锆元素对Zn-15Al钎料组织和性能的影响

通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射和纳米压痕等方法研究了微量Zr元素对铝合金/不锈钢异种金属钎焊用Zn-15Al钎料显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,微量Zr元素的添加对钎料的熔点没有明显影响.Zr元素对Zn-15Al钎料基体中η-Zn相有明显细化作用,当Zr元素的质量分数为0.2%时,细化效果最佳;Zr元素的添加量过多时,钎料中形成块状的Al₂ZnZr化合物.当Zr元素的质量分数为0.2%时,Zn-15Al-0.2Zr钎料在不锈钢和铝合金母材上的铺展面积较Zn-15Al钎料分别提高了15.9%和10.2%,钎焊接头抗剪强度达到最大值143 MPa.Zn-15Al,Zn-15Al-0.2Zr,Zn-15Al-0.3Zr 3种钎料的蠕变应力指数分别为6.64,7.35,8.07.     

锆元素对Zn-15Al钎料组织和性能的影响

通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射和纳米压痕等方法研究了微量Zr元素对铝合金/不锈钢异种金属钎焊用Zn-15Al钎料显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,微量Zr元素的添加对钎料的熔点没有明显影响.Zr元素对Zn-15Al钎料基体中η-Zn相有明显细化作用,当Zr元素的质量分数为0.2%时,细化效果最佳;Zr元素的添加量过多时,钎料中形成块状的Al_2ZnZr化合物.当Zr元素的质量分数为0.2%时,Zn-15Al-0.2Zr钎料在不锈钢和铝合金母材上的铺展面积较Zn-15Al钎料分别提高了15.9%和10.2%,钎焊接头抗剪强度达到最大值143 MPa.Zn-15Al,Zn-15Al-0.2Zr,Zn-15Al-0.3Zr 3种钎料的蠕变应力指数分别为6.64,7.35,8.07.     

BAg40CuZn(Ni/Cd)钎焊接头组织与高温性能演变

通过研究Cd/Ni元素在BAg40CuZn X钎焊显微组织与性能的作用,分析了其对钎焊接头高温性能演变机理。Cd/Ni元素对钎料的熔化温度、润湿流动性以及焊接强度皆有影响,而这些作用可否延续至钎焊接头及工件使用过程,针对Cd/Ni元素对钎焊接头组织及高温力学性能的作用进行了研究。Cd可提高钎料的综合性能,但在一定高温下促使其钎缝组织迅速脆化而受力断裂,致使钎焊接头失效;而Ni可使钎缝保持一定的高温力学性能。     

Al元素对Zn-Al钎料钎焊2A01铝合金性能的影响

研究了Al元素对Zn-Al钎料钎焊2A01铝合金性能的影响.钎料润湿性试验结果表明,随着钎料中Al元素含量的增加,钎料在2A01铝合金表面的铺展性能提高,Al元素含量为12%(质量分数)时,铺展面积达到最大,继续增加钎料中Al元素含量,铺展性能降低.钎料中Al元素含量在8%~15%范围内时,钎料均具有良好的铺展性能.钎焊接头力学性能试验结果表明,随着钎料中Al元素含量的增加,钎缝中铝基固溶体强化相数量增加,对接钎焊接头强度提高,钎料中Al元素含量为8%时,钎焊接头强度达到最高,继续增加Al元素含量,钎缝中的枝状共析组织变得粗大,与其周围组织容易产生应力集中,萌生裂纹,对应的钎焊接头强度降低.综合考虑钎料的铺展性能以及钎焊接头力学性能,92Zn-8Al钎料钎焊2A01铝合金性能最佳.     

铝/钢异种金属火焰钎焊接头组织和性能

通过扫描电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射等方法研究了火焰钎焊时Zn-xAl钎料的润湿性能、铝/钢钎焊接头界面显微组织、金属间化合物层以及接头抗剪强度.结果表明,Zn-xAl钎料配合改性CsF-RbF-AlF₃钎剂,可以有效地去除母材表面氧化膜,从而提高钎焊接头力学性能.随着Al元素含量增加,钎料铺展性和填缝性随之提高,但是钎焊接头强度先升后降,Al元素含量为15%时,钎焊接头力学性能最佳.钎焊接头显微组织分析结果表明,金属间化合物主要为Fe₄Al₁₃相. Zn-xAl钎料中Al元素含量较低时,界面层由富锌相和Fe₄Al₁₃相组成.随着Al元素含量的增加,在Zn-25Al钎焊接头界面出现第二层金属间化合物Fe₂Al₅相.     

取向偏差对镍基单晶高温合金钎焊接头组织与力学性能的影响

采用一种镍基合金钎料在1210℃、30 min条件下对0°+0°、0°+45°及0°+90°3种[001]取向偏差的CMSX-4单晶高温合金进行真空钎焊连接及时效热处理,研究热处理前后母材取向偏差对接头微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,3种取向偏差接头的钎料合金区微观组织与相组成相似,均由γ-Ni、γ′、γ+γ′共晶、M₃B₂型硼化物、CrB、镍硅化合物以及γ-Ni+Ni₃B+CrB三元共晶相组成。钎料中的降熔元素B向母材扩散不明显,接头的扩散影响区未见脆性化合物相析出。接头经过热处理后,元素扩散均匀,脆性的化合物相减少。当焊缝两侧的母材存在取向偏差时,焊缝中心处可观察到连续的晶界。对3种取向偏差钎焊接头进行室温与高温拉伸性能测试可知,母材取向偏差对未热处理的钎焊接头的室温和高温拉伸性能无显著影响,但经过热处理后,母材取向偏差对接头的室温与高温强度影响较大。断口观察发现,断裂位置均为钎料合金区,而经过热处理后的取向偏差接头,裂纹在焊缝中心的晶界处萌生并扩展,导致断裂。     

钎料元素Al+Zn对镁合金钎焊接头显微组织和抗剪强度的影响

为了研究钎料元素Al+Zn对镁合金钎焊接头显微组织与抗剪强度的影响,以两种Al-Mg-Zn镁合金钎料对变形镁合金AZ31B进行了高频感应钎焊,研究两种Al-Mg-Zn镁合金钎料的显微组织、钎焊接头的显微组织及力学性能。结果表明:随着钎料中Al+Zn元素含量(质量分数)的增加,钎料的固相线和液相线温度也随之增加;在钎焊过程中两种Al-Mg-Zn镁合金钎料与母材AZ31B均发生强烈合金化作用,在钎缝中均生成α-Mg+β-Mg17(Al,Zn)12离异共晶组织,钎料的原始显微组织消失,且随着钎料中Al+Zn元素含量的增加,钎焊接头中的金属间化合物相β-Mg17(Al,Zn)12的体积分数和显微硬度也随之增加,同时钎焊接头力学性能随之降低。钎焊接头的断裂形式均为沿晶脆性断裂,断裂均产生在金属间化合物相β-Mg17(Al,Zn)12处。     

镍对Ag20CuZnSnP钎料铺展润湿性和接头抗剪强度的影响

通过在Ag20CuZnSnP钎料合金的基础上添加不同含量的元素Ni,研究并分析了不同含量的Ni元素对钎料铺展性能和钎焊接头抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,当钎料合金中Ni元素的含量超过2．0％时,钎料在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢上的铺展面积可大大提高;当钎料中Ni元素含量为2．0％时,同种和异种母材钎焊接头的抗剪强度均达到最大值。对钎料微观组织分析表明,在钎料合金中加入元素Ni可以明显细化钎料合金中粗大树枝晶状的锡青铜组织,而元素Ni会夺取金属间化合物Cu3P中的P元素,在钎料中主要以金属间化合物Ni3P的形式存在。     

TiZrCuNi粉状钎料真空钎焊TA2纯钛接头界面组织及力学性能

采用Ti37.5Zr37.5Cu15Ni10粉状钎料在940℃×20 min工艺条件下实现了TA2商业纯钛的真空钎焊连接,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、万能试验机和显微硬度计等对钎焊接头的界面组织和力学性能进行了研究和分析。结果表明,钎焊接头的典型界面结构为TA2/针状α-Ti+共析组织(α-Ti+(Ti,Zr)_(2)(Cu,Ni))+残余钎料/TA2,Cu、Ni元素主要存在于共析组织和残余钎料中,Zr元素在共析组织、残余钎料和针状α-Ti中均有分布。钎焊接头室温抗剪强度为322 MPa,从母材向钎缝中心维氏硬度逐渐增大,钎缝中心共析组织的维氏硬度值为307 HV10,可达母材2倍以上。断口分析结果表明裂纹沿钎缝扩展,断口形貌具有沿晶韧窝、拉长韧窝和解理断裂特征,断裂呈韧性-脆性复合断裂模式。     

稀土元素Ce对Zn-22Al钎料组织和性能的影响

研究了稀土元素Ce的添加对Zn-22Al钎料的电阻率、熔化特性、铺展性能、显微组织以及钎焊接头抗剪强度的影响.结果表明,铈的加入对钎料的电阻率、熔化特性影响甚微,但显著改善了钎料的铺展性能,细化了钎料的基体组织,提高了钎焊接头的抗剪强度.当Ce元素的添加量达到0.05%时,钎料在铝、铜两种母材上的铺展面积取得最大值,分别较未添加时提高了21.4%和11.6%;钎焊接头抗剪强度达到最大值91.3 MPa,比未添加稀土时提高了30.3%.稀土铈含量继续增加时,其显微组织中出现脆性稀土相并且尺寸有增大的趋势,钎料铺展性能、钎焊接头强度明显恶化.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.