitious time integration method is also robust against disturbance.     

An indirect boundary element method for three-dimensional dynamic fracture mechanics

Indirect boundary element methods (fictitious load and displacement discontinuity) have been developed for the analysis of three-dimensional elastostatic and elastodynamic fracture mechanics problems. A set of boundary integral equations for fictitious loads and displacement discontinuities have been derived. The stress intensity factors were obtained by the stress equivalent method for static loading. For dynamic loading the problem was studied in Laplace transform space where the numerical calculation procedure, for the stress intensity factor K_I(p), is the same: as that for the static problem. The Durbin inversion method for Laplace transforms was used to obtain the stress intensity factors in the time domain K_I(t). Results of this analysis are presented for a square bar, with either a rectangular or a circular crack, under static and dynamic loads.     

A PARTICLE TRACKING TECHNIQUE FOR THE LAGRANGIAN–EULERIAN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN MULTI-DIMENSIONS

This paper presents a multi-dimensional particle tracking technique for applying the Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method to solve transport equations in transient-state simulations. In the Lagrangian– Eulerian approach, the advection term is handled in the Lagrangian step so that the associated numerical errors can be considerably reduced. It is important to have an adequate particle tracking technique for computing advection accurately in the Lagrangian step. The particle tracking technique presented here is designed to trace fictitious particles in the real-world flow field where the flow velocity is either measured or computed at a limited number of locations. The technique, named ‘in-element’ particle tracking, traces fictitious particles on an element-by-element basis. Given a velocity field, a fictitious particle is traced one element by one element until either a boundary is encountered or the available time is completely consumed. For the tracking within an element, the element is divided into a desired number of subelements with the interpolated velocity computed at all nodes of the subelements. A fictitious particle, thus, is traced one subelement by one subelement within the element. The desired number of subelements can be determined based on the complexity of the flow field being considered. The more complicated the flow field is, the more subelements are needed to achieve accurate particle tracking results. A single-velocity approach can be used to efficiently perform particle tracking in a smooth flow field, while an average-velocity approach can be employed to increase the tracking accuracy for more complex flow fields.     

斜放四角锥网架的拟夹层板分析法

本文把斜放四角锥网架连续化为构造上的夹层板来分析。在拟夹层板的计算模型中,既考虑了板的横向剪切变形,又考虑了板的弯曲变形与平面变形的偶合作用,从而较好地反映了这种网架的受力状态。文中给出了斜放四角锥网架拟夹层板的基本方程式,它可归纳为对于一个广义位移函数w的十阶偏微分方程式,并给出了拟板内力换算成网架杆件内力的一般计算公式。对于常用的周边简支网架,求得了基本方程式的解析解,并根据某些主要参数、编制了内力、位移计算用表。此外,指出了所谓假想弯矩法,是本文方法的一个退化了的特例。     

A new fictitious time for the dynamic relaxation (DXDR) method

This paper addresses the development of the DXDR method by introducing a modified fictitious time (MFT) increment. The MFT is determined by minimizing the residual force after each iteration. The rank of the convergence rate shows the advantage of the new method. The results obtained from plate and truss analyses demonstrate the potential of the new method. It is shown that, compared with a unit fictitious time, the MFT is more efficient, especially during the initial iterations. Moreover, MFT does not impose any additional constraints on the DXDR method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.