烟嘧磺隆和甲基磺草酮及其混用对玉米田杂草的田间防效评价

研究了烟嘧磺隆和甲基磺草酮及其混用对玉米田杂草的田间防效,试验结果表明,玉米出苗后杂草在3～5叶期时,使用4％烟嘧磺隆0F（1500g／hm^2,加水675kg）和4％烟嘧磺隆OF＋10％甲基磺草酮OF（900g／hm^2＋1500g／hm^2,加水675kg）,对饲料玉米田阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草有较好的防除效果,对玉米生长安全。     

5%金普施特SL防除春大豆田杂草效果

田间小区试验结果表明，金普施特对春大豆田的稗草、藜、本氏蓼、反枝苋、龙葵等多种一年生禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草有良好的防效效果。施药后大豆叶片产生轻微药害症状，以后可以恢复正常生长，不影响大豆产量。金普施特的适宜施药时期为大豆苗后早期（2片真叶期），禾本科杂草2－4叶期，阔叶杂草2－5cm，适宜用药量为60－75ga.i./hm^2，在药液中加入2％硫酸铵以增加药效。     

5%咪草烟在花生田的应用

5％咪草烟在40、60、80、120、160ml／667m^2剂量下对单双子叶杂草防效均比较好，对马唐、稗草、狗尾草等禾本科杂草的总防效在80％～95％，对阔叶杂草的防效在85％-96％，5％咪草烟除草效果和混剂(咪草烟40 灭草敌100ml／667m^2，咪草烟40 烯草酮25ml／667m^2)基本一致。5％咪草烟对花生比较安全，安全剂量在80ml／667m^2以下。     

新稻田除草剂Metamifop

Metamifop是一个新的芳氧苯氧基丙酸酯类除草剂．可很好地防除大多数一年生禾本科杂草。苗后以90～200g／hm^2(有效成分，下同)剂量施用于移栽稻田和直播稻田中．可有效地防除稻田中主要杂草，如稗属(Echinochloa spp．)，千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)．马唐属(Digitaria spp．)和牛筋草(Eleusine indica)。3年的试验结果表明，metamifop在90～200g／hm^2剂量下对上述杂草防效极好(90％～100％)。其最件施药时期为稗草2叶期到分蘸末期。     

三甲苯草酮室内生测试验

在温室条件下,以进口样品做对照,研究沈阳化工研究院40%三甲苯草酮水分散粒剂对禾本科杂草的防除效果及对小麦的安全性.结果表明:看麦娘,早熟禾对三甲苯草酮很敏感,在150 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效可达90%～100%;野燕麦的敏感性次之,在150 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效达85%,在300 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效达95%;稗草对三甲苯草酮的敏感性最差,在300 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效为60%,在600 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效为90%～95%.沈阳化工研究院样品与进口样品活性和安全性基本一致.     

RH-0898禾本科杂草防除用新颖选择性芽后除草剂

RH-0898是日本北兴化学公司发现的新颖芽后禾本科杂草除草剂,其代号为HOK-1566,系与罗姆-哈斯公司联合开发。该药剂可用于直播水稻、春小麦、硬粒小麦和如大豆、棉花、甜菜、油菜及其他蔬菜等阔叶作物的杂草防除。对重要的禾本科杂草,RH-0898低剂量施用就有极佳的芽后防效,如:看麦娘、野燕麦、臂形草、马唐,稗、千金子,狗尾草等。本文介绍RH-0898的理化性质以及现有的温室试验和世界范围内的田间试验效果。     

10%丙酯草醚悬浮剂防除油菜田杂草试验

10％丙酯草醚悬浮剂(SC)是具有知识产权的油菜田新型除草剂。该药剂于2002～2004年在不同区域油菜田的田间试验结果表明,在剂量37．5～75ga．i．／hm^2下对看麦娘、日本看麦娘等油菜田主要禾本科杂草具有很好的防除效果,防效达80%以上;对牛繁缕、繁缕等阔叶杂草也具有良好的防除效果,防效在75．0％以上;对总草防效73．18％～96.31％。同时对不同地区的主栽油菜品种安全,除草后油菜明显增产。     

18.5%高虎乳油防除大豆田杂草田间药效试验报告

试验表明,18.5%高虎乳油80～100mL/667m2茎叶喷雾处理对夏大豆有较好的安全性,对大豆田2～4叶期的稗草、马唐、狗尾草、青葙、苋菜、铁苋菜、苘麻、龙葵等一年生禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草有很好的防除效果。     

玉米田除草剂磺草酮的生物活性及安全性

在温室条件下研究了磺草酮的除草活性、对玉米的安全性以及温度和降雨对磺草酮除草活性的影响。结果表明,磺草酮在300～600g a．i．／hm^2剂量下于温室苗前及苗后茎叶处理对大多数阔叶杂草、禾本科杂草均具有较高的防除活性,温度高有利于磺草酮药效发挥,并且具有较强的抗雨水冲刷能力,且对不旧品种的玉米安全,是一种有广阔开发前景的玉米田除草剂品种。     

300g/L呋喃磺草酮·氟酮磺草胺SC防除移栽稻田杂草药效和安全性

[目的]明确300 g/L呋喃磺草酮·氟酮磺草胺SC在不同使用剂量的情况下,防除移栽稻田杂草效果、杀草谱、安全性及施用技术等项指标。[方法]采用毒土法施药、定期调查的方法进行田间药效试验。[结果]呋喃磺草酮·氟酮磺草胺杀草谱主要包括莎草科杂草、阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草。施用时间为水稻移栽后7~10 d。剂量为90~108 g a.i./hm~2,施药后30 d对稗草、阔叶杂草、莎草科杂草综合防效达76.3%~97.6%。[结论]正常使用量对水稻生长安全,与人工除草相比,产量差异不显著。     

烯草酮·草除灵混剂防除油菜田杂草试验研究

对烯草酮·草除灵混剂进行了田间小区试验研究,结果表明,该混剂苗后应用可有效防除移栽冬油菜田中一年生禾本科及阔叶杂草,在360～450gai/hm2剂量下,除草效果可达92%～95%,在270～720gai/hm2剂量范围内对油菜安全,不影响油菜的生长和发育,并且增产10.7%～26.5%。     

几种禾本科杂草防除剂大豆田应用效果评价研究

温室试验结果表明,威霸,精禾草克,高效益草能对稗草的作用速度较快,精稳杀得略慢,拿捕净最慢;田间试验结果表明,５种除草剂在推剂量下对大豆田禾本科杂草均有较好的防效,但高效盖草能用药成本最低,威霸、精禾草克之次之,精稳杀得用药成本最高。     

Residual effectiveness of boron fertilizer for oilseed rape in intensively cropped rice-based rotations

Long-term field experiments (3–4 years) were conducted to evaluate the residual effect of boron (B) fertilizer for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an intensive crop rotation including two rice (Oryza sativa) crops per year. Experiments were conducted on four sites where the soil types were sandy, silty and clayey Inceptisols, and an Ultisol, located in the Zhejiang Province, Southeast China. Application of B fertilizer at rates of 1.1, 1.65 and 3.3 kg B/ha in the first year showed a different residual effect on oilseed yield in successive years, but had only small positive effects on the rice grain yield at two sites. The residual effect of 1.1 kg B/ha remained fully effective in correcting B deficiency in oilseed rape for 2 years in the Inceptisols, whereas the residual effect of 1.65 kg B/ha continued to correct B deficiency for at least 3 years in both the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Foliar application of B fertilizer generally corrected B deficiency for oilseed rape but showed limited residual effect in the following years after application. The decline in residual values of B from a single fertilizer addition was closely related to the soil and leaf B concentration. Soil available B also decreased dramatically with the advance of rotation, but a larger decrease was found at a depth of 20–40-cm for the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Thus, a more detailed understanding of the B cycling in the system is now needed to optimize management of B fertilizer.     

Contribution of fresh-shredded green material to the nitrogen nutrition of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) on a Black Earth Soil (Stagnic Phaeozem)

Recycling of plant waste materials from household, gardening and municipal origin to soils is usually done after an intermediate composting step. In this study, as an alternative to composting, direct application of plant wastes has been evaluated in an on-farm experiment by quantifying the contribution to the nitrogen nutrition of winter oilseed rape and assessing the risk of nitrogen immobilisation in soil. Within experimental field plots receiving non-labeled green material, one-square metre subplots received 7.4 Mg ha⁻¹ of ¹⁵N-labelled fresh-shredded green material corresponding to 60 kg N_t ha⁻¹. After application and incorporation into the soil in autumn, 0.50% of the total green material nitrogen was recovered in oilseed rape plants at harvest. Mulch application in spring resulted in a recovery of 1.62% of the green material nitrogen applied. Determination of the glutamine content in oilseed rape leaves, sampled at flowering, and CaCl₂ extraction of the soil indicated that on the Black Earth Soil there was no temporal nitrogen deficiency of the fertilised crop or nitrogen immobilisation in soil. As a comparison to ¹⁵N uptake, 0.0125 M CaCl₂ extraction of fresh-shredded green material was assessed as an estimation of the nitrogen contribution from green material to the following crop. This estimate was unsatisfactory for spring application, but was acceptable for autumn application. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparing the effectiveness of radish cover crop, oilseed rape volunteers and oilseed rape residues incorporation for reducing nitrate leaching

The soil water and N dynamics have been studied during two long fallow periods (between wheat or oilseed rape and a spring crop) in a field experiment in Châlons-en-Champagne (eastern France, 48°50 N, 2°15 E). The experiment involved frequent measurements of soil water, soil mineral N, dry matter and N uptake by cover crops. Water and N budgets were established using Ritchie's model for calculating evapotranspiration in cropped soils and a model (LIXIM) for calculating water drainage, N leaching and N mineralisation in bare soils. During the first autumn and winter, a radish cover crop (grown from September 1994 to January 1995) was compared to a bare soil. During the second period (July 1995 to April 1996), a comparison was carried out between (i) oilseed rape volunteers, (ii) bare soil with two types of oilseed rape residues incorporated into the soil (R0 and R270 residues) and (iii) bare soil without residues incorporation. R0 and R270 residues came from two preceding oilseed rape crops which received two rates of N fertilizer (0 and 270 kg N ha^-1).Soil mineral N content was markedly reduced by the presence of radish cover crop or oilseed rape volunteers during autumn. The calculated actual evapotranspiration (AET) did not differ much between treatments, meaning that the transpiration by the cover crop or volunteers was relatively low (100–150 L kg^-1 of dry matter). Consequently, nitrate leaching was reduced during the rest of the winter and spring as well as nitrate concentration in the percolating water: 45 vs. 91 mg NO₃ ^- L^-1 for radish cover crop and bare soil, respectively. The incorporation of oilseed rape residues to soil also exerted a beneficial but smaller action on reducing the nitrate content in the soil. This effect was due to extra N immobilisation which reached a maximum of about 20 kg N ha^-1 in mid-autumn for both types of residues. Nine months after the incorporation of the oilseed rape residues, and comparing to the control soil without residues incorporation, N rich residues induced a significant positive N net effect (+ 9 kg N ha^-1) corresponding to 10% of N added whereas for N poor residues no net effect was still obtained at the end of experiment (–3 kg N ha^-1, not significantly different from 0).To reduce nitrate leaching during long fallow periods, it is necessary to promote techniques leading to decrease mineral-N contents in the soil during autumn before the drainage period, such as (i) residue incorporation after harvest (without fertiliser-N) and (ii) allowing volunteers to grow or sowing a cover crop just after the harvest of the last main crop.     

33%施田补乳油防除旱秧田杂草试验

田间试验结果表明：每６６７ｍ＾２用３３％施田补乳油１５０ｍｌ对旱秧田杂草有良好的防除效果且对水稻安全,施药后３５天对狗尾草的株防效９３．０１％,苋的株防效９４．５３％,总株防效８９．１３％,总鲜重防效８５．６５％。其除草效果优于丁草胺。     

花生蛴螬绿色防控药剂筛选与应用效果比较

[目的]为了筛选对花生蛴螬具有高效、安全的绿色防控药剂,提高花生的产量。[方法]筛选调查11种药剂防治花生蛴螬的田间防治效果,评估药剂对花生的出苗率、保株率和产量的影响。[结果]3%阿维菌素·吡虫啉颗粒剂1800~2250 g a.i./hm^2播种前沟施、0.5%毒死蜱颗粒剂2250~2700 g a.i./hm^2和5%毒死蜱颗粒剂2250 g a.i./hm^2播种前撒施,处理后60 d防虫效果80%以上,花生增产23.98%~30.96%;33%吡虫啉·辛硫磷FS 160 g/100kg种子包衣处理保株效果83%,增产12.28%。[结论]毒死蜱单用,吡虫啉与阿维菌素、辛硫磷复配均可有效防治花生蛴螬,对作物安全,保株和增产效果明显,符合绿色防控要求,可推广使用。     

氟磺胺草醚对作物的药害及解决措施

氟磺胺草醚在施药不均匀,剂量倍加的情况下可对大豆和后茬敏感作物产生药害。盆栽试验表明,氟磺胺草醚剂量为750g／hm^2时对大豆株高有显著影响,剂量为1500g／hm^2时大豆株重显著下降。间隔90d播种作物,剂量为495g／hm^2时玉米和小麦株重显著下降;剂量为562．5g／hm^2时,对油菜株重显著下降;而在推荐剂量375g／hm^2时,玉米、小麦和油菜的侏重没有显著影响。氟磺胺草醚与灭草松混用可以降低前者的使用剂量,是降低药害风险良好的措施,