石墨泡沫/共晶盐复合相变材料的制备及其热物性

为强化二元硝酸共晶盐(NaNO3/KNO3)的导热性能,在共晶盐中添加石墨泡沫制出石墨泡沫/共晶盐复合相变材料;对共晶盐和复合相变材料的相变特性进行差示热分析;对石墨泡沫的导热系数和复合相变材料的有效导热系数进行测定,并用拉曼光谱对复合相变材料进行稳定性分析。结果表明,石墨基复合材料可以用熔融浸渗法制备,且制备样品的稳定性能良好。复合相变材料的相变温度(221.3°C)与共晶盐(222.4°C)相似,其相变潜热与基于复合材料中共晶盐含量的潜热值相近(下降3.74%)。受石墨骨架高热导率的影响,复合相变材料的导热能力明显提高,与纯共晶盐比增加了102倍。     

水溶液法制备NaNO3-LiNO3/石墨复合高温相变材料研究

利用饱和水溶液法,在NaNO3和LiNO3混和溶液中添加膨胀石墨(EG),在温度90℃的水浴箱内用强力电动搅拌机搅拌,随后放入120℃电热恒温鼓风干燥箱内24h烘干,得到NaNO3-LiNO3/EG高温复合相变材料,并分别制备了EG含量为10%、20%、30%的相变材料。利用SEM、DSC、Hot-disk和自行设计的自动循环设备分别对复合相变材料的微观形貌、相变温度、潜热、导热系数以及热循环过程中储放热行为进行了测试。研究表明,NaNO3-LiNO3共晶盐能够被吸附到石墨片层之间,形成稳定、均一的复合相变材料。随EG含量的增加,复合相变材料的有效潜热不断降低,但是相变温度变化微小,相变材料本身的储热性能也没有显著的变化,因此EG没有改变相变材料的储热性能。EG含量的增加,会显著提高复合相变材料的导热系数,并且随EG含量的增加而不断增大。EG含量低的复合材料在多次蓄放热的热循环过程中,热稳定性较好。饱和水溶液法制备NaNO3-LiNO3/EG复合相变材料是一种非常有效的强化复合材料导热功能的制备方法。在实际应用中,要综合考虑储热量、导热性能和热稳定性等各方面因素进行优化选择,以便使储热系统能够高效率、快频率、长寿命地运行。     

石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料的热性能研究

膨胀石墨(EG)在超声作用下解离成微米级石墨片层(MSGF),并加入到石蜡基体中制备得到石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料,并对复合相变材料的结构和热性能进行表征。实验结果表明,该石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料储热速率加快,化学性质稳定。随MSGF质量分数的增加,固态及液态复合材料的导热系数均呈非线性显著增长,相变温度及相变潜热略有降低。     

石蜡/膨胀石墨/碳化硅复合相变材料的制备及热性能研究

膨胀石墨(EG)是多孔吸附材料中具有优良传热效果的材料。为进一步提高石蜡(PW)/EG复合相变材料的热性能，以PW为相变主材，EG为载体，碳化硅(SiC)、碳纤维(CF)或活性炭(AC)为强化传热介质，通过熔融共混法制备了不同质量分数配比的复合相变材料(CPCM)并压制成形。采用导热系数测试仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜对CPCM的热性能进行测试和表征。结果表明，当CPCM中PW∶EG∶SiC(质量比)为70∶25∶5时，CPCM的导热系数为1.827W/(m·K),潜热为147.2J/g,分别为PW∶EG=70∶30的CPCM的1.022倍和1.036倍。所制备的CPCM没有新物质产生，相变温度合适，微观结构紧凑，热性能好。     

膨胀石墨定形复合相变材料热性能可视化研究

膨胀石墨(EG)作为吸附材料不仅可以防止石蜡(PA)泄漏，还可以提高复合相变材料的导热系数。采用熔融混合法制备了EG含量不同的3种石蜡/膨胀石墨(PA/EG)定形复合相变材料，并对复合相变材料的潜热、热导率、热稳定性和热分解特性进行研究；搭建了可视化控温系统，在恒热流密度下采用红外热成像仪对复合相变材料传热特性进行可视化研究。研究结果表明：EG含量为30%(wt,质量分数，下同)时，复合相变材料导热系数为5.21W/(m·K),与PA相比提高约20倍；随着EG含量的增加，复合相变材料的相变焓逐渐降低，当EG含量为30%时，循环100次后复合相变材料的相变焓为183.6J/g;从熔融过程的温度可视化结果可得，复合相变材料中的EG虽然削弱了自然对流的影响，但是由于其导热系数远高于PA,所以复合相变材料温度变化较为明显。     

石蜡/膨胀石墨/石墨烯/铝蜂窝复合相变材料的制备及锂电池控温性能研究

以石蜡(PW)作为相变基体,膨胀石墨(EG)和石墨烯协同增强导热,铝蜂窝作为结构增强材料,制备高性能、高导热的复合相变材料(CPCM).在不同EG和石墨烯含量下,通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热仪、热导率分析仪对所制相变材料进行表征与测试分析.结果 表明:将EG质量分数控制为10％,复合相变材料的导热系数随...     

膨胀石墨/石蜡复合相变材料的碳纳米管掺杂改性研究

为了制备兼具高相变潜热和高导热系数的膨胀石墨/石蜡(EG/PA)复合相变材料,使用真空浸渍法并通过碳纳米管(CNTs)掺杂对复合相变材料进行了改性。导热性能测试分析发现,当复合相变材料中石蜡质量分数较高时,CNTs掺杂可以有效地增强复合相变材料的导热系数,并且随着CNTs掺杂含量的提高复合相变材料的导热系数也逐渐增大,但是当CNTs掺杂量高于0.8%(质量分数)时导热系数增大速度变慢,因此优化的CNTs掺杂含量为0.8%(质量分数)。在此优化参数下,复合相变材料的熔化潜热从145.27 J/g变到144.39 J/g几乎没有变化,而导热系数从2.141 W/(m·K)提升至4.106 W/(m·K),提升了约1倍,并且在100次热循环之后仍然保持很好的储热能力,具有较好的热循环稳定性。     

月桂酸/十四醇纳米复合相变材料的制备及性能研究

选择月桂酸(LA)-十四醇(TD)复合相变材料作为基材,分别以Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3和CuO纳米颗粒作为添加剂,SDBS为分散剂,制备了LA-TD纳米复合相变材料。从分散剂添加量、超声分散时间、纳米颗粒添加种类和质量分数方面研究了Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3和CuO 3种纳米复合相变材料的最佳制备条件。在最佳制备条件下,利用导热系数测定仪和DSC测试确定了3种纳米复合相变材料的导热系数、相变温度及相变潜热,并对复合相变材料进行了降温步冷和升温融化实验,研究了纳米颗粒对复合相变材料吸/放热速率的影响。最终确认Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒对LA-TD复合相变材料的传热强化效果最好,1%Fe_2O_3含量的LA-TD纳米复合相变材料的导热系数为0.3319 W/(m·K),较LA-TD纯相变材料提高了36.88%,其相变温度和相变潜热分别为24.76℃和112.61 J/g。纳米颗粒的添加提高了复合相变材料的放热速率,从50～15℃的凝固时间较LA-TD纯相变材料缩短了260 s(7.22%),但纳米颗粒的添加增加了流体粘度,不利于相变融化过程的自然对流。300次的融化/凝固热循环实验表明LA-TD/Fe_2O_3纳米复合材料具有良好的热稳定性。     

共晶盐/陶瓷复合相变材料的制备和性能研究

选取NaCl-MgCl_2共晶盐为相变材料(PCM),α-Al_2O_3为封装材料,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺制备了6种不同质量比的NaCl-MgCl_2共晶盐/α-Al_2O_3陶瓷中高温复合相变材料(CPCM)。借助SEM、EPMA、XRD、TG-DSC和高温激光热导仪等测试方法,分析了CPCM的微观结构和热力学性能。利用有限元模拟分析了CPCM的吸放热速率。结果表明,CPCM的微观结构致密,各元素的分布比较均匀,盐的共晶性好。CPCM各物质没有发生化学反应,具有很好的化学稳定性。550℃烧结后,α-Al_2O_3陶瓷有效地降低了NaCl-MgCl_2共晶盐在高温下的失重率。CPCM的整体热导率有了明显的提高,加快了吸放热速率。CPCM的熔点为408.7℃,相变潜热为142.6 J/g, 500～650℃有良好的热稳定性。为共晶盐/陶瓷CPCM的制备和表征提供了新颖的实验依据。     

混合水合盐作为储热相变材料的热物性能研究

目的研究不同质量比的Mg Cl2·6H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的混合水合盐作为储热相变材料的热物性能。方法制备不同混合质量比的Mg Cl2·6H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O,用温度记录仪测其步冷曲线,得到相变温度和过冷度,再用高低温交变箱测试长期循环性能,最后用DSC对相变材料循环前后的相变潜热进行测试比较。结果质量比为5∶5的Mg Cl2·6H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的混合水合盐相变材料表现出良好的热物性,具有相变温度适合、过冷度小、相变潜热大和长期循环性能稳定等特点,可以作为潜在的储热相变材料。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...