加热处理小麦食用品质的变化

采用不同的热处理方式对三种高水分小麦进行处理，使其降低至安全水分。结果发现面团流变学特性和烘焙品质发生了重要变化：若用适当的高温（８０℃～９０℃左右）处理，则面团性质显著改善，烘烤的面包体积大，面包内部结构和内外色泽均有改善。若处理温度过高，则面团性质劣变，面包烘焙品质变差，淀粉酶活性及盐溶、醇溶和稀乙酸溶解的蛋白质的含量均随处理温度升高而下降，而残留蛋白质含量则随处理温度升高而增加。     

河北省小麦的烘焙品质和蒸煮品质的研究

我们对河北省的23个小麦样品(包括19个品种)的蛋白质和面筋质的含量、沉降值、粉质仪(Farinograph)和拉伸仪(Extensograph)曲线,烘焙品质、蒸煮品质等项目进行了测定,并计算了各项目间的相关系数。找到了一些烘焙品质好的小麦品种。     

超强筋小麦粉面包烘焙技术研究

为了烘焙出能充分表现超强筋小麦济麦229面粉品质特性的优良面包,设置了4种醒发时间处理、5种酵母和糖用量处理、4种配粉处理,对超强筋小麦面粉的面包品质进行了评价分析。结果表明,在4个醒发时间处理中,当面团醒发时间为30 min和面包胚醒发时间为50 min时,烘焙的面包品质最好。在5种酵母和糖用量的处理中,利用吐司面包程序时,干酵母和糖的用量分别为6 g和24 g时烘焙的面包品质最好;利用法式面包程序时,干酵母和糖的用量分别为3 g和18 g时烘焙的面包品质最好。在4个配粉处理中,200g超强筋小麦济麦229面粉中添加100 g普通小麦济麦22面粉的混粉烘焙得到的面包品质最好。因此,适当调整超强筋小麦粉面包的面团、面包胚醒发时间及物料配比,可以烘焙出品质优良的面包。     

不同发芽状况对小麦烘焙品质的影响

对强面筋、中强面筋和弱面筋类型的３个小麦品种的烘焙品质进行分析。结果表明,随发芽程度加深,籽粒蛋白质含量降低,α－淀粉酶活性增强,面粉和面改变。小于４１ｈ发芽处理的强面筋、中强面筋泪科小于１８ｈ发芽处理的强面筋小麦,其面包烘焙品质与对照处同一水平。发芽面对包烘焙品质影响,弱面筋类型品种比强面筋类型品种更为敏感。     

小麦蛋白质及其各组分与面制品品质的关系

主要从烘焙品质和蒸煮品质方面综述了小麦蛋白质含量、结构和组成与面制品品质的关系,以期为面制品品质的改善提供理论依据,并对小麦蛋白质的研究发展作了进一步的展望。     

高效液相色谱法测定面粉中的过氧化苯甲酰

主要从烘焙品质和蒸煮品质方面综述了小麦蛋白质含量、结构和组成与面制品品质的关系，以期为面制品品质的改善提供理论依据，并对小麦蛋白质的研究发展作了进一步的展望。研究表明：麦谷蛋白大聚合体含量是决定面包烘焙品质的一个重要品质指标。作为品质代表指标优于面筋和蛋白质含量。今后应加强同种小麦胚乳结构中蛋白质含量和质量与面制品品质关系的研究，以及清蛋白和球蛋白对面制品品质影响的研究；     

软质小麦品质与饼干烘焙品质关系的研究

本研究测定了２３个软质小麦的品质及饼干烘焙品质。饼干烘焙品质主要受粉质仪测定值影响，软麦的蛋白质及面筋含量也直接或间接地影响着饼干烘焙品质。饼干采用软麦制粉，其蛋白质含量和面团强度都应较低。软麦育种的关键是在降低蛋白质含量的同时降低面筋强度。     

小麦籽粒淀粉品质与蛋白质品质关系的初步研究

淀粉与蛋白质是小麦籽粒主要的组成成分。小麦粉所特有的面团特性和烘焙品质主要是由蛋白质组分决定的。本文定量分析了淀粉含量、淀粉组成、膨胀特性、粘度特性、蛋白质含量、蛋白质组分、谷蛋白大聚合体含量、面筋含量、沉降值等性状及各性状之间的关系。通过测定32个小麦品种籽粒的11个淀粉品质性状及10个蛋白质品质性状，结果表明：     

小麦微波干燥特性及工艺优化研究

针对小麦热风干燥中存在的问题,运用微波试验装置,通过选择不同的干燥功率和加热时间及配套的工艺流程,研究了小麦微波干燥特性及其对干后品质和能耗的影响,并优化了其干燥工艺。研究结果表明:小麦微波干燥主要处于恒速阶段,不同品质指标对微波处理反应不一样,小麦籽粒的发芽率和SDS沉降值对微波处理强度的反应比较敏感,可以分别作为小麦热损伤的指标和小麦品质变化的检测指标,小麦微波干燥能耗主要受平均干燥速率影响。     

小麦加工品质与面包焙烤品质关系的研究

对目前小麦各项加工品质的评价指标及其与面包焙烤品质关系的研究进展进行了较为详细的介绍，分析了蛋白质含量、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成、小麦淀粉含量、小麦粉脂类与面包烘焙品质的关系，以期推动我国小麦品种品质的研究与开发。     

EFFECTS OF BAKING PARAMETERS ON THE WHITE LAYER CAKE QUALITY BY COMBINED USE OF CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE OVENS

The effects of combined conventional and microwave oven baked white layer cake characteristics were studied. Two types of commercially milled wheat flour, white (A) and whole wheat (B), were used. The modified white layer cake making method was used for conducting the cake baking trials. The conventional baking times (8 or 11 min), microwave power (400 or 600 W) and microwave baking time (30, 40, or 50 s) were chosen as baking parameters. Conventional baking was applied to form the cake crust before baking with the microwave oven used to form the crumb of the cakes. The performance of combination baking was compared with the performance of conventional baking. The volume, bake loss, internal factors, and crust color of cakes were evaluated as quality characteristics. The bake losses of cakes using the combination of short oven times and low microwave power for selected microwave times were smaller than the bake losses of the control cakes for both flours. Long oven times and low microwave power increased the specific volume of cakes. Cakes baked from flours A and B exhibited similar internal properties. Oven time significantly affected the crust color of cakes made with flour A. The crust color of cakes made with flour B was similar to the crust color of control cakes. Using a combination of conventional and microwave baking produces cakes with qualities equivalent to the qualities of cakes produced with conventional baking.     

TEXTURAL AND VISCOELASTIC CHANGES OF CANNED BISCUIT DOUGH DURING MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL BAKING

Textural changes of canned biscuit wheat dough during microwave and conventional baking were described and contrasted using empirical methods. Drastic increases of specific volume and modulus of elasticity were observed in the beginning and the ending periods of both baking processes. Weight loss showed a significantly (p < 0.001) linear relationship with baking time for both baking methods, but the weight loss rate constant for microwave baking was 0.36%/s significantly (p<0.01) higher than conventional baking. Multi-dimensional Scaling showed that microwave baking for 50 s best resembles the textural characteristics of wheat dough under conventional baking for 10 min. Stress relaxation modeling indicated that microwave baking produced higher viscosity and modulus of elasticity values which translates into baked biscuits with undesirable tougher texture.     

Response surface methodology in β‐glucan wheat rolls production using microwave convection

The aim of research was to test the response surface methodology for optimising the β‐glucan content (BG) and microwave power (MV) during baking the wheat bread rolls. The increasing content of BG in wheat bread rolls caused the shortening the time of baking. The firmness of breadcrumbs was significantly influenced by the BG content in linear terms (P ≤ 0.05) and not influenced by the MV. The content of BG in the final product was highest in the products obtained with the middle range of MV. The response surface methodology was employed for optimising the BG and MV to produce the best quality product.     

微波在烘焙食品中的应用技术

在简述微波焙烤的机理和特点的基础上,分析微波技术在焙烤食品上的应用所存在的一些问题,包括微波焙烤食品表皮的形成和上色,加热的不均匀性,食品的口感和风味的改变以及微波焙烤的安全性等,并提出其相应处理的技术措施。最后,展望了微波焙烤的应用前景。     

Halogen lamp–microwave combination baking of cookies

The effects of halogen lamp–microwave combination baking on the quality of cookies in terms of texture, color and spread ratio were studied. In addition, gelatinization and pasting properties of cookies baked in different ovens were assessed by using a Rapid Visco Analyzer. The hardness values of the cookies increased with increasing baking time and/or halogen power. The microwave power also contributed to cookie hardness. The lightness values of the cookies decreased, while the a* and E values increased linearly during baking at different halogen lamp and microwave powers. The spread ratio of conventionally baked cookies was significantly lower than that of the other cookies. Halogen lamp power, microwave power and baking time were found to have a significant effect on the spread ratio of the cookies. The moisture contents of the cookies decreased during baking as the halogen lamp and/or the microwave power level increased. The best baking condition in a halogen lamp–microwave combination oven to produce cookies having similar quality parameters as conventionally baked ones was baking at 70% halogen lamp and 20% microwave power levels for 5.5 min. The baking time of these cookies is half of that required in conventional baking.     

谷朊粉对面包基础粉品质特性的影响

探讨不同添加量的谷朊粉对面包基础粉蛋白质的品质、流变特性及面包烘焙品质的影响。结果表明:谷朊粉可以明显增加面包基础粉的湿面筋含量、沉淀值和蛋白质含量,强化其流变学特性,有效改善面包烘焙品质,增大面包比容和高径比并改善其弹性和硬度。当谷朊粉添加量为10%时,面包烘焙品质最好。     

Comparative studies on physicochemical and baking properties of newly harvested and stored indian varieties of wheat

Comparative studies on the progressive changes in distribution pattern of proteins, and in rheological and baking properties, were carried out with seven newly harvested and stored wheat varieties. Freshly harvested wheat contained a larger amount of low molecular weight gliadins, which were aggregated during storage in air. This resulted in improvement of the rheological and baking properties of stored grains. Thus, gluten content in wheat or, more precisely, the interchange reactions between thiol and disulphide during storage, governed the dough rheology. The same effects could be achieved by addition of an oxidising agent such as KBrO₃. Radiation treatment (up to 200 krad) also improved the baking quality of newly harvested wheat by modifying some of its rheological properties. A significant correlation between SS/SH ratio and loaf volume was observed. Lower loaf volume in newly harvested wheat was associated with its low SS/SH ratio, high maximum gelatinisation viscosity and low gas retention capacity.     

Wheat disinfestation using microwave energy

A pilot-scale industrial microwave system operating at 2.45 GHz was used to determine the mortality of three common species of stored-grain insects, namely Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, and Sitophilus granarius. Wheat samples (50 g each) at 14%, 16%, and 18% moisture content (wet basis) were infested with 5, 10, or 15 insects. The infested samples were then exposed to microwave energy at four different power levels 250, 300, 400, and 500 W for two exposure times of 28 and 56 s. Complete kill of adults of all three species and of post-embryonic stages of T. castaneum was achieved at 500 W with an exposure time of 28 s. There was a significant difference in the mortality of T. castaneum and C. ferrugineus adults at 14% and 16% moisture content (m.c.) wheat but there was no significant difference in the mortality at 16% and 18% m.c. Mortality of insects increased with either power or exposure time or both. Germination of wheat kernels was lower after treatment with microwave energy. Milling and baking tests were done for the samples at which 100% mortality was obtained. There was no significant difference in the quality of grain protein, flour protein, flour yield, flour ash, and loaf volume of wheat treated with microwave energy.     

微波处理对小麦粉品质的影响

为了改善小麦粉的品质,研究了微波处理对小麦粉糊化特性、质构特性和粉质拉伸特性的影响.结果表明:微波处理后小麦粉的糊化温度降低,黏度和回生值升高.经微波处理的小麦粉凝胶硬度和回复性下降,弹性和内聚性无显著差异.小麦粉经微波处理后面团吸水率和跌落值D250降低,面团的稳定时间延长.微波处理后小麦粉面团的抗拉强度、弹性强度明显增强,而面团延伸度有明显下降.初步研究认为,在微波功率400 W,处理时间为6 min时小麦粉的品质有明显改善.