Functional properties of protein hydrolysates from pea (Pisum sativum,L) seeds

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of partial enzymatic hydrolysis on functional properties of two different pea protein isolates obtained from two pea genotypes, Maja and L1. Papain and commercial protease (Streptomyces griseus protease) were used for protein modification. Solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties were estimated at four different pH values (3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0). Papain increased solubility of L1 pea protein isolate at pH 3.0, 5.0 and 8.0, emulsifying properties and foaming capacity at all pH values. Otherwise, papain increased solubility of Maja pea protein isolate only at pH 8.0. This pea protein isolate modified with both enzymes formed emulsions with improved stability at lower pH (3.0, 5.0). The commercial protease‐prepared pea protein isolates showed generally low solubility and different emulsifying and foaming properties. Proper selection of enzyme, conditions of hydrolysis and genotypes could result in production of pea protein isolates with desirable functional properties.     

A comparative study of the functional properties of amaranth and soybean globulin isolates

The functional properties of the amaranth globulin isolate were determined and compared to those of the well studied soybean globulin isolate. Functional properties investigated included protein solubility, heat coagulation, foaming and emulsifying activity and stabilities, as well as fat binding. Overall, the amaranth globulin isolate was found to have significantly higher solubility (p ⪇ 0.05) i.e., 9 times higher, and higher heat stability (p ⪇ 0.05) in the vicinity of its isoelectric point, pH 5–6, than the corresponding soybean globulin isolate. Between pH 3–9 the amaranth globulin isolate was found to have significantly higher (p ⪇ 0.05) foaming capacities and stabilities than the soybean isolate. Maximum foaming capacity for the amaranth globulin was determined to occur around its isoelectric point. The emulsifying activity of the amaranth globulin isolate was found to be significantly higher (p ⪇ 0.05) between pH 3–9 than the corresponding soybean globulin isolate. The most substantial difference between the two isolates was that the amaranth isolate showed maximal emulsifying activity and stability at pH 7.0. Little difference was observed in the fat absorption capacities between the two prepared isolates. Nutritionally, the amaranth globulin isolate was found to be of superior quality compared to the soybean globulin isolate due to its higher content of essential amino acids. Overall, the functional properties of the amaranth globulin isolate were much better than the soybean isolate especially in the vicinity of its isoelectric point, suggesting a potential advantage if used in various thermally processed food formulations that fall within this pH range; a range where more common isolates perform very poorly.     

Functional properties of raw and heat processed cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale, L.) kernel protein isolates

The functional properties viz. solubility, water and oil absorption, emulsifying and foaming capacities of the protein isolates prepared from raw and heat processed cashew nut kernels were evaluated. Protein solubility vs. pH profile showed the isoelectric point at pH 5 for both isolates. The isolate prepared from raw cashew nuts showed superior solubility at and above isoelectric point pH. The water and oil absorption capacities of the proteins were slightly improved by heat treatment of cashew nut kernels. The emulsifying capacity of the isolates showed solubility dependent behavior and was better for raw cashew nut protein isolate at pH 5 and above. However, heat treated cashew nut protein isolate presented better foaming capacity at pH 7 and 8 but both isolates showed extremely low foam stability as compared to that of egg albumin.     

花生湿热处理对其分离蛋白的结构和功能特性的影响

本文通过还原/非还原电泳、热差示扫描、表面疏水性及等电点测定等手段,表征了花生湿热处理对其分离蛋白结构和功能特性的影响.结果表明:在105℃随着湿热处理时间延长其分离蛋白中伴球蛋白所占比例逐渐减少,球蛋白在加热75min后产生热聚集,此外通过美拉德反应生成的糖蛋白含量逐渐增加,分离蛋白等电点向酸性偏移,表面疏水性先逐渐...     

Solubility and Foaming Properties of Phytate-Reduced Soy Protein Isolate

A pilot scale ion exchange process was developed to produce a 75 - 77% phytate-reduced soy protein isolate. The solubility and foaming properties of this isolate were compared to those of control and commercial soy protein isolates as a function of protein concentration (5 and 10%, w/v), pH (3, 6 and 9) and preheat temperature (25, 60 and 80°C). Phytate-reduced soy protein extract exhibited minimum solubility at pH 4.8 - 5.0, compared to 4.2 - 4.5 for control soy extract. Phytate-reduced soy protein isolate was most soluble and functional at pH values below its isoelectric point (pH 3), whereas control and commercial soy isolates were generally most soluble and functional at pH values above their isoelectric point (pH 6 and 9).     

干法、半干法和湿法磨粉对糙米粉性质的影响

研究干法、半干法及湿法3种磨粉方式对糙米粉损伤淀粉含量、平均粒径、微观结构、水合特性、热焓特性和流变性质等的影响。结果表明,干法磨粉糙米粉损伤淀粉含量、吸水指数、水溶性和膨胀势显著高于湿法和半干法。但干法磨粉糙米粉平均粒径、凝胶最大弹性模量和最大黏性模量显著小于湿法和半干法。干法和半干法糙米粉糊化焓值低于湿法。干法磨粉糙米粉形成了许多不规则的颗粒碎片,而半干法和湿法的糙米粉淀粉颗粒较完整。磨粉方式和条件显著影响糙米粉的性质,应根据糙米制品品质的要求选择合适的磨粉方式和磨粉条件。     

Effects of isolation technique and conditions on the extractability,physicochemical and functional properties of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) protein isolates. II. Functional properties

The functional properties of pigeonpea and cowpea protein isolates were determined as a function of extraction technique and pH conditions of the extraction medium. The isolates extracted using the micellization technique (MP) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher solubility than those extracted using the isoelectric point precipitation technique (IP) and, for the latter, solubility was negatively correlated with the extraction pH. The MP isolates exhibited significantly higher water absorption than the isoelectric isolates extracted at pH 8.5 but lower than the isolates extracted at pH 11.5 and 12.5. Cowpea MP exhibited higher oil absorption than the IP but pigeonpea MP was lower in this property than the IP extracted at pH 8.5 and higher than those extracted at pH 9.5–11.5. The MP isolates exhibited better emulsifying properties than the corresponding IP isolates and this property was drastically impaired at extraction pH 12.5. Pigeonpea MP exhibited lower foam expansion than the IP isolates except for the isolate extracted at pH 12.5, but was higher in foam stability. Cowpea MP showed higher foam expansion than the IP isolates which decreased with increasing extraction pH for the latter, but foam stability was only slightly affected. The MP isolates exhibited better gelation properties than the IP isolates extracted at pH above 9.5 and the least gelation concentration increased with increasing extraction pH. The solubility and exposed hydrophobicity best predicted the whipping properties, emulsion stability, and least gelation concentration of the isolates.     

胡麻籽分离蛋白的溶解性与起泡性研究

为促进胡麻籽分离蛋白在食品工业中的应用,研究了pH值、盐浓度、蛋白质浓度等因素对其水溶性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性的影响。pH值对胡麻籽分离蛋白溶解度的影响呈典型的V形曲线。NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L前后胡麻籽分离蛋白表现出明显的盐溶与盐析效应。在0.1%～0.8%范围内,提高蛋白质浓度能增强起泡性与泡沫稳定性。在等电点附近,胡麻籽分离蛋白的起泡性最差但却具有最强的泡沫稳定性。NaCl对胡麻籽分离蛋白的起泡性的影响与其对溶解性的影响有相同的趋势。蔗糖能提高胡麻籽分离蛋白的泡沫稳定性,但当浓度高于5%时,对起泡性有负面影响。     

Genotypic variation of mineral elements contents in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Mineral nutrition of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) are important for human health. The method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to determinate the contents of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.) of 274 rice genotypes. The results showed that the visible difference could be found for the contents of eight elements in milled rice among rice genotypes studied. It existed the possibility to select the genotype(s) with abundant of mineral nutrient from the genetic resource. Meanwhile, the contents of mineral elements in brown rice were significantly higher than those in milled rice. The averages of K, Mn and Cu contents of indica rice were significantly lower than those of japonica rice, while no significant difference was found for other five element contents between indica and japonica rice genotypes. The average contents of Na and Cu in non-glutinous rice genotypes were higher than those in glutinous ones, whereas the averages of K and Mn contents in non-glutinous rice genotypes were lower in present experiment. Additionally, the K, Ca and Mg contents of milled rice from white brown rice were significantly higher than those from red brown rice, and Ca content of milled rice from white brown rice was also visibly higher than that from black brown rice. For microelements, significant difference was observed for Zn content between milled rice from red and white brown rice, or between milled rice from red and black brown rice. Some genotypes with abundant mineral nutrient in milled rice had been selected and could be used in rice nutrient breeding.     

沙米麸皮和外胚乳分离蛋白的理化及功能性质

利用碱提-等电点沉淀技术分别从沙米麸皮和去皮沙米中提取出沙米麸皮分离蛋白(B-pro)和外胚乳分离蛋白(S-pro),研究这两种蛋白的理化及功能性质。结果表明,沙米麸皮中蛋白以球蛋白为主,而去皮沙米中以清蛋白为主。B-pro和S-pro纯度分别为94.33%、91.80%(m_d),S-pro颜色更白。两种蛋白均含有丰富的必需氨基酸,且S-pro中Lys含量较高。B-pro和S-pro的功能性质随pH值的变化均符合植物蛋白的一般规律,总体而言,不同pH值条件下S-pro的功能性均优于B-pro。与大豆分离蛋白和鸡蛋蛋白相比,B-pro和S-pro的持油能力及发泡性较好,而溶解性、持水力及乳化性较弱。     

Functionality of native and denatured cashew nut kernel protein isolates at isoelectric pH as a function of salt concentration

The reduced solubility of proteins near the isoelectric pH limits their use in food formulations whose pH lies in the range 5.0–6.0 because of poor functionality. In the present study, the effect of salt on the functionality of native and denatured cashew nut kernel protein isolates at the isoelectric pH was investigated. Both isolates showed improvement in their functional properties, but the improvement was greater for the denatured protein isolate. The solubilities of denatured and native protein isolates at the isoelectric pH increased from 26.4 g l^?1 and 64 g l^?1, respectively, without salt to maxima of 363 and 308 g l^?1, respectively, at 0.75 M salt concentration. The water binding capacity of the isolates increased with increase in NaCl concentration from 1.70 ml g^?1 to 1.77, 1.82, 1.92 and 2.2 ml g^?1 for denatured protein isolate and from 1.45 ml g^?1 to 1.65, 1.69, 1.82 and 1.97 ml g^?1 for native protein isolate at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 M salt concentrations, respectively. When the properties of the isolates in 0.75 M NaCl solutions were compared with those in salt‐free water there were 15% and 116% increases in emulsifying capacity, 40‐fold and 45‐fold increases in emulsifying activity and 4.6‐fold and 40‐fold increases in emulsion stability for native and denatured protein isolates, respectively, whilst the corresponding foaming capacities increased from 4 to 5.5 and 0 to 8.9 ml g^?1 protein. Statistically, no difference in the foaming capacity of either of the isolates was observed above 0.5 M NaCl. The foam stability also exhibited similar behaviour. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

蒸谷米糠蛋白功能特性研究

研究在不同温度和不同pH值条件下,酶解提取的蒸谷米糠蛋白（PRBP）溶解性、乳化性和泡沫性,并和大豆分离蛋白（SPI）做比较。结果发现：在不同温度下,蒸谷米糠蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、泡沫性随温度增加,先升高后下降。而乳化稳定性和泡沫稳定性一直下降;在不同pH值下,蒸谷米糠蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、泡沫性与泡沫稳定性随pH值增加,先降低、后升高,而乳化稳定性先升高后降低;大豆分离蛋白的乳化性和泡沫性好于蒸谷米糠蛋白。     

Peanut protein concentrate: Production and functional properties as affected by processing

Peanut protein concentrate (PPC) was isolated from fermented and unfermented defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation and physical separation procedures. PPC was dried by spray or vacuum drying. PPC powders from each drying technique were evaluated for proximate composition and functional properties (protein solubility, water/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and viscosity) along with defatted peanut flour and soy protein isolate as references. PPC contained over 85% protein versus 50% protein in the defatted peanut flour used as raw material for PPC production. PPC had a solubility profile similar to that of peanut flour, with minimum solubility observed at pH 3.5–4.5 and maximum solubility at pH 10 and higher. Roasting of peanut reduced all functional properties of defatted peanut flour while fermentation had the reverse effect. The type of drying significantly affected the functional properties of PPC. Spray dried PPCs exhibited better functional properties, particularly emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity, than vacuum oven dried PPC. Spray dried PPCs also showed comparable oil binding and foaming capacity to commercially available soy protein isolate (SPC). At equivalent concentrations and room temperature, PPC suspension exhibited lower viscosity than soy protein isolate (SPI) suspensions. However, upon heating to 90 °C for 30 min, the viscosity of PPC suspension increased sharply. Results obtained from this study suggest that the PPC could be used in food formulations requiring high emulsifying capacity, but would not be suitable for applications requiring high water retention and foaming capacity. PPC could be a good source of protein fortification for a variety of food products for protein deficient consumers in developing countries as well as a functional ingredient for the peanut industry. The production of PPC could also add value to defatted peanut flour, a low value by-product of peanut oil production.     

EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD AND pH OF PRECIPITATION ON THE YIELDS AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN ISOLATES FROM GLANDLESS COTTONSEED

SUMMARY— Glandless cottonseed meals were prepared under controlled conditions in a pilot plant by three different processing methods. These meals along with a glandless cottonseed meal produced at a commercial oil mill were used as source meals for protein isolates. Two protein fractions differing in composition and characteristics were isolated from each type meal using a two-step, two-solvent isolation procedure developed at the USDA Southern Utilization R & D Div. yields of each isolate precipitated at three different pH levels were determined on the pilot plant meals. Isolate yields from the commercial meal were determined near the respective isoelectric points of the two fractions. Functional properties including whippability, heat gelation, solubility and foaming properties, were measured on all isolates. Variation in measured values due to meal processing method and precipitation pH was statistically assessed in some instances. Meal processing method was found to significantly affect the yield of Isolate I, the minor isolate. pH of precipitation was found to significantly affect the yield of Isolate II, the major isolate. Also, it was shown that the pH-solubility profiles of both Isolates I and II could be altered by changing the pH at which they were precipitated. The functional properties of isolates from meals processed without heat were superior to those of isolates from heated meals. Data collected indicated the need for a new practice in evaluating the extent of denaturation of cottonseed protein products. The present practice of determining nitrogen solubility at one point was shown to be inadequate.     

Effects of succinylation and deamidation on functional properties of oat protein isolate

The effects of two different modification methods (deamidation and succinylation) on the functional properties (solubility, water- and oil-binding capacity, foaming capacity and stability, emulsion activity and stability) of oat protein isolates were evaluated. Protein isolates extracted from defatted oat flour at alkaline pH were acylated by 0.20 g/g of succinic anhydride. The protein isolate was also modified using a mild acidic treatment (HCl, 0.5 N). Succinylation and deamidation improved solubility and emulsifying activity of the native protein isolate. Foaming capacity of oat protein isolate increased after deamidation, whereas succinylation decreased it. The deamidated and succinylated proteins had lower foam and emulsion stabilities than had their native counterpart. Water- and oil-binding capacity, in both modified oat proteins, was higher than those of the native oat protein isolate.     

Solubility and functional properties of sesame seed proteins as influenced by pH and/or salt concentration

The protein content, solubility and functional properties of a total protein isolate prepared from sesame seeds (Kenana 1 cultivar) as a function of pH and/or NaCl concentration were investigated. The protein content of the seed was found to be 47.70%. The minimum protein solubility was at pH 5 and the maximum was at pH 3. The emulsifying capacity, activity and emulsion stability as well as foaming capacity and foam stability were greatly affected by pH levels and salt concentrations. Lower values were observed at acidic pH and high salt concentration. The protein isolate was highly viscous and dispersable at pH 9 with water holding capacity of 2.10 ml H₂O/g protein, oil holding capacity of 1.50 ml oil/g protein and bulk density of 0.71 gm/ml.     

CHANGES IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, THERMAL, COOKING AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF RICE DURING AGING

Studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of aging on the physico-chemical, thermal, cooking and textural properties of milled rice obtained from two rice cultivars (Basmati-370 and Sharbati). The physicochemical properties like amylose content, liquification number decreased while the free fatty acid content increased with aging. Basmati-370 milled rice had higher cooking time and elongation ratio which subsequently increased with aging in both the cultivars. Water uptake and gruel solids loss also decreased significantly with the aging of the milled rice from both the cultivars. Sharbati milled rice showed higher transition temperatures, enthalpy of gelatinization and peak height index than Basmati-370 rice cultivar when determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter. All these thermal parameters decreased with the aging of milled rice from both the cultivars. Textural properties such as packability, hardness, cohesiveness, extrudability and chewiness of cooked rice were measured using Instron Universal Testing Machine by back extrusion test. Basmati-370 cooked rice had higher packability, hardness, cohesiveness, extrudability and chewiness value as compared to Sharbati cooked rice. The values for all textural parameters in both the cultivars increased during aging, however, the increases were greater in Basmati-370 rice.     

温度对于大豆分离蛋白起泡性的影响研究

研究了20～90℃下商业用大豆分离蛋白(SPI)的起泡性。随着溶解温度的升高,5%大豆分离蛋白的溶解性及疏水性逐渐提高,起泡能力逐渐增强,泡沫稳定性则逐渐下降;将不同温度下5%大豆分离蛋白中的可溶性蛋白采用离心方法分离后发现可溶性蛋白的起泡性表现出与5%大豆分离蛋白相反的趋势,尤其在20～40℃的溶解温度下可溶性蛋白的起泡性远远优于大豆分离蛋白的起泡性。研究结果也说明,溶液中高比例可溶性大豆蛋白的存在可能有利于蛋白质泡沫的形成,但不能对泡沫的稳定性起到良好的支撑作用,同时大豆蛋白在溶液中的构象也会影响其起泡性。     

紫苏分离蛋白功能性研究

为了开发紫苏蛋白在食品工业中的应用,以大豆分离蛋白为对照,研究紫苏分离蛋白的功能特性。结果表明：紫苏分离蛋白的溶解性与大豆分离蛋白的溶解性随pH值变化的趋势基本一致,但在等电点时紫苏分离蛋白的溶解性高于大豆分离蛋白。在pH7.0时,紫苏分离蛋白的持水性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性和凝胶性均不及大豆分离蛋白。但紫苏分离蛋白的吸油性仅稍小于大豆分离蛋白,此外,在紫苏分离蛋白的蛋白质质量浓度为3g/100mL以后,其乳化稳定性与大豆分离蛋白的乳化稳定性基本相当。紫苏分离蛋白在食品加工中作为一种蛋白质强化剂具有一定潜力。     

碱性蛋白酶限制性酶解对蓝圆鲹分离蛋白功能特性的影响

以蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)分离蛋白为原料,采用碱性蛋白酶对其进行限制性酶解,研究水解度(degree of hydrolysis,DH)对分离蛋白酶解产物溶解性、持油力、乳化性与起泡性等功能特性的影响.结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解产物的相对分子质量显著下降.酶解可有效提高分离蛋白的溶解性,其溶解度随...