Polarization and Holography Recording in Real- and k-Space Based on Dielectric Metasurface

The diverse design freedom and mechanisms of metasurfaces motivate the manipulation of polarization in an ultrashort distance with subwavelength resolution and make metasurfaces outperform conventional polarization optical elements. However, in order to enhance the information capability and encryption security of metasurface holograms, polarization manipulation together with multiplexing technologies are still highly desired. Here, a birefringent dielectric metasurface with the capability of encoding a grayscale image in real-space based on Malus's law by utilizing the inhomogeneous polarization distribution and realizing the reconstruction of a vectorial holographic image in k-space with the help of the phase profiles of different polarization components of output light is demonstrated. This novel functionality is realized by exploiting the manipulation of polarization and phase of output light simultaneously offered by the dielectric metasurface. The proposed method may enhance the information capability and security level of applications such as the anticounterfeiting and encryption.     

基于电介质超表面的双频带双偏振通道波前调控

随着微纳加工技术的发展,超表面在亚波长尺度对电磁波的多维度调控展现出传统光学器件难以比拟的优势。基于电介质硅纳米柱结构构建了具有双频带响应的超表面,利用微结构对不同偏振入射光反射系数的差异,通过构建梯度几何相位实现了双波长下的异常反射;同时设计了超表面灰度成像阵列,在近红外波段实现了对正交偏振态和双波长入射具有不同响应的正负灰度图像。文中提出的超表面设计为基于超表面的多功能集成技术的发展奠定了基础。     

High‐Performance Broadband Circularly Polarized Beam Deflector by Mirror Effect of Multinanorod Metasurfaces

Manipulation of light phase and amplitude by plasmonic metasurfaces has immensely promising applications in optical imaging, information processing, communications, and quantum optics. However, the controllability of efficiency and bandwidth is relatively low for the single‐layer metasurfaces. Here, a high efficiency and broadband circularly polarized (CP) beam deflector based on multirod single‐layer metasurfaces is presented. Each unit can be regarded as an imperfect polarizer, and the phase and amplitude induced by the mirror effect can be easily controlled. Owing to the plasmonic hybridization, the high efficiency and broadband characteristics of the proposed metasurfaces are theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. Meanwhile, an easy way to determine the polarization degree of the incident light based on Poincaré sphere is also proved by the multirod metasurfaces. Our work provides a simple alternative way to enhance the efficiency of CP anomalous light and thus has robust applications in nanophotonics and nanooptics.     

Full‐Color Complex‐Amplitude Vectorial Holograms Based on Multi‐Freedom Metasurfaces

Phase, polarization, amplitude, and frequency represent the basic dimensions of light, playing crucial roles for both fundamental light–material interactions and all major optical applications. Metasurfaces have emerged as a compact platform to manipulate these knobs, but previous metasurfaces have limited flexibility to simultaneous control them. A multi‐freedom metasurface that can simultaneously and independently modulate phase, polarization, and amplitude in an analytical form is introduced, and frequency multiplexing is further realized by a k‐space engineering technique. The multi‐freedom metasurface seamlessly combines geometric Pancharatnam–Berry phase and detour phase, both of which are frequency independent. As a result, it allows complex‐amplitude vectorial hologram at various frequencies based on the same design strategy, without sophisticated nanostructure searching of massive geometric parameters. Based on this principle, full‐color complex‐amplitude vectorial meta‐holograms in the visible are experimentally demonstrated with a metal–insulator–metal architecture, unlocking the long‐sought full potential of advanced light field manipulation through ultrathin metasurfaces.     

利用超表面的涡旋光束产生进展（特邀）

涡旋光束因为携带轨道角动量,在光通信、粒子操纵及量子信息等领域都具有重要的应用前景。目前有很多方法可用于产生涡旋光束,如利用螺旋相位板、模式转换、空间光调制器等。然而,传统的方法需要搭建体积相对较大的光学系统,限制了其在集成光学等领域中的应用。不同于传统方法中通过传输效应来获得相位变化,超表面可以通过纳米结构使入射光产生相位突变,在纳米尺度上独立控制动态或几何相位以产生涡旋。超表面具有强大光控制能力的同时,还具有体积小、易于集成等特点,因此成为了产生涡旋光的理想方法。文中在介绍产生涡旋光束基本原理的基础上,回顾了近年来利用超表面产生涡旋光束的研究进展。首先介绍了利用动力学相位、Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B)相位以及混合相位产生光学涡旋的方法。随后,对利用全息与编码超表面产生涡旋及通过多路复用产生多个涡旋等不同方法进行了综述。最后,对基于超表面产生涡旋的一些亟待解决的问题和应用前景作了简单总结与讨论。     

All‐Dielectric Programmable Huygens' Metasurfaces

Low‐loss nanostructured dielectric metasurfaces have emerged as a breakthrough platform for ultrathin optics and cutting‐edge photonic applications, including beam shaping, focusing, and holography. However, the static nature of their constituent materials has traditionally limited them to fixed functionalities. Tunable all‐dielectric infrared Huygens' metasurfaces consisting of multi‐layer Ge disk meta‐units with strategically incorporated non‐volatile phase change material Ge₃Sb₂Te₆ are introduced. Switching the phase‐change material between its amorphous and crystalline structural state enables nearly full dynamic light phase control with high transmittance in the mid‐IR spectrum. The metasurface is realized experimentally, showing post‐fabrication tuning of the light phase within a range of 81% of the full 2π phase shift. Additionally, the versatility of the tunable Huygen's metasurfaces is demonstrated by optically programming the spatial light phase distribution of the metasurface with single meta‐unit precision and retrieving high‐resolution phase‐encoded images using hyperspectral measurements. The programmable metasurface concept overcomes the static limitations of previous dielectric metasurfaces, paving the way for “universal” metasurfaces and highly efficient, ultracompact active optical elements like tunable lenses, dynamic holograms, and spatial light modulators.     

Radiation-Type Metasurfaces for Advanced Electromagnetic Manipulation

Manipulating the phase, polarization, and energy distribution of electromagnetic (EM) waves has facilitated numerous applications. Nowadays, metasurface provides an innovational scenario to carry out more promising and advanced control of EM waves. However, it is a great challenge to manipulate polarization, phase, and energy distribution simultaneously with a low profile. Herein, a class of single-layer radiation-type metasurfaces to achieve advanced EM manipulation is proposed. Desired EM functions can be achieved based on the geometric phase and resonant phase. Such metasurfaces enable the capability to manipulate arbitrary phases and linear polarization states simultaneously. Moreover, arbitrary energy distributions can be controlled. As examples of potential applications, three advanced EM functional devices are presented: a novel multiple-input multiple-output antenna with efficient crosstalk suppression and information encryption, an energy-controllable router, and a metasurface holographic imaging based on power transmission algorithm, respectively. The proposed strategy may open up an alternative way of controlling EM waves with advanced performance and minimalist complexity. Moreover, it may lead to advances in information encoding and cryptography.     

从亚波长光栅到超构光栅:原理、设计及应用

随着纳米光子学的发展,光学结构如光学微腔、波导结构、光子晶体、亚波长光栅、超构表面等能够在微纳尺度实现对光的传输与调控,推动了光学集成化的发展。亚波长光栅由于其结构简单、成本低廉等特点得到了科学家们广泛的研究,应用在各种光学器件,逐渐形成了光栅分析模型的成熟理论体系。结合周期性结构耦合行为及超构表面中超构原子的散射调制特性,从亚波长光栅衍生出的超构光栅能够利用周期性布拉格散射提高调控光束的效率,从而避免了超构表面相位离散化带来的效率降低和能量损失。科学家们研究并设计了超构光栅,更多的物理现象及应用被探究和挖掘。文中对亚波长光栅以及超构光栅的基本理论、设计和应用进行了概述。从基本原理出发,论述了亚波长光栅和超构光栅的特性,综述了二者的理论设计及单元设计方法,并介绍了在生物传感、滤光片光谱调控和吸收薄膜等方面的应用。最后,展望了未来的发展方向。     

非线性超构表面:谐波产生与超快调控

超构表面是指由亚波长结构构成的纳米光学天线阵列。在合适的激发条件下,纳米天线可以产生共振,实现近场增强,进而增强非线性光学效应。相较于传统非线性光学晶体,超构表面集成度较高,有利于实现小型化的高效非线性光源。由于光只传播亚波长的距离,针对非线性谐波产生等应用,超构表面具有无需考虑相位匹配的优势。此外,超构表面具有亚波长的空间分辨率,通过对结构单元的设计和排列,可以实现对非线性谐波的相位、偏振和振幅的灵活调控。该综述针对超构表面在光学频率转换、非线性波前调控以及超快全光调控等领域的国内外近期工作进行了总结,并对非线性超构表面在走向实际应用中面临的挑战和进一步的发展方向进行了展望。     

新型功能超颖表面波前调制技术的发展与应用(特邀)

超颖表面作为一类智能表面,通常由特殊设计、加工而得到的特征尺寸接近或小于波长的亚波长纳米天线阵列构成。超颖表面能够实现光场的振幅、相位和偏振的人为调控,具有超薄、超小像素、宽带、低损耗、易加工等优势,设计灵活,功能强大。文中针对超颖表面在全息显示、波前调制和偏振转换、主动可调、非线性波前调控等方向进行综述,并展望未来发展趋势。超颖表面作为一种超薄的、微型化的波前调制器件,具有极大的信息容量,且更能适应未来高度集成的微型光电系统的发展要求,在全息显示、光束整形、涡旋光束的产生、数据存储、加密与防伪、超透镜与色散控制、彩色印刷、非对称传输、非线性光学、光的自旋霍尔效应、光通信与集成光电子学等应用领域提供了潜在的可行性和新的视角,有望取代传统光电器件,展现出了广阔的发展前景。     

Laser-Empowered Random Metasurfaces for White Light Printed Image Multiplexing

Printed image multiplexing based on the design of metasurfaces has attracted much interest in the past decade. Optical switching between different images displayed directly on the metasurface is performed by altering the parameters of the incident light such as polarization, wavelength, or incidence angle. When using white light, only two-image multiplexing is implemented with polarization switching. Such metasurfaces are made of nanostructures perfectly controlled individually, which provide high-resolution pixels but small images and involve long fabrication processes. Here, it is demonstrated that laser processing of nanocomposites offers a versatile low-cost, high-speed method with large area processing capabilities for controlling the statistical properties of random metasurfaces, allowing up to three-image multiplexing under white light illumination. By independently controlling absorption and interference effects, colors in reflection and transmission can be varied independently yielding two-image multiplexing under white light. Using anisotropy of plasmonic nanoparticles, a third image can be multiplexed and revealed through polarization changes. The design strategy, the fundamental properties, and the versatility of implementation of these laser-empowered random metasurfaces are discussed. The technique, applied on flexible substrate, can find applications in information encryption or functional switchable optical devices, and offers many advantages for visual security and anticounterfeiting.     

Multiplexed Nondiffracting Nonlinear Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces and planar photonic nanostructures have drawn great interest from the optical scientific community due to their diverse abilities of manipulating electromagnetic waves and high integration. Most metasurfaces launch diffracting waves, and thus suffer from divergence, short working distance, and instability. Although much effort has been devoted to researching nondiffracting metasurfaces which can launch electromagnetic waves with constant transverse intensity profiles in free‐space propagation, the number of working channels is inherently limited as these meta‐devices are implemented in the linear optical regime. Here, the multiplexed nondiffracting nonlinear metasurfaces are theoretically proposed and experimentally realized, which can generate the representative nondiffracting Bessel beam and Airy beam. Three Bessel beams with different numerical apertures and topological charges and three Airy beams with different propagation curves and focal lengths can be generated by a combination of different spins and wavelengths. The complex properties of the nondiffracting beams can be designed and detected in a more comprehensive and concise way with Fourier analysis. This proof‐of‐concept represents a new strategy for realizing multiplexed nondiffracting metasurfaces with advantages of ultracompactness, high‐pixelation, and easy integration and paves the way for multi‐channel optical communication and manipulation.     

宽带消色差红外光学超构透镜研究进展（特邀）

超构透镜是由亚波长散射单元结构排列而成的具有聚焦功能的平面二维超构表面。超构表面能够在亚波长尺度上操控光场的振幅、相位、色散和偏振态,是近年来迅速发展起来的新型光场调控载体。亚波长共振纳米结构使得高阶衍射被抑制,入射光场可以完美地被调制到设计的衍射级次上,从而确保了超构表面器件具有高的光子调控效率。同时,超构单元在设计上的灵活性及其特定的电磁响应使得超构表面可以实现对光场多个维度的定制化操控。不同于传统光学透镜依赖光传播的相位累积效应,宽带消色差超构透镜通过对光场相位和相位色散的同时独立调控解决了传统通过级联多个透镜修正色差造成的光学系统复杂和体积庞大限制,为发展小型化片上集成光学提供了全新的思路。文中围绕超构透镜的相关研究,首先介绍了超构表面调控光场振幅、相位和偏振态的基本原理,在此基础上,重点回顾了近年来关于超透镜的研究发展,包括通过单一参量调控的单波长超透镜的实现,以及通过对光场偏振、相位及相位色散的多参量联合调控的多功能宽带消色差超构透镜的发展现状,最后讨论其进一步发展的可能挑战与应用前景。     

基于电介质超表面的光场复振幅调制及应用

超表面作为一种人工设计的二维阵列纳米结构,能够在亚波长尺度上实现光场波前振幅、相位和偏振态的灵活调控,为现代光学器件的小型化、集成化提供了全新的实现途径。随着光学成像、显示等应用的发展,在可见光波段具有高工作效率的微型光学器件的需求日益凸显。近年来,由高折射率、低损耗电介质材料制备的光学超表面得到了极大地发展,在消色差光学超透镜、偏振相关全息显示等方面展现出广泛的应用前景。文中围绕电介质超表面的相关研究,首先介绍广义斯涅耳定律及电介质超表面结构调控光场振幅、相位和偏振态的基本原理,在此基础上,重点回顾近年来关于光场波前单一参量调控和多参量联合调控在全息显示、结构光场产生等方面的研究进展,最后讨论电介质超表面发展的可能挑战与前景。     

太赫兹波前调制超表面器件研究进展

超表面是一种由人工微结构组成的超薄平面器件,能够实现对电磁波振幅、相位以及偏振态的调控,具有体积小、重量轻、集成度高、可灵活操控电磁波等优势,在电磁波谱、波前调制中发挥着巨大的作用。综述了近年来基于超表面的太赫兹波前调制器件的研究进展。总结了基于Pancharatnam-Berry相位、基于局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)、基于Mie共振的三种超表面单元结构对电磁波的振幅、相位调控机理,并讨论了实现高效率超表面的方法。之后,介绍了用于设计波前调制超表面器件的纯相位调制方法和复振幅调制方法。综述了在太赫兹波段典型的超表面波前调制器,包括单一功能、复合功能以及可调谐功能的超表面波前调制器件。在早期的研究工作中,设计的超表面可实现波束偏转、波束聚焦、全息成像、以及涡旋光束、自聚焦光束、洛伦兹光束等特殊光束产生等功能。为提高太赫兹器件的利用率,波分复用、偏振复用等功能复用的太赫兹超表面器件被提出。随着对太赫兹波前动态调控需求的增长, 一些主动的太赫兹超表面器件被提出并在实验上被验证。共有两种主动的超表面器件。其中一种主动超表面是通过将超表面结构与半导体材料或相变材料结合形成的,另一种是通过光泵浦硅片形成的全光器件。全光超表面在不用重新加工的前提下能够被重复使用。通过调整投影在硅片上的超表面图像即可动态操控太赫兹波前。全光超表面具有动态控制波束扫描和波束聚焦的能力,将来可应用于太赫兹通信、太赫兹雷达等领域。最后,对太赫兹波前调制超表面器件的发展趋势与应用前景进行了展望。     

Tunable Metasurfaces Based on Active Materials

Metasurfaces, planer artificial materials composed of subwavelength unit cells, have shown superior abilities to manipulate the wavefronts of electromagnetic waves. In the last few years, metasurfaces have been a burgeoning field of research, with a large variety of functional devices, including planar lenses, beam deflectors, polarization converters, and metaholograms, being demonstrated. Up to date, the majority of metasurfaces cannot be tuned postfabrication. Yet, the dynamic control of optical properties of metasurfaces is highly desirable for a plethora of applications including free space optical communications, holographic displays, and depth sensing. Recently, much effort has been made to exploit active materials, whose optical properties can be controlled under external stimuli, for the dynamic control of metasurfaces. The tunability enabled by active materials can be attributed to various mechanisms, including but not limited to thermo‐optic effects, free‐carrier effects, and phase transitions. This short review summarizes the recent progress on tunable metasurfaces based on various approaches and analyzes their respective advantages and challenges to be confronted with. A number of potential future directions are also discussed at the end.     

基于双环混合偏振矢量光束实现光学囚笼实时操纵的理论研究

理论上提出了一种通过调节双环混合偏振矢量光束的偏振态来实现光学囚笼实时操纵的新方法。双环混合偏振矢量光束是由双环径向光束通过一个波片后形成的,光束偏振将变为包含线偏振、圆偏振和椭圆偏振的混合状态,且偏振态强烈依赖于空间位置和相位延迟角度。利用衍射积分公式数值模拟了双环混合偏振矢量光束经过强聚焦系统后在焦点附近的强度分布。数值结果显示当相位延迟角度为0时能形成光学囚笼,当相位延迟角度不为0时能控制光学囚笼打开的程度。将液晶可调相位延迟器(LCVR)作为可调波片,LCVR可以由外部电压实时控制使其相位延迟角度能在0～π之间连续取值,这样就可以通过调节LCVR的外接电压实现焦平面光学囚笼的实时开和关。     

基于石墨烯太赫兹超表面的特殊波束动态调控

现有的大多数特殊波束(聚焦波束、艾里光束等)超表面通常采用金属结构单元,通过改变单元结构的尺寸和旋转角度等方式进行单一的波前调控,但对动态调谐波前的特殊波束超表面的研究很少。本文突破传统结构的壁垒,利用石墨烯独特的电可调性,构造出利用石墨烯费米能级动态调控波前的特殊波束超表面,可在动态调控波前上实现更灵活的自由性,满足更多、更复杂的相位需求。通过调控石墨烯费米能级获得不同的相位分布,动态调控焦点的空间位置、聚焦开关与焦点个数之间的切换以及影响艾里光束的参数等。所提出的动态调控波前特殊波束超表面可为太赫兹在高分辨成像、聚焦可调平面透镜、光学显微操作、激光微加工、光学子弹成型等方面的应用提供参考。     

棱镜全息干涉法制作二维光子晶体的研究

模拟了Top-cut棱镜全息干涉生成的各种光学晶格结构,为棱镜法制作光子晶体提供参考。用全息干涉理论分析了top-cut六棱镜多光束干涉生成的光学晶格结构,考虑了光束数目、偏振方向以及位相的不同对晶格结构的影响。改变光束数目可以生成不同周期的正六角、斜六角光学晶格;改变光束偏振特性则影响光学晶格格点的形状;改变光束初位相可以生成蜂窝状结构等。另外还模拟了top-cut五棱镜所生成的十重旋转对称光学准晶结构。并且用平面波展开法计算了六角和蜂窝结构的有机光子晶体带隙图,证明了蜂窝结构更容易产生大的光子带隙。     

可重构电磁超表面及其应用研究进展

可重构电磁超表面是电磁超表面领域广受关注的热点方向。将可控器件/材料引入超表面设计,可重构超表面的电磁调控性能可以实时灵活动态控制。这极大丰富了超表面的功能,有力推动了超表面由理论设计向工程应用突破。近年来该团队持续关注电磁超表面的最新发展,围绕微波频段的可重构超表面,从理论、技术与应用3个层面开展探索研究。该文首先梳...