漂白活化剂制备的研究

介绍了近10年来漂白活化剂制备的进展。漂白活化刑是含有氧或氮酰基团的化合物，可与强亲核过氧酸反应产生过乙酸，从而提高漂白效果。它广泛用于织物、硬质表面和餐具的洗涤。介绍了漂白活化剂烷酰氧苯甲酸可由对(间)经基苯甲酸与各类酰化剂(从脂肪酸、酰氯、酸酐中选取)反应制备。此外，还介绍了胺类、糖类等化合物与酰化剂反应合成漂白活化剂。     

漂白洗涤剂的新进展

本文介绍了文献报道中为改进过氧化物漂白作用而进行的研究工作。包括:加酶、漂白活化剂、过氧化物稳定剂、漂白洗涤剂的微粒化和Mn++的特殊作用。     

宾馆用氯漂与氧漂洗涤剂的性能及应用比较

本文介绍了宾馆用氯漂与氧漂的漂白机理，比较了氯漂与氧漂的性能、工艺条件和应用范围，论述了氯漂与氧漂的发展前景。     

新一代催化漂白技术(英文)

一般而言 ,氧化作用是放热反应且具有动力学受阻碍的特点。催化作用可消除由后者导致的缺点 ,所以发明合适的催化剂迫在眉睫。在洗涤工业领域中 ,漂白过程均属于氧化作用。而现有的漂白技术存在着明显的缺陷 ,比如低温条件下漂白效果很差 ,需要使用超量的氧化剂 ,同时对织物纤维和染料都有破坏作用。为了寻找一种合适的催化剂 ,深入研究了数千种化合物。这些物质需在漂白溶液中的迁移染料 (染料迁移抑制 )时 ,或在含过氧化物的介质中漂白织物及硬表面上的污物时达到损益平衡。首选一些可高效漂白且不损伤染料和织物的化合物 ,甚至在 2 0℃条件下也可获得高效漂白效果。另外 ,与常用过氧化物添加水平相比 ,加入此类催化剂可明显降低其用量 ,并保持良好的漂白功效。另外氧化反应催化剂还具有多重潜在优势 ,如抗菌功效 ,可减少过氧化物进入环境 ,节省运输量 ,节约能源 ,可用O2 替代H2 O2 等。氧化催化剂将成为重要的新兴核心技术     

环保型光漂白剂在洗衣粉中的应用

介绍了卟吩类光催化漂白剂的发展历史及最新进展.分析了光催化漂白在洗涤剂工业中应用的现状以及存在的问题.光催化漂白作为一种高效清洁的漂白系统具有传统漂白体系无法比拟的诸多特点.它在极低用量下(ppm)就能够依靠阳光的能量以高效催化的方式激活空气中或氧漂剂中的氧分子使之发挥漂白污渍的作用.它能够以液体或固体形态方便添加在各种洗涤及织物护理产品如洗衣粉、条状洗涤剂、织物柔软剂等中,使织物上的蔬菜汁、果汁、茶渍、血渍、汗液等分泌物、咖啡渍、葡萄酒汁等在织物的晾晒过程中被清除而同时不伤衣物及其上的染料.展望了光漂白催化技术的发展未来.     

制浆漂白技术新进展

讨论了制浆漂白技术新进展,包括：深度脱木素蒸煮、氧脱木素、ECF无元素氯漂白）、TCF（全无氟漂白）、生物漂白。     

烷基—过氧丁二酸的制备与应用

叙述了表面活性剂过氧酸漂白剂合成的新方法和α或β烷基一过氧丁二酸的制备,该烷基可为6～16碳原子的不饱和或饱和直链烷基,6～20碳原子的不饱和或饱和支链烷基,带有1或多个H,1～14碳原子烷基,F,Cl,NO_3,OSO_3M,SO_3M或COOM的饱和苯基团,该M为H,碱金属或铵阳离子。该合成烷基一过氧丁二酸的新方法比较经济,收率高,安全性好。该漂白合成物可用于漂白织物和其他洗涤目的。该漂白合成物还可含有过氧酸稳定剂、成型剂、填充剂和表面活性剂。     

阳光因子的洗涤漂白性能研究

本文报告了国家“九五”科技攻关重点项目阳光因子的去污漂白性能。通过阳光因子与洗涤剂的各种成分 ,包括各种阴离子、阳离子、非离子表面活性剂、酶制剂、荧光增白剂、漂白剂等的复配实验 ,突出了阳光因子的去污漂白性能。并通过阳光因子的杀菌实验、降解实验以及Ph 1阳光漂水的洗涤漂白性能实验 ,进一步展示了阳光因子的优点。最后补充介绍了阳光因子的漂白机理及其使用方法。     

制浆漂白技术最新进展

综述了制浆漂白技术的最新进展,包括P-RC、生物制浆、纸浆生物改性、氧脱木素、ECF、TCF和生物漂白。     

四乙酰乙二胺对过硼酸钠活化作用的研究

研究了四乙酰乙二胺（TAED）对过硼酸钠（SPB）在低温下释氧和漂白的活化作用及影响因素，对特种污布进行了漂白试验。结果表明：由于TAED的存在，SPB可在40℃-60℃内很好地发挥漂白活性。     

电化学漂白的研究进展

对电化学漂白的研究进行了简要的综述,包括电化学含氯漂白、电化学氧气漂白和电化学产生过氧化氢漂白。重点对电化学氧气漂白机理和过渡金属催化剂在电化学氧气漂白中的作用进行了概述。     

Treatment of wood pulp with nitrogen dioxide before oxygen bleaching

Summary Pretreatment of kraft pulp with nitrogen dioxide and oxygen before conventional oxygen bleaching with magnesium sulfate as protector leads to markedly decreased lignin contents after a given duration of the oxygen bleaching. An increased temperature during the pretreatment favours the delignification. The most striking effect of the pretreatment is that it leads to a suppressed rate of depolymerization of the cellulose during the oxygen bleaching.     

Modelling oxygen solubility in bleaching solutions

A general thermodynamics‐related model of oxygen solubility, previously developed for water and aqueous inorganic solutions, has been applied to bleaching solutions. The model allows estimations of dissolved oxygen concentrations to be made for different combinations of temperature, oxygen partial pressure and inorganic solute concentrations likely to be encountered during oxygen bleaching of pulp. Combination of the model with oxygen diffusion kinetics allows optimum temperatures for transport‐controlled oxygen delignification rates to be estimated.     

Oxygen bleaching systems in domestic laundry

The oxidative bleaching process plays a key role in removing unwanted stains from laundry. This review covers methods of generation of active oxygen bleaching species, their activation and application. In addition, the requirements for commercially acceptable oxygen bleach products are discussed.     

Bleaching Activators and the mechanism of bleaching activation

Bleaching activators are compounds with O- or N-bounded acetyl groups which are able to react with the strongly nucleophilic hydroperoxy anion to yield peroxyacetic acid. The peroxyacetic acid is decomposed in weakly basic media in a bimolecular reaction forming singlet oxygen. The maximum of the decomposition rate of peroxyacetic acid at pH = 8.3 is also the maximum of bleaching activity of systems containing both bleaching activators and sodium perborate; therefore singlet oxygen must play a decisive role in the activated bleaching of textiles during the washing process. Different bleaching activators can be compared both on the basis of their reaction rates with hydrogen peroxide in weakly basic media and on the basis of their reaction rates with piperidine in dioxane. A great number of potential bleaching activators was studied and compared.     

氧脱木素效率的改善途径

氧脱木素被认为是除了硫酸盐蒸煮脱木素外,成本最低且最简单的脱木素方法,所以氧漂可以把制浆与漂白结合起来。且氧脱木素技术具有环境污染小、漂后纸浆质量高等优点,现已成为ECF和TCF漂白的主体工艺。氧脱木素是以分子氧为漂白剂,酚型木质素与O2反应从而消除侧链,打开苯环,脱甲基化而被氧化降解。该过程受到用碱量、反应温度、时间、氧压、浆浓等许多工艺参数的影响。为改善氧脱木素效果,研究者提出了多种方法,如两段氧脱木素、助剂强化氧脱木素及氧脱木素前预处理等。氧脱木素在我国的应用前景是很广阔的,而且环境保护法规的日益严格对实施氧脱木素技术也十分有利,因此对于氧脱木素的研究还需继续。     

Bis(o-phenanthroline)copper-catalysed oxidation of lignin model compounds for oxygen bleaching of pulp

The selectivity of the water-soluble and highly active catalyst bis(o-phenanthroline)Cu in the oxygen bleaching of pulp was explored in model compound studies. The experiments were carried out under reaction conditions typical for industrial oxygen bleaching (90 °C, pH 12, p(O₂) 8 bar). The generation of hydrogen peroxide was an essential step in the oxidation of the lignin model compounds, veratryl alcohol and 2,2′-biphenol. Unfortunately, bis(o-phenanthroline)Cu also catalysed the depolymerisation of the carbohydrate model compound, dextran, both with oxygen and with hydrogen peroxide. The results explain well the inadequate selectivity of bis(o-phenanthroline)Cu in the oxygen bleaching of pulp.     

INFLUENCE OF CARBOHYDRATE PHYSICAL STATE ON PULPING AND BLEACHING CHEMISTRY

The viscosities of pulp, cotton linters, crystalline cellulose, and amorphous cellulose samples have been measured as a function of time during simulated soda and soda/AQ pulping, oxygen delignification, and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Typical drops in viscosities for amorphous cellulose samples were 90%; while crystalline cellulose showed, under identical conditions, drops of 40% during simulated pulping and 0–10% during simulated oxygen delignification and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Anthraquinone did not cause significant chain cleavage in amorphous cellulose. The addition of metals to oxygen/alkali reactions of amorphous cellulose gave trends similar to that observed in pulp reactions. The occurrence of very large molecular weight changes suggests that amorphous cellulose will be an ideal substrate for studying carbohydrate chain cleavage reactions under a variety of simulated pulping and bleaching conditions.     

Reaction of sodium perborate with a chlorinated cyclic hindered amine (TMP-Cl): I. Quantitative evaluation of active oxygen species in fabric bleaching

The reaction of N-chloro-4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP-Cl) with sodium perborate (PB) was investigated with special reference to the generation of singlet oxygen and the possible application to a new oxidative bleaching process. Generation of the singlet oxygen (¹O₂), the hydroxyl radical (HO·) and superoxide anion radical (O₂·⁻) in the PB/TMP-Cl mixed solution was confirmed by the trapping reagent method. From the results of another experiment, in which the bleaching abilities of each active oxygen species were confirmed, the main active oxygen species contributing to the bleaching of purpurogallin, the skeleton of black tea pigment, in the PB/TMP-Cl system was concluded to be¹O₂.     

麦草亚铵法氧脱木素浆的短流程漂白

对麦草亚铵法氧脱木素浆进行了P、HP和HQP漂白对比研究,结果表明:在过氧化氢单段漂白时,Na2SiO3的适宜用量为0.4%,在所选过氧化氢用量、NaOH用量、温度和时间的四因素三水平方差分析漂白工艺中,影响纸浆白度的主要因素为NaOH用量;而采用HP和HQP漂白时,漂白浆的白度分别达到78.1%(ISO)和81.9%(ISO),可见采用螯合处理的效果明显。