超级电容器用活性炭的制备与电化学表征

以煤焦油沥青为前驱体,采用化学活化法制备了超级电容器用高比表面活性炭和活性炭电极.考察了活化温度对活性炭电极比电容量的影响,研究了活性炭材料的比表面积和孔结构与活性炭电极的充放电性能之间的关系,并对活性碳电极进行了电化学表征.结果表明,在500～700℃,随着活化温度的提高,活性炭电极的比电容量显著增大,当活化温度超过700℃时,活性炭电极材料的比电容量变化不明显.700℃活化温度下所制备的活性炭材料呈现明显的多孔结构,孔容为1.038cm3/g,比表面积为1959m2/g;所制成的活性炭电极比电容量为210F/g,等效内阻为0.9Ω/cm2,10mA/cm2充放电500次后保持90%以上电容量,交流阻抗谱在频率低于转化点时表现出纯粹的电容行为,循环伏安曲线显示出良好的可逆特性.     

超级电容器碳电极材料制备工艺优化与性能

以碳化后的中间相沥青为前驱体、KOH为活化剂制备了超级电容器用活性炭电极材料,考察了KOH活化温度和碱碳比对所制备的超级电容器用活性炭电极材料的孔隙结构和电化学行为的影响,分析了不同工艺条件下所制备的活性炭电极材料的孔结构和电化学性能的影响因素。结果表明,于800℃活化温度和4∶1碱碳比条件下制备的活性炭电极在1mol/L(C2H5)4NBF4/PC时的最大比电容量可达103.2F/g,活性炭孔结构和比电容量的变化依赖于具体的处理工艺,中孔的含量对活性炭电极的比电容量会产生重要影响。     

丝瓜络基活性炭电极材料的制备及其电化学性能表征

以丝瓜络作为前驱体,KOH为活化剂,在不同温度下炭化、活化制备活性炭,并将其作为超级电容器电极材料。采用N2吸附及电化学测试对活性炭的孔结构和电化学性能进行了表征,研究了炭化温度、碱炭比对活性炭电极材料孔结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:丝瓜络经过一步炭化即可制备出电化学性能优异的炭材料,经过KOH活化后比电容明显增加,在碱炭比为2时制备活性炭的比表面积、总孔容分别达到1549m2/g和0.901cm3/g,比电容达到228F/g,是未活化炭化物比电容的2.5倍,是一种理想的电极材料。活性炭作为电极材料,其比表面积存在一个最佳值,孔的容积、大小和形状对电解质离子的储存、扩散有着重要作用,对电化学性能有很大影响。     

红薯基活性炭的制备及其电性能表征

以红薯为原料分别采用物理活化(CO2活化)和化学活化(KOH活化)法制备活性炭。研究了不同活化温度和时间所得活性炭的比表面积和孔结构特征,并结合扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、比表面积分析仪等对其进行测试和表征。结果表明,KOH活化法在碳碱比为1∶3、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为5h时比表面积最高,达到1590m2/g,介孔率为20.3%;CO2活化法在800℃、活化2h时比表面积较高,为1054m2/g,介孔率可达62.0%。将该两组活性炭用作超级电容器电极材料时,以6M KOH作电解质表现出了典型的双电层电容器的特征,在5A/g的电流密度下,两者的比电容量分别为143F/g和187F/g。     

柚子皮基层次孔炭的制备及电化学性能

以柚子皮水热炭为前驱体,KOH为活化剂,800℃活化制备层次孔炭电极材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N2吸附法对活性炭的表面形貌和孔结构进行了表征,并评价了其在无机电解液体系(3mol/L KOH)中的电化学性能。结果表明,碱碳比为1∶1时制备的活性炭呈蜂窝状结构,其比表面积、总孔容分别达到1421 m2/g和0.7626cm3/g,相应的电极材料具有典型的双电层电容特性,质量比电容和体积比电容分别达到226F/g和250F/cm3(电极片密度为1.1g/cm3),1000次循环之后电容保持率达到91.45%。与柚子皮直接活化制备的电极材料相比,质量比电容和体积比电容分别增加了31.40%和37.36%。     

水热炭化-KOH活化制备核桃壳活性炭电极材料的研究

以核桃壳为原料,经水热炭化-KOH活化制备活性炭,并将其用作超级电容器电极材料。采用低温氮气吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段系统研究核桃壳活性炭的微观结构及表面化学性质,并利用恒流充放电、循环伏安等探讨其对应电极材料的电化学性能。研究表明,在碱碳比为3∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h的条件下,核桃壳水热炭经KOH活化可制备出比表面积为1 236m2/g、总孔容为0.804cm3/g、中孔比例为38.3%的活性炭。该核桃壳活性炭用作电极材料在KOH电解液中具有优异的电化学特性,其在50mA/g电流密度下的比电容可达251F/g,5 000mA/g电流密度下的比电容为205F/g,且具有良好的循环稳定性,1 000次循环后比电容保持率达92.4%,是一种比较理想的超级电容器电极材料。核桃壳活性炭优异的电化学性能与其相互贯通的层次孔结构和独特的含氧表面密切相关。     

利用核桃壳制备高比表面积活性炭电极材料的研究

以核桃壳为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭,并将其用作超级电容器电极材料。利用N2吸附和扫描电镜(SEM)表征活性炭的孔结构及表面形貌,系统研究碱炭比(KOH与核桃壳炭化料的质量比)对活性炭孔结构的影响,并采用恒流充放电及循环伏安等测定核桃壳活性炭电极材料在3mol/L KOH电解液中的电化学性能。结果表明,随着碱炭比的增大,活性炭的比表面积、总孔容及中孔比例先逐渐增大后稍有减小。当活化温度为800℃,活化时间为1h,碱炭比为4时,可制备出比表面积为2404m2/g,总孔容为1.344cm3/g,中孔比例为28.6%,孔径分布在0.7~3.0nm之间的高比表面积活性炭。该活性炭用作超级电容器电极材料具有良好的大电流放电特性和优异的循环性能,电流密度由50mA/g提高到5000mA/g时,其比电容由340F/g降低到288F/g,经1000次循环后,比电容保持率为93.4%。     

微波法煤基活性炭的制备及其电化学性能研究

以内蒙古优质褐煤为原料,KOH为活化剂,采用微波加热活化法制备超级电容器用活性炭,利用低温氮气吸附及恒流充放电、循环伏安等方法测定活性炭的孔结构及其用作电极材料的电化学性能,并与日本商业化超级电容器用活性炭在结构及性能方面进行对比分析。结果表明,在碱炭比为3,微波活化时间为20min的条件下,可制备出比表面积达2593m2/g、总孔容达1.685cm3/g、孔径主要分布在0.5～10nm之间、中孔率达67.3%、平均孔径为2.61nm的优质活性炭。该活性炭用作超级电容器电极材料在3mol/L KOH电解液中具有优异的电化学性能,电流密度由50mA/g提高到10A/g时,其比电容由346F/g降低到273F/g,显示出良好的功率特性,经1000次循环后,比电容保持率为93.2%。与商业活性炭相比,微波法活性炭的性能更加优良。     

双电层电容器用煤基活性炭的制备与电化学性能表征

以河南永城无烟煤为原料、KOH为活化剂制备了高比表面积的煤基活性炭,采用低温N_2吸附法对活性炭的比表面积、孔容及孔径分布进行了表征,并对其用作双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能进行了系统测试.在KOH与煤的质量比为4:1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h的条件下制备出的活性炭其比表面积高达3224m~2/g,总孔容达1.76cm~3/g,中孔率为57.95%.该活性炭电极在3mol/L KOH电解液中的比电容高达324F/g,且具有良好的循环性能,当电流密度为40mA/g时,经1000次循环后,比电容保持率超过92%,且其漏电流很小.     

褐煤基活性炭和无灰煤基活性炭性能对比研究

以褐煤和褐煤基无灰煤为原料,采用KOH直接活化法制备了高比表面积活性炭,对比了褐煤基活性炭和无灰煤基活性炭的灰分含量,比表面积,孔径结构及电化学性能。结果表明,褐煤和无灰煤在相同制备条件下可分别获得灰分为5.61%和0.49%的高比表面活性炭,将两种活性炭用于以3mol/L KOH为电解液的双电层电容器中,单电极质量比电容分别为182.40和337.38F/g。对比发现,对原料脱灰,可从根本上降低活性炭灰分,改变活性炭孔径结构。无灰煤基活性炭比褐煤基活性炭更适用于双电层电容器的电极材料,其充放电性能、倍率特性均优于褐煤基活性炭。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from