水分、变性淀粉、大豆分离蛋白和卡拉胶对低脂香肠的影响

将水分、变性淀粉、大豆分离蛋白和卡拉胶添加到脂肪含量为8%的低脂香肠中,按四因素三水平L9(34)的正交实验表添加,研究其对低脂香肠质构、保水保油性和感官评定的影响和最优配比,结合三种指标的综合分析,得到各添加量最佳组合为:水分20%、变性淀粉2%、大豆分离蛋白3%、卡拉胶0.4%。     

响应面优化大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和羟丙基糯玉米淀粉对熟制麻团微波复热后脆性影响

油炸食品冻藏后经过微波复热会出现微波浸湿现象,使表面失脆。大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶以及羟丙基糯玉米淀粉都是具有保水功能的食品添加剂。本文采用响应面法,以麻团脆性为响应值,对麻团中添加大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶、羟丙基糯玉米淀粉的添加量进行了优化。结果表明:大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和羟丙基糯玉米淀粉对麻团脆性有极显著影响(p0.01)。三种添加剂的最优配方为:大豆分离蛋白添加量3.1%、黄原胶添加量1.6%、羟丙基糯玉米淀粉添加量3.1%,此条件下微波复热后麻团的脆性为1569.4 g;而未添加三种添加剂的麻团微波复热后脆性为1019.5 g,由此证明添加大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和羟丙基糯玉米淀粉可改善微波复热后麻团的脆性。     

绿豆淀粉模拟脂肪在低脂灌肠中的应用

以肥瘦猪肉、绿豆淀粉模拟脂肪、水、淀粉等为原料研制低脂灌肠,通过正交试验,分别讨论绿豆淀粉模拟脂肪占猪肥膘的比例、水和淀粉的添加量对产品品质的影响。结果表明,低脂灌肠的最佳配方:以肉的添加量为基准,淀粉的添加量为15%、水为18%、盐为2.5%、模拟脂肪添加量为猪肥膘的40%、肥瘦猪肉比例为3∶7,所得到的灌肠与未添加模拟脂肪的灌肠相比较,其蒸煮损失减少,黏着性增加,保水率增加,脂肪含量减少,冻融稳定性有所提高,使得灌肠不易发生回生,增加了产品的储藏稳定性。     

亚麻籽胶对鱼丸品质的影响

对亚麻籽胶能够提高肉制品水分稳定性,增强鱼丸制品的保油、保水性,提高鱼肉制品自身弹性,赋予产品在保质期内良好的口感和外观等方面的功能特性进行了大量研究,确定了鱼丸制品中亚麻籽胶与脂肪和水的配比为1∶60∶60,淀粉添加量为17%,大豆分离蛋白添加量0.8%,产品感观评价最好。     

茭白低温火腿肠的研制

以猪肉为主料,通过单因素试验和正交试验考察茭白、玉米淀粉、大豆分离蛋白对火腿肠品质的影响。结果表明:茭白低温火腿肠的最佳工艺配方为猪肉100%计时,茭白添加量5%,玉米淀粉添加量12%,大豆分离蛋白添加量4%。     

大豆分离蛋白对玉米磷酸酯双淀粉性质影响

以玉米磷酸酯双淀粉为原料,研究不同大豆分离蛋白添加量对玉米磷酸酯双淀粉性质影响。结果表明,随大豆分离蛋白添加量增加,玉米磷酸酯双淀粉糊化温度、峰值粘度、谷值粘度、末值粘度和衰减值相较于原淀粉显著升高;大豆分离蛋白添加量为25%和50%时,淀粉凝胶硬度、粘度和咀嚼性降低;但随大豆分离蛋白添加量继续增多,硬度、粘度和咀嚼性增大。且添加25%和50%大豆分离蛋白后,样品凝胶孔变得大小不均匀;添加75%和100%大豆分离蛋白,样品凝胶孔明显大于玉米磷酸酯双淀粉凝胶孔,且孔壁较厚。     

无磷保水剂在甜玉米成型鸡块中的应用

为增加甜玉米成型鸡块的保水性和安全性,选用食盐、淀粉、大豆分离蛋白以及卡拉胶作为混合磷酸盐的替代物。以油炸损失率和感官评分为指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化了无磷保水剂的最佳配比。结果表明:与其他种类淀粉相比,玉米变性淀粉可以较好的降低成型鸡块的油炸损失率和提高鸡块的感官品质。无磷保水剂对油炸损失率影响的大小依次为大豆分离蛋白、食盐、卡拉胶、玉米变性淀粉最小。四种配料的最佳配比是食盐添加量为1.5%,大豆分离蛋白添加量为9%,玉米变性淀粉添加量为7%,卡拉胶添加量为0.4%。     

大豆分离蛋白对调理重组牛肉品质特性的影响

为探讨大豆分离蛋白添加量对调理重组牛肉制品品质特性的影响,以碎牛肉为实验原料,经过调理和重组工艺,研究不同大豆分离蛋白添加量对产品的各项品质特性的影响。结果表明:随着大豆分离蛋白添加量的增加,调理重组牛肉制品的解冻损失显著降低(P0.05),出品率显著提高(P0.05),产品的质构特性得到显著改善(P0.05),黏结强度显著增强(P0.05),但是产品的色泽变暗(P0.05)。另外,低场核磁检测发现,增加大豆分离蛋白的添加量,T_(2b)和T_(21)的弛豫时间均逐渐变短,而T_(22)的弛豫时间逐渐延长,说明产品的保水性逐渐增强。对产品进行感官评价表明,大豆分离蛋白添加量为2.0%时,产品品质最好。综合考虑产品品质和感官质量,确定在调理重组牛肉制品中大豆分离蛋白的最佳添加量为2.0%。     

正交试验优化传统中式裙带菜香肠制作工艺

以裙带菜和猪肉为主要原料,制成一种营养丰富的裙带菜香肠。通过裙带菜、淀粉、大豆分离蛋白的不同添加量以及瘦肥肉的比例的4个单因素试验和正交试验,以香肠的感官特性及质构性能为评价指标,确定了裙带菜香肠的最佳配方。试验表明:裙带菜香肠的最佳工艺条件是裙带菜的添加量为20%,淀粉的添加量为18%,大豆分离蛋白的添加量为5%,瘦肥肉的比例为4.0∶1。     

复合磷酸盐对猪肉丸质构的影响

磷酸盐是目前世界各国应用最广泛的食品品质改良剂,在食品生产的各个领域,对食品品质的提高和改善有着不可替代的作用,尤其在肉类工业中能显著提高肉品品质。本实验以猪肉为原料,研究复合磷酸盐的添加量对猪肉肉丸质构特性的影响,在单因素实验确定因素水平的基础上,以肉丸的质构特性、物性学检验为评价指标,对猪肉肉丸质构特性(TPA)进行测定。通过实验确定了淀粉、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白的适合添加量,通过单因素和正交试验,确定了三种磷酸盐的添加量,确定了淀粉的添加量为6%、卡拉胶的添加量为0.4%、大豆分离蛋白的添加量为4%、三种磷酸盐的总添加量为0.3%(其中三聚磷酸钠∶焦磷酸钠∶六偏磷酸钠=1∶1∶0.75)时,能显著改善肉丸的质构特性。     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dry and Wet Milling Products of Red Cowpeas

Physicochemical and functional properties of dry- and wet-milled red cowpea flour, protein and starch were evaluated. Bulk density of drymilled red cowpea protein was lower than that of wet-milled protein isolate. Dry-milled starch was darker than wet-milled starch. Gelatinization temperature of starch (64–68–74°C) was quite similar to that of mung bean starch. At water to red cowpea starch ratios of 3:1 and 2:1, DSC thermograms showed a single endotherm with T_o of 68.5–69.0°C, T_p of 73.0–73.5°C, T_m of 79.5–80.0°C, and –ΔH of 4.0–4.6 cal/g starch. Pasting properties of red cowpea starch showed a type C amylogram, similar to mung bean starch. By mixing various quantities of red cowpea starch to tapioca starch pasting properties of the latter could be varied. Water and oil absorptions of cowpea flours increased with the increase in protein contents, as did their emulsifying activity and foaming properties. Emulsion and foam stabilities were quite similar among all the red cowpea products, except for protein isolate which were considerably lower, likely due to a greater degree of protein denaturation during precipitation and drying of the isolate. Composite flours made from mixing wheat and red cowpea flours exhibited dough mixing properties indicative of their potential use in baked products.     

Some functional properties of pea and soy bean protein preparations

The physical and functional properties of pea and soy bean protein concentrates, and soy bean isolate were investigated. Pea protein concentrate had good lipophilic properties. High fat absorption capacity was confirmed by the small cooking weight losses of meat model systems containing oil and lard. Better functional properties of pea and soy bean protein concentrates in these model systems may be due to specific surface structure, which was evident on the SEM microphotographs. The physical and functional properties of pea protein concentrate were similar to the properties of soy bean concentrate.     

两种绿豆淀粉理化特性比较

比较酸浆法绿豆淀粉和水磨法绿豆淀粉的性质,酸浆法获得的淀粉得率高于水磨法,且酸浆法生产的淀粉透光率较好,这一特点使得酸浆法获得的淀粉生产出的粉丝更加透亮,且煮熟后淀粉溶出较少;两种淀粉的黏度存在较大差别,随着温度的上升,水磨法淀粉黏度上升明显快于酸浆法获得的淀粉;水磨法绿豆淀粉的凝沉速度要比酸浆法淀粉快,且凝沉体积大。除此之外,两种淀粉在脂肪、灰分、蛋白质含量等方面也存在一定的差异。     

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白的性能及在肉制品中应用的研究

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白（FSPC）的乳化活性及乳化稳定性与大豆分离蛋白相似，对固体脂肪的乳化能力超过分离蛋白，在乳化型碎肉制品中添加可使产品得率及质构超过添加分离蛋白的肉制品。作者认为FSPC的功能性质可能与蛋白分子形成可溶性聚集体有关。     

Fat reduction in comminuted meat products-effects of beef fat, regular and pre-emulsified canola oil

The effects of fat reduction (25.0%, 17.5%, and 10.0%) and substituting beef fat with canola oil or pre-emulsified canola oil (using soy protein isolate, sodium caseinate or whey protein isolate) on cooking loss, texture and color of comminuted meat products were investigated. Reducing fat from 25 to 10% increased cooking loss and decreased hardness. Canola oil or pre-emulsified treatments showed a positive effect on improving yield and restoring textural parameters. Using sodium caseinate to pre-emulsify the oil resulted in the highest hardness value. Cohesiveness was affected by fat type and level. The color of reduced fat meat batters was darker for all, except the beef fat treatments. Using canola oil or pre-emulsified oil resulted in a significant reduction in redness. The results show that pre-emulsification can offset some of the changes in reduced fat meat products when more water is used to substitute for the fat and that pre-emulsification can also help to produce a more stable meat matrix.     

肉制品成分对玉米淀粉糊化黏度的影响

玉米淀粉是肉制品生产中常用的黏结剂,对改善肉制品的组织结构有重要作用。通过对玉米淀粉的糊化黏度的测定,以及脂肪、食盐、葡萄糖、大豆分离蛋白等肉制品中主要成分对玉米淀粉的糊化黏度的影响研究,为玉米淀粉在肉制品中的应用提供理论基础。     

THERMO-RHEOLOGY,QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS,AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF FRANKFURTERS PREPARED WITH SELECTED PLANT AND MILK ADDITIVES1

The purpose of this study was to evaluate substitution of nonmeat proteins for meat protein on the thermo-rheology, quality characteristics, and microstructure of frankfurters. Batters were formulated to contain either 2% sodium caseinate or soy protein isolate, or 3.5% whey protein concentrate or wheat germ flour. The storage modulus (G') of all treatments initially decreased during temperature ramping from 20–50C, then increased rapidly from 60–80C, with all-meat batter exhibiting the highest G' at 80C. Substitution with nonmeat proteins decreased G', shear force, compression force, and red color of meat compared with all-meat frankfurters. Increased protein content, cooking yield, and decreased fat content were obtained with nonmeat protein formulations. Electron micrographs showed that nonmeat proteins were able to bind to the meat protein and fat, forming a protein-fat matrix with less coalescence of fat droplets. Sodium caseinate, soy protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, and wheat germ flour can be used as protein additives in comminuted meat products without adversely affecting their physical characteristics.     

猪肉丸主要原料对其凝胶性质和感官品质的影响

研究主要原料玉米淀粉、大豆分离蛋白、肥肉、水,在不同添加量时,对猪肉丸凝胶性质中硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀爵性、蒸煮损失率和感官品质的影响.通过质构分析和感官评价,结果表明:玉米淀粉的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量22％时感官评分最高;大豆分离蛋白的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量为2.0％时感官评分最高;肥肉的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量30％时感官评分最高;在水的不同添加量对猪肉丸硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量35％时感官评分最高.     

黔江肾豆碳水化合物组成及淀粉营养特性研究

以黔江肾豆为材料,对其碳水化合物组成和淀粉营养特性进行了研究。结果显示,肾豆富含碳水化合物(57.25±0.41)%,其中淀粉和粗纤维质量分数分别为(48.16±0.59)%和(3.59±0.11)%,表明肾豆是食物能量和膳食纤维的重要来源。淀粉直/支比0.63,较豌豆和部分绿豆高;肾豆淀粉消化特性分析显示慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)占比60.24%,可在混合膳食中起降低膳食整体碳水化合物消化速率的作用,对于慢性疾病如心血管等疾病和糖尿病的预防有益。体外血糖指数(GI)分析显示肾豆淀粉GI=88.5,为高GI;肾豆全粉GI=67.2,为中GI食品,肾豆全粉GI值低于肾豆淀粉,与其含蛋白质、纤维素、单宁、植酸和脂肪等成分有关。因此,食用全豆可减慢消化。黔江肾豆淀粉是制备粉丝、粉皮等深加工淀粉食品的良好淀粉来源。     

Effects of two types of soy protein isolates,native and preheated whey protein isolates on emulsified meat batters prepared at different protein levels

The effects of substituting 1.5% of the meat proteins with low gelling soy protein isolate (LGS), high gelling soy protein isolate (HGS), native whey protein isolate (NWP), and preheated whey protein isolate (PWP) were compared at varying levels of proteins (12, 13 and 14%), with all meat control batters prepared with canola oil. Cooking losses were lower for all the non-meat protein treatments compared to the all meat controls. When raising the protein level from 12 to 14%, cooking losses increased in all treatments except for the NWP treatments. Using LGS increased emulsification and resulted in a more stable meat batters at the 13 and 14% protein treatments. Textural profile analysis results showed that elevating protein level increased hardness and cohesiveness. The highest hardness values were obtained for the PWP treatments and the lowest for the HGS, indicating a strong non-meat protein effect on texture modification. Non-meat protein addition resulted in lighter and less red products (i.e., lower red meat content) compared to the all meat controls; color affected by non-meat protein type. Light microscopy revealed that non-meat proteins decreased the frequency of fat globules' agglomeration and protein aggregation. The whey protein preparations and HGS formed distinct “islands” within the meat batters' matrices, which appeared to interact with the meat protein matrix.