长距离CSMA/CA协议的系统设计

文中研究载波监听多路访问/冲突避免(CSMA/CA)接入机制在航空无线自组织网络中的应用。航空无线自组织网络是一种长传播时延的自组织网络,首先对长传播时延背景下的CSMA/CA接入协议进行了理论分析,研究时隙长度(Slot),短帧间间隔(SIFS)和源节点等待ACK包的时间对系统性能的影响。通过分析得到不同传输半径下CSMA/CA的最优参数配置。通过仿真结果表明,长距离CSMA/CA可以基本保持CSMA/CA的吞吐量。     

一种混合多址接入的无线传感器网络设计及实现

针对实际应用中无线传感器网络多区域分布、任务多元化的特点,为解决簇间通信的相互干扰,提出一种改进的FDMA/TDMA混合机制的无线传感器网络。簇间采用FDMA避免干扰,簇内节点采用TDMA实现睡眠调度。此外,在TDMA机制中分配监测时隙,如有突发情况,簇内节点可通过CSMA竞争与簇头节点实现通信,以此增加上报的公平性。对网络系统进行了工程实现验证,测试证明达到预期效果。     

混合多址接入的无线传感器网络设计及实现

针对实际应用中无线传感器网络多区域分布、任务多元化的特点,为解决簇间通信的相互干扰,提出一种改进的FD-MA/TDMA混合机制的无线传感器网络.簇间采用FDMA避免干扰,簇内节点采用TDMA实现睡眠调度.此外,在TDMA机制中分配监测时隙,如有突发情况,簇内节点可通过CSMA竞争与簇头节点实现通信,以此增加上报的公平性.对系统进行了工程实现验证,测试证明达到预期效果.     

GPRS在无线传感器网络远程通信中的应用

无线传感器网络是由多种类型节点组成的分布式网络.通用节点采用短距离的射频通信和中继完成更远距离的传输.为实现无线远程通信,采用通用分组无线业务(GPRS)公共无线网络.汇聚节点收集无线传感器网络采集的数据,通过网关节点接入GPRS公用无线移动网络.监控中心通过Internet和GPRS网络获取无线传感器网络的远程数据.介绍了无线传感器网络测量系统的组成,在嵌入式系统中接入GPRS的网络接入方法,给出了实验结果.     

ZigBee无线传感器网络在远程环境监测中的应用设计

为了解决使用传统有线方式监测偏远地区的环境参数不能满足实时性的问题,提出了一种利用ZigBee无线传感器网络构建环境远程监测系统的设计方案。该方案采用TI公司的无线射频收发芯片CC2430和适量的外围电路来设计传感器节点和中心控制节点的硬件电路,然后在Zigbee协议栈的基础上设计无线传感器网络中传感器节点和中心控制节点的应用软件。测试结果证明,该系统可长期稳定地对偏远地区的环境进行有效监控。     

基于CC2420的无线传感器网络节点的设计

CC2420是Chipcon公司开发的一款符合Z igbee标准的低功耗射频芯片。在简要介绍无线传感器网络节点结构后,对CC2420芯片的功能特点进行了分析,并结合其工作原理和应用电路,设计了以ATmega128L为处理器、CC2420芯片为无线通信芯片的无线传感器网络节点。     

基于预警优先级的ZigBee传感网络MAC层退避算法

针对无线传感器网络中有预警信息的高优先级数据包需要尽快传输,且IEEE 802.15.4协议本身不支持任何优先级传输机制的情况,提出了一种基于预警优先级的非时隙CSMA/CA自适应调整阶梯退避算法,并建立了离散时间马尔可夫分析模型,比较分析了网络中不同优先级节点的信道接入概率、网络吞吐量和传输延时,仿真结果表明,本文改进的自适应调整阶梯退避机制对提高无线传感器网络中高优先级数据包的实时传输性能具有积极的作用。     

基于Si4432的无线射频遥控系统设计

射频技术在工业现场数据传输中的应用可降低传输成本、提高传输效率。但工业现场对数据传输的安全性和可靠性要求很高,如何保证射频数据传输的安全和稳定,是射频技术应用于工业现场数据传输的关键。利用Si4432射频芯片和单片机开发了一种新的无线射频遥控系统。系统通过终端节点发送控制命令,由主节点实现射频网络的组网和网络管理,由路由节点实现数据的接收和转发。系统采用载波侦听多路访问/冲突避免（CSMA/CA）协议,避免了因通信冲突引起的信道阻塞和数据丢失;利用调频管理机制,对射频网络频段进行管理。系统实现了组网和网络维护功能,保证数据的正确传输,提高了系统的可维护性。该系统可广泛用于冶金、水泥等需对设备进行远距离控制的行业。     

基于果园环境信息监测的无线传感器网络节点设计

针对果园环境远程实时监测的需求,设计了MCU芯片MSP430F149、射频芯片nRF2401及各种传感器接入电路构成的具有多种果园环境信息监测的无线传感网络节点。该节点系统采集果园微气象信息(包括温度、湿度、光照强度等),通过节点之间的无线通信,以多跳的方式传给上位监控机,可实现果园环境信息的远距离实时监测。     

基于ZigBee的瓦斯传感器节点的研究

在煤矿生产中,安装在掘进工作面的各种传感器由于工作场所大多数采用放炮的掘进工作方式,所以传感器易发生被炸断线路情况,从而导致监控系统对掘进工作面失去监控作用,针对此问题,设计了一种矿用无线瓦斯传感器。采用新兴的ZigBee技术作为通信方式,以射频芯片CC2430为无线收发模块的核心,P89LPC932作为微处理器,论述了无线瓦斯传感器的构成和工作原理,对硬件电路和软件进行了设计,实现无线检测,延长了瓦斯传感器的寿命,并提高了效率,实现了节点间的相互通信。     

一种基于CSMA/CA的VLC系统多用户接入方法研究

针对可见光的通信距离较短和带宽有限的特点,提出了一种多终端组网的可见光网络模型,对于室内可见光通信(VLC)系统多用户接入碰撞问题,我们分析了这种网络模型的特点,提出了一种基于载波侦听多路访问/冲突避免(CSMA/CA)的多用户接入方法,给出了多用户接入时碰撞概率和系统吞吐量的表达式,并进行了相应的仿真。仿真结果表明模型和接入方法合理有效。     

Throughput analysis and improvement of hybrid multiple access in IEEE 802.15.3c mm-wave WPAN

This paper studies the throughput of the IEEE 802.15.3c millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) WPAN system that is based on the hybrid multiple access of CSMA/CA and TDMA. In order to study the throughput of this system, we construct a novel analytical model by considering hybrid multiple access. Our throughput analysis shows that the throughput is significantly affected by the length of access time of CSMA/CA. A large length of access time of CSMA/CA will cause a low data transmission time in TDMA, while a short length of access time of CSMA/CA will cause a large number of data transmission collisions in CSMA/CA. The failure of data transmission channel release due to the collisions will lead to an increase in the unused data transmission time in TDMA. In order to improve the throughput, we introduce a private channel-release time to avoid the failure of data transmission channel release and provide the optimum access time of CSMA/CA, thereby maximizing the throughput. The proposed method can significantly improve the throughput of the IEEE 802.15.3c mm-wave WPAN system.     

An Improvement of Slotted CSMA/CA Algorithm in IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Layer

The standard of IEEE 802.15.4 is able to achieve low-power transmissions in low-rate and short-distance wireless personal area networks. It employs the slotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) for the contention mechanism. The blind backoff process in the slotted CSMA/CA will cause lower channel utilization. Sensor node performs backoff process immediately when the clear channel assessment (CCA) detecting busy channel. It may neglect the implicit information of CCA failed detection and further cause the redundant senses. This paper proposes an additional carrier sensing (ACS) algorithm based on IEEE 802.15.4 to enhance the carrier sensing mechanisms in original slotted CSMA/CA. An analytic model is developed to evaluate the performance of ACS algorithm. The analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly improves the throughput, average medium access control delay and power consumption of CCA detecting.     

Cross-Layer Performance Analysis of CSMA/iCA Based Wireless Local Area Network

Carrier sense multiple access with improvised collision avoidance (CSMA/iCA) has recently been proposed as an enhancement to CSMA/CA. It has been reported to be superior than the legacy counterpart in terms of throughput efficiency, packet transmission delay and quantitative fairness index. Nevertheless, the superiority has been shown assuming ideal network conditions: error-free physical layer (L1) and saturated (always non empty) queue at medium access control layer (L2). These strict assumptions, however, do not accurately hold in the real-world Wireless Local Area Networks since the wireless medium is generally error-prone and the arrival of the packets at L2 queue is generally bursty resulting in non-saturated queue occupancy. Thus, the reported performance, especially throughput, in such typical L1/L2 settings is not complete to understand the performance benefit that CSMA/iCA offers under the realistic network settings. In this paper, we relax the aforesaid ideal assumptions and present a cross-layer (L1/L2) performance analysis. Our cross-layer analytical model considers the effect of Rayleigh fading induced bit errors in L1 and non-saturated queue occupancy due to Poisson packet arrival at L2 queue. By virtue of the validated numerical results, we show that the CSMA/iCA consistently retains its throughput gain over CSMA/CA for the non-ideal wireless settings as well.     

Performance Evaluation of the Networks with Wi-Fi based TDMA Coexisting with CSMA/CA

The wireless technology is widely used in industries with timing stringent tasks. However, it lacks of the consideration of the co-channel interference when designing and estimating the performance of the media access strategies. Thus, it is hard to guarantee the real-time and reliable packet transmissions. In this study, we first propose a Wi-Fi based TDMA access scheme to provide the stringent timing and reliability guarantees under the coexistence with the CSMA/CA scheme. Then, we theoretically analyze the delay of the Wi-Fi TDMA scheme and the throughput of the CSMA/CA scheme considering mutual interferences. The effectiveness of the proposed Wi-Fi TDMA scheme is demonstrated by numerous simulation results since the results show that the retransmission times and the average access delay of the TDMA station are small when varying the CSMA/CA packet length, TDMA packet length, TDMA slot length and TDMA duty cycle. The simulation results also show that the analysis TDMA delays are almost the same with the simulation ones which indicate the accuracy of our theoretical analysis models. Additionally, numerous simulations have been done to show the impact of the Wi-Fi TDMA scheme on the typical CSMA/CA scheme by varying the TDMA frame length and the TDMA duty cycle under centralized and distributed slot assignment strategies.

     

IEEE802.15.4时隙CSMA/CA算法性能研究

对IEEE802.15.4标准和时隙CSMA/CA算法进行了简单介绍,基于OPNET仿真软件,针对节点个数、工作周期(占空比)等参数对时隙CSMA/CA算法性能的影响,进行了不同网络环境的仿真实验。分别在固定节点个数和固定占空比条件下,仿真并分析了介质接入时延与吞吐量及网络能耗之间的关系。仿真结果表明,较多的节点个数和较小的工作周期会增大介质接入时延,降低网络吞吐量。     

两种异构CSMA/CA机制OSTS/BSTS无线传感网络公平性、实时性分析比较

IEEE802.15.4作为一种专为低速率无线个人区域网络(WPAN)而设计的低成本、低功耗、低速率的短距离无线通信新标准,为无线传感器网络提供了一种很好的解决方案。本文针对异构、非饱和无线网络,提出了两种新的CS-MA/CA机制:OSTS/BSTS机制;异构节点数据到达率不同,其各自获取的吞吐量不同,由此分析获得异构网络节点的公平性。OSTS/BSTS机制最大的特点是异构节点被赋予了公平的机会来访问信道,不存在优先权等级的问题。这两种机制采用两个半马尔可夫链模型来分别表达两组节点的访问过程,一个宏观马尔可夫链模型来表达信道状态转换过程,结合队列理论模型来分析异构节点的延时量、吞吐量、传输概率等特性,以获取网络实时性、公平性理论模型,并采用NS-2仿真工具对分析结果进行了仿真。     

Formal Specification and Model-Checking of CSMA/CA Using Finite Precision Timed Automata

1 Introduction Ani mportant activity within the engineering of com-munication andreal-ti me protocolsisto validate whethera given protocol functions as expected.Formal methodscan support this activity to a large extent . During thelast few years ,the formal specification and verificationof networking or telecommunication systems using for-mal tools[1 ~2]has attracted muchinterest fromacademiccommunity and industrial developers . In fact , therehave been some publications to discuss the specifi…     

Saturation performance analysis of directional CSMA/CA in mmWave WPANs

The millimeter‐wave (mmWave) band offers the potential for multi‐gigabit indoor wireless personal area networks (WPANs). However, there are problems such as the short wavelength and high propagation losses. In order to compensate for these, it is highly recommended to use directional antennas at the physical layer. In this paper, directional carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is analyzed in IEEE 802.15.3c, a standard for mmWave WPANs, under a saturated environment. A Markov chain model is presented and analyzed for the no‐acknowledgment (No‐ACK) mode. For the analysis, the device interaction is considered using directional antennas over a shared channel. A Markov chain model is presented in which the features of IEEE 802.15.3c such as backoff counter freezing and the effects of using directional antennas are incorporated. The maximal number of frames that can be transmitted concurrently and successfully is derived by an algorithm, and the system throughput and the average transmission delay are obtained in the closed forms. Numerical results show that the effects of using directional antennas in CSMA/CA and the overall analysis are verified by the simulation. The obtained results illustrate the physical layer impact on the CSMA/CA medium access control protocol, and these insights can be helpful in developing a medium access control protocol for enhancing the performance of mmWave WPANs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sticky CSMA/CA: Implicit synchronization and real-time QoS in mesh networks

We propose a novel approach to QoS for real-time traffic over wireless mesh networks, in which application layer characteristics are exploited or shaped in the design of medium access control. Specifically, we consider the problem of efficiently supporting a mix of Voice over IP (VoIP) and delay-insensitive traffic, assuming a narrowband physical layer with CSMA/CA capabilities. The VoIP call carrying capacity of wireless mesh networks based on classical CSMA/CA (e.g., the IEEE 802.11 standard) is low compared to the raw available bandwidth, due to lack of bandwidth and delay guarantees. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) could potentially provide such guarantees, but it requires fine-grained network-wide synchronization and scheduling, which are difficult to implement. In this paper, we introduce Sticky CSMA/CA, a new medium access mechanism that provides TDM-like performance to real-time flows without requiring explicit synchronization. We exploit the natural periodicity of VoIP flows to obtain implicit synchronization and multiplexing gains. Nodes monitor the medium using the standard CSMA/CA mechanism, except that they remember the recent history of activity in the medium. A newly arriving VoIP flow uses this information to grab the medium at the first available opportunity, and then sticks to a periodic schedule, providing delay and bandwidth guarantees. Delay-insensitive traffic fills the gaps left by the real-time flows using novel contention mechanisms to ensure efficient use of the leftover bandwidth. Large gains over IEEE 802.11 networks are demonstrated in terms of increased voice call carrying capacity (more than 100% in some cases). We briefly discuss extensions of these ideas to a broader class of real-time applications, in which artificially imposing periodicity (or some other form of regularity) at the application layer can lead to significant enhancements of QoS due to improved medium access.