感应熔覆原位自生TiC增强钛基复合涂层的纳米力学性能

为揭示感应熔覆原位TiC/Ti复合涂层微观结构与力学性能的对应关系，利用单一纳米压痕测试方法研究涂层内不同相结构的纳米力学性能变化规律，利用点阵压痕测试方法研究涂层微区结构的力学性能。单一压痕结果显示原位TiC增强相的纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量分别为21.3 GPa和275 GPa,富α-Ti与富β-Ti区域的基质相平均纳米硬度分别为4 GPa和6 GPa,平均弹性模量分别为130 GPa和155 GPa。点阵压痕与单一压痕测试结果之间具有较好的对应关系，对点阵纳米压痕测试结果进行三峰高斯拟合得到的最小峰值代表了涂层基质相的力学性能，中间峰值反映涂层的综合力学性能，最大峰值因受增强体尺寸与压痕位置的影响低于原位TiC增强体的真实力学性能。在考虑涂层微观结构与增强体尺寸的情况下，通过合理设置点阵压痕测试条件，选择适当的测试区域，可以在获得原位钛基复合涂层不同相结构真实力学性能的同时，揭示涂层的综合性能。     

感应熔覆原位自生TiC增强钛基复合涂层的纳米力学性能EI北大核心

为揭示感应熔覆原位TiC/Ti复合涂层微观结构与力学性能的对应关系,利用单一纳米压痕测试方法研究涂层内不同相结构的纳米力学性能变化规律,利用点阵压痕测试方法研究涂层微区结构的力学性能。单一压痕结果显示原位TiC增强相的纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量分别为21.3 GPa和275 GPa,富α-Ti与富β-Ti区域的基质相平均纳米硬度分别为4 GPa和6 GPa,平均弹性模量分别为130 GPa和155 GPa。点阵压痕与单一压痕测试结果之间具有较好的对应关系,对点阵纳米压痕测试结果进行三峰高斯拟合得到的最小峰值代表了涂层基质相的力学性能,中间峰值反映涂层的综合力学性能,最大峰值因受增强体尺寸与压痕位置的影响低于原位TiC增强体的真实力学性能。在考虑涂层微观结构与增强体尺寸的情况下,通过合理设置点阵压痕测试条件,选择适当的测试区域,可以在获得原位钛基复合涂层不同相结构真实力学性能的同时,揭示涂层的综合性能。     

氟金云母微晶玻璃陶瓷的动态本构关系及断裂机理研究

为了研究氟金云母微晶玻璃陶瓷的动态力学性能及断裂机理,利用高速液压伺服材料试验机进行了动态压缩实验,得到试样中等应变速率下的动态力学参数,结果表明该陶瓷材料具有明显的应变率效应,并基于损伤力学理论,得到了该材料的弹脆性动态损伤本构方程。通过对试样断口微观形貌的SEM观测,并结合纳米压痕实验,分析了材料的断裂机理。从试样断口的宏观和微观形貌可得:材料断裂方式为脆性解理断裂,云母相与玻璃相交界面存在大量沿晶微裂纹;由纳米压痕实验验证了两相之间弱界面的存在,微裂纹最早成核于两相交界处,并沿弱界面扩展,成核载荷为20 mN。     

纳米压痕技术应用于水泥基材料的研究进展

水泥基复合材料作为一种重要的土木工程材料,在国民经济建设中起着举足轻重的作用。目前人们对于其力学性能的研究主要集中于抗压、抗折等宏观力学性能,相比之下,对其微观力学性能的研究较少。鉴于材料的宏观力学性能很大程度上依赖于其微观结构及微观力学性能,因此,从微观层面去探究水泥基材料的性能机理已成为目前研究的热点之一。随着材料微观测试技术的发展,目前纳米压痕技术已成为最先进的定量表征水泥基材料微观力学性能的测试手段。然而水泥基材料是一种非均质材料,其水化产物含有多种成分,导致人们在物相划分和定量分析时常常受到经验性的束缚,因此水泥基材料的性能远未达到人们预期的要求。通过极大似然或最小二乘法对压痕数据进行解卷积处理,可实现实验结果定量化,大大地改变了之前人为划分物相引起的不准确性的状况,使得研究问题的方法提升到一个新的高度。纳米压痕技术不仅可以测试水泥熟料成分(硅酸三钙(C_3S)、硅酸二钙(C_2S)、铝酸三钙(C_3A)等)的弹性模量和硬度,还可测试水泥基材料水化产物(不同密度的水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-S-H)、氢氧化钙(CH)等)的微观力学性能及水化产物未填充的孔隙。通过改变实验加载制度,尤其是持荷的停留时间,能够在很短的时间内测得微观蠕变模量并且可以定量预测水泥基材料的宏观徐变性能;将其与其他微观测试手段(SEM、EDS等)联用来揭示水泥基材料紧密混合相的微观力学性质,能够区分出具有强烈重叠微观力学性质的化学相,这使得纳米压痕技术成为更精确的物相分析方法;通过观测界面过渡区微观结构的变化情况,可以为界面过渡区强度理论提供一定的理论补充和技术支持。本文主要介绍了纳米压痕技术的基本原理和样品制备,并从纳米压痕技术研究水泥基材料水化产物分相及微观力学特性、蠕变性能以及界面特性三个方面阐述了其在水泥基材料中的研究现状和相关成果,对目前研究中存在的问题进行了分析,并展望了其在水泥基材料研究中的发展趋势,以期为它更广泛深入地检测和研究水泥基材料微观性能提供参考。     

双相钢拼焊板温拉伸力学性能及组织分析

为了揭示温变形工艺参数对双相钢拼焊板宏观力学性能及组织演变的影响规律,在不同变形温度和应变速率条件下对DP590双相钢拼焊板进行温拉伸试验和微观组织观察,将变形温度和应变速率对材料温成形过程的综合影响统一为Zener-Hollomon(Z)参数来研究材料宏观力学性能和微观组织演变.实验结果表明,随着Z参数的降低,材料越容易发生动态再结晶,流变应力-应变曲线越低,断后延伸率逐渐提高,平均晶粒尺寸有长大的趋势.本研究对于通过Z参数优化DP590双相钢拼焊板温变形宏观力学性能和微观组织具有一定的参考价值.     

30OM钢微观亚组织单元尺寸与力学性能

一、前言 低合金结构钢的力学性能受相转变产物的控制。许多研究表明,具有板条马氏体和贝氏体混合组织的结构钢,其强度和韧性受晶粒尺寸的影响。Hall—petch公式表明了它们之间的关系。最近的研究已涉及到各微观组织的几何尺寸对性能的影响,如马氏体束尺寸是控制钢力学性能的主要微观组织参数,马氏体板条平均参数与屈服强度有倒数关系,马氏体束尺寸和马氏体板条宽度的减小会同时产生强度和韧性的提高。分布于马氏体中的下贝氏体呈针状分布,分割原奥氏体晶粒,与回火马氏体一起提供较好的强韧性。贝氏体的形状、尺寸及其分布对力学性能的影响要比马氏体和贝氏体强度差别所造成的影响大等。研究结果表明,组织对力学性能的影响是很复杂的。对具有混合组织的钢而言,各组织单元的尺寸、分布等均对材料的力学性能发生影响。 300M钢是目前广泛用于制造飞机起落架的一种中碳低合金超高强度钢,有关热处理与组织、性能等关系都已有报道,但是,对300M钢淬火、回火中各微观组织的几何参数及其影响却研究很少,本文探讨了     

SHS纳米组织Al2O3-ZrO2共晶复相陶瓷断裂力学研究

通过对纳米组织Al2O3-ZrO2共晶复相陶瓷的Vickers压痕测试、SEM观察与XRD分析,发现诱发该复相陶瓷中位裂纹扩展的压痕压制载荷临界值为30kg,复相陶瓷的裂纹扩展主要受晶内型纳米相微观结构所控制,分布于纳米组织Al2O3-ZrO2共晶复相陶瓷中的ZrO2纳米相的结构、含量与分布及ZrO2纳米相与基体相之间的残余应力场决定着该复相陶瓷的断裂力学.     

SHS纳米组织Al2O3-ZrO2共晶复相陶瓷断裂力学研究

通过对纳米组织Al2O3-ZrO2共晶复相陶瓷的Vickers压痕测试、SEM观察与XRD分析,发现诱发该复相陶瓷中位裂纹扩展的压痕压制载荷临界值为30kg,复相陶瓷的裂纹扩展主要受晶内型纳米相微观结构所控制,分布于纳米组织Al2O3-ZrO2共晶复相陶瓷中的ZrO2纳米相的结构、含量与分布及ZrO2纳米相与基体相之间的残余应力场决定着该复相陶瓷的断裂力学.     

调制比对电弧离子镀Cr/TiN纳米多层膜力学性能的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术,通过改变调制比沉积Cr/TiN纳米多层膜.利用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、X射线衍射仪、纳米压痕仪研究了调制比对Cr/TiN纳米多层膜表面形貌、微观结构以及力学性能的影响.结果表明,纳米多层膜表面致密、平滑均匀,膜层与基底结合良好,膜层综合力学性能优异,出现明显的纳米效应和界面效应.当调制比为2:...     

新型热轧低碳TRIP 钢的轧制工艺与疲劳性能

对比研究了现场不同工艺所得碳锰系车轮用钢及低碳低硅含磷铬系相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢的力学性能、微观组织、疲劳性能和疲劳断口。结果显示,较传统碳锰系车轮用钢,新型TRIP钢具有相当的屈服强度,抗拉强度明显提高了100~150 MPa,疲劳极限提高了50~140 MPa。疲劳极限随抗拉强度的提高有增大趋势。铁素体、贝氏体、残余奥氏体组织较铁素体、贝氏体、珠光体组织和铁素体、珠光体、马奥岛组织具有更好的疲劳性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...