季铵—磺酸型淀粉基高分子聚合物的合成及应用

研究了以淀粉为基材,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(AAC)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为聚合单体,采用溶液聚合技术合成两性接枝共聚物的方法.考察了引发剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、溶解助剂用量、络合剂用量等因素对单体转化率、接枝率、产物特性粘数及溶解性的影响.最佳反应工艺条件为:引发剂质量浓度为0.1%,m(单体)∶m(淀粉)=7∶3,反应温度50℃,反应时间4h.所得产物的接枝率达217.92%、转化率达93.74%、特性粘数达543.31ml/g.该聚合物用于处理油田污水效果好于聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂.     

新型淀粉基阳离子多元共聚物的合成

用自制的引发剂MT-1,通过溶液聚合反应,制备了淀粉、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化胺(DAC)三元共聚物。最佳反应条件为:引发剂用量占反应物固含量的1.0‰,丙烯酰铵、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵与淀粉质量比为4.2∶2.8∶3,反应温度55℃,反应时间4 h,产物的接枝率可达142.3%,特性粘数[η]446.9 ml.g-1,阳离子度可以达到22.1%。通过红外光谱对接枝共聚产品进行了表征。     

低取代度阳离子淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的制备及应用

以低取代度的阳离子淀粉为原料,硝酸铈铵为引发剂,制备了低取代度阳离子淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物。研究了丙烯酰胺与阳离子淀粉质量比、反应温度、反应时间和引发剂浓度对接枝率和接枝效率的影响。结果表明:接枝率和接枝效率最高的条件为:m(丙烯酰胺)∶m(阳离子淀粉)=2.5∶1,反应温度为55℃,反应时间为3 h,c(引发剂)=2 mmol/L。将合成的聚合物用于纸张增强,当低取代度阳离子淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的用量为1.0%时,对纸张的增强效果最好,可使纸张抗张指数增加23.0%,撕裂指数增加12.7%,耐破指数增加63.7%,耐折度增加115.1%。     

新型淀粉基阳离子多元共聚物的合成

用自制的引发剂MT-1,通过溶液聚合反应,制备了淀粉、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化胺(DAC)三元共聚物.最佳反应条件为:引发剂用量占反应物固含量的1.0‰,丙烯酰铵、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵与淀粉质量比为4.2:2.8:3,反应温度55℃,反应时间4 h,产物的接枝率可达142.3%,特性粘数[η]446.9ml·g-1,阳离子度可以达到22.1%.通过红外光谱对接枝共聚产品进行了表征.     

玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺合成

以Ce4 +为引发剂 ,研究了玉米淀粉 丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物形成的条件 .结果表明 ,引发剂用量、单体用量、反应温度及反应时间对合成产物的接枝率和单体聚合率有很大的影响 ,当淀粉用量为 5 .0 g ,引发剂用量为 1.0mL ,温度为 6 0℃ ,单体用量为 8.0 g时 ,单体聚合率最大 .另外 ,还研究了淀粉用量 ,Ce4 +-S2 O2 +8复合引发剂对玉米淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚的影响     

接枝淀粉浆料干法接枝反应的研究

为探讨新型接枝淀粉浆料(能替代PVA用于涤棉纱上浆)的制法,在干法条件下制备了接枝淀粉浆料.研究了反应温度、引发剂用量、反应时间及接枝单体用量对接枝淀粉接枝率、接枝效率和接枝单体转化率的影响.结果表明:ω(引发剂)=2%(对淀粉质量)、ω(接枝单体)=50%(对淀粉质量),35℃反应3.5 h条件下,可以得到接枝率和接枝效率均佳的接枝淀粉;扫描电镜(SEM)显示有聚合物接枝到淀粉颗粒表面;结构分析表明发生了共聚反应,产物为丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸丁酯与淀粉的接枝共聚物.     

机械活化玉米淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应的研究

采用搅拌球磨机对玉米淀粉进行机械活化,以不同活化时间玉米为原料、过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂、丙烯酰胺为单体制备淀粉接枝共聚物,并以接枝共聚物的接枝率(G)和接枝效率(GE)为评价指标,分别考察机械活化时间、反应时间、反应温度、引发剂用量及单体用量等因素对淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应的影响。结果表明:机械活化对玉米淀粉的接枝共聚反应有显著的强化作用,活化时间越长,G和GE越高。其他因素对淀粉接枝共聚反应的影响规律受活化时间的制约,活化时间越长,反应对温度、引发剂及单体浓度的依赖性越低。     

反相悬浮聚合法制备天然高分子改性絮凝剂

以环己烷为连续相,Span-20为分散剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,通过反相悬浮聚合法制备了高分子量、速溶剂天然高分子淀粉接枝共聚物.考察了引发剂、分散剂、单体用量及反应时间、温度等因素对单体转化率和淀粉接枝率的影响.当引发剂K2S2O8浓度为1.2×10-2mol/L、EDTA浓度为1.2×10-2mol/L、分散剂Span-20用量3%,反应温度60℃、反应时间3h,淀粉接枝率为146%,单体转化率为90%,产物分子量可达到1500万.     

羟甲基乙醇木素的改性及对纸张强度性能的影响

以H2O2-Fe(Ⅱ)为引发剂,对羟甲基乙醇木素与丙烯酰胺进行接枝共聚反应,探讨了丙烯酰胺和引发剂用量、反应温度和时间对接枝率的影响,对制得的共聚物进行了红外光谱分析并将改性产物进行浆内添加实验.结果表明,当丙烯酰胺与羟甲基乙醇木素质量比为1.5、引发剂与羟甲基乙醇木素质量比为0.06、反应温度为60℃、反应时间3h,可得到最高的接枝率,改性羟甲基乙醇木素能明显提高纸张各项强度.     

反相悬浮聚合法制备天然高分子改性絮凝剂

以环己烷为连续相 ,Span— 2 0为分散剂 ,过硫酸钾为引发剂 ,通过反相悬浮聚合法制备了高分子量、速溶剂天然高分子淀粉接枝共聚物。考察了引发剂、分散剂、单体用量及反应时间、温度等因素对单体转化率和淀粉接枝率的影响。当引发剂K2 S2 O8浓度为 1.2× 10 -2 mol/L、EDTA浓度为 1.2× 10 -2 mol/L、分散剂Span - 2 0用量 3% ,反应温度 6 0℃、反应时间 3h ,淀粉接枝率为 14 6 % ,单体转化率为 90 % ,产物分子量可达到 15 0 0万     

Statistical Modeling of β-galactosidase Inhibition During Lactose Hydrolysis

A statistical model approach called response surface methodology was used to describe the product and substrate inhibition effect on β-galactosidase enzyme during lactose hydrolysis. The effect of independent variables, namely the initial concentrations of lactose (73 - 146 mM), galactose (44 - 122 mM) and glucose (83 - 167 mM) on the reaction rate of β-galactosidase was evaluated. The enzymatic reaction rate was influenced by both combined and individual effects of all the substrate and products. Although, glucose acted as an activator at low lactose and low galactose concentrations, glucose caused the inhibition of β-galactosidase at higher concentrations of lactose and galactose. The effect of galactose concentration on β-galactosidase enzyme was in the direction of inhibition. At low lactose concentrations and high glucose concentrations, galactose concentration became more effective on the reaction rate.     

羧甲基壳聚糖的降解及其抗氧化性能的研究

羧甲基壳聚糖是壳聚糖的一种重要衍生物。本研究采用过氧化氢氧化法对羧甲基壳聚糖进行降解,并考察了降解时间及过氧化氢用量对降解的影响。用粘度法和改进的Schales’方法测定了降解产物的分子量。并用流动注射化学发光分析法检测了降解产物的抗氧化能力--对羟基自由基的清除活性。结果表明:随着过氧化氢在降解体系中的浓度的增大,降解产物的分子量将趋于一固定值;当H2O2在总反应体系中浓度大于1.3mol/L,降解时间大于16h,将得到分子量低至1100左右的羧甲基壳聚糖;经降解得到的羧甲基壳聚糖均具有一定的羟基自由基清除活性,且分子量越小,其抗氧化性能越强。     

An Aqueous Alcoholic-Alkaline Process for Cationization of Corn and Pea Starches

To develop a more efficient process for cationization of corn and pea starches, the effects of gelatinization inhibitor, type of solvent and solvent concentration, starch: water ratio, reaction temperature and 2-chloro-3-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) concentration on rate and efficiency of cationization of corn und pea starches in an aqueous alcoholic-alkaline solvent were studied during 24h of reaction time. The use of watermiscible organic solvents in the aqueous alkaline media eliminated the requirement for a gelatinization inhibitor to minimize starch swelling. The alcohol concentrations which produced high reaction efficiencies were 35-75% ethanol or 2-propanol. Optimum conditions for the reaction included 65% ethanol, 50°C and a starch:water ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The degree of substitution (DS) value increased linearly with CHPTAC concentration up to O,2M CHPTAC, but reaction efficiency (RE) decreased at the O,2M CHPTAC concentration. Cationization of starch in the aqueous alcohol solvent would be an alternative to aqueous processes because of the higher DS and reaction efficiencies that were achieved more rapidly and without the aid of other gelatinization inhibitors.     

响应曲面法对壳聚糖亚铁离子配合物酶解的优化

以木瓜蛋白酶降解壳聚糖亚铁离子配合物(CTS-Fe2 )是制备低聚壳聚糖,提高产品品质的—新途径.本文以响应曲面法研究了pH,温虎底物浓度和酶底比这四个工艺参数对木瓜蛋白酶降解壳聚糖亚铁离子配合物反应体系中粘度下降率(VDP)的影响,建立了该反应的二次多项式模型,并通过模型计算得到了最优酶解工艺参数:pH4.46,温度为44.95℃,底物浓度为1.97%,酶底比为1.75%.     

Accretion reactions of octanal catalyzed by sulfuric acid: product identification, reaction pathways, and atmospheric implications

Atmospheric accretion reactions of octanal with sulfuric acid as a catalyst were investigated in bulk liquid-liquid experiments and gas-particle experiments. In bulk studies, trioxane, alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde, and trialkyl benzene were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as major reaction products with increasing sulfuric acid concentrations (0-86 wt%). Cyclotrimerization and one or multiple steps of aldol condensation are proposed as possible accretion reaction pathways. High molecular weight (up to 700 Da) oligomers were also observed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry in reactions under extremely high acid concentration conditions (86 wt%). Gas-particle experiments using a reaction cell were carried out using both high (approximately 20 ppmv) and low (approximately 900 ppbv) gas-phase octanal concentrations under a wide range of relative humidity (RH, from < 1% to 50%, corresponding to > 80 wt% to 43 wt% H2SO4) and long reaction durations (24 h). One or multiple steps of aldol condensation occurred under low RH (< 1% and 10%, > 80 wt% and 64 wt% H2SO4, respectively) and high octanal concentration (approximately 20 ppmv) conditions. No cyclotrimerization was observed in the gas-particle experiments even under RH conditions corresponding to similar sulfuric acid concentration conditions that favor cyclotrimerization in bulk studies. No accretion reaction product was found in the low octanal concentration (approximately 900 ppbv) experiments, which indicates that the accretion reactions are not significant as expected when the gas-phase octanal concentration is low. A kinetic analysis of the first-step aldol condensation product was performed to understand the discrepancies between the bulk and gas-particle experiments and between the high and low octanal concentrations in the gas-particle experiments. The comparisons between experimental results and kinetic estimations suggest that caution should be exercised in the extrapolation of laboratory experiment results to ambient conditions.     

菊苣酸对活性氧诱导脂质和DNA氧化损伤的影响

目的：探讨菊苣酸对脂质和DNA氧化损伤的影响。方法：通过Cu2+/H2O2和2,2’-偶氮二（2-甲基丙基咪） 二盐酸盐（2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride,AAPH）分别诱导小鼠肝匀浆和脑匀浆、鲱鱼精DNA和 pBR322质粒DNA,建立脂质和DNA氧化损伤模型,研究菊苣酸对脂质和DNA氧化损伤的影响;通过硫代巴比妥酸 法检测脂质过氧化程度和鲱鱼精DNA氧化损伤程度;采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测pBR322质粒DNA氧化损伤程度。结 果：在Cu2+/H2O2诱导体系中,菊苣酸在一定浓度范围内对脂质和DNA具有较强的保护作用,但高浓度菊苣酸对小 鼠肝匀浆和脑匀浆以及鲱鱼精DNA的保护作用减弱,100 μmol/L菊苣酸对pBR322质粒DNA表现出促氧化作用;在 AAPH诱导体系中,菊苣酸在实验浓度范围内能明显抑制脂质和DNA的氧化损伤。结论：菊苣酸对脂质和DNA具有 明显保护作用,但高浓度菊苣酸对羟自由基诱导脂质和DNA氧化损伤具有促进作用。     

ZIF-8原位自封装固定化脂肪酶的研究

该研究使用沸石-咪唑框架-8(zeolitic imidazolate framework-8,ZIF-8)多孔结构材料原位自封装皱褶假丝酵母源脂肪酶(Candida rugosa lipase,CRL)制备固定化脂肪酶(CRL@ZIF-8),利用红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)、X-射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)等技术研究金属离子来源、反应时间、金属离子浓度和有机连接体的浓度等因素对固定化酶催化活性和形貌特征的影响。确定固定化脂肪酶的最适合成条件:2-甲基咪唑浓度为1.0 mol/L,醋酸锌浓度为0.5 mol/L,反应时间为30 min。在该条件下制备的固定化脂肪酶CRL@ZIF-8酶活力可达到9.8 U/g,其温度稳定性有显著的提高。     

Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 in calves fed calf starters containing lactose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactose inclusion in calf starters on plasma glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 concentrations and gastrointestinal tract development in calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 45) were raised on an intensified nursing program using milk replacer containing 28.0% CP and 15.0% fat, and were fed a texturized calf starter containing 0 (control), 5.0 (LAC5), or 10.0% (LAC10; n = 15 for each treatment) lactose on a DM basis. Lactose was included in the starter by partially replacing dry ground corn in pelleted portion of the starter. All calf starters were formulated with 23.1% CP. The ethanol-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of the control, LAC5, and LAC10 starters were 7.3, 12.3, and 16.8% on a DM basis, respectively. Starch concentrations of the control, LAC5, and LAC10 starters were 29.7, 27.0, and 21.4% on a DM basis, respectively. All calves were fed treatment calf starters ad libitum. Blood samples were obtained weekly from 1 to 11 wk of age, and used to measure plasma GLP-1, GLP-2, and insulin concentrations, serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, and blood glucose concentration. At 80 d of age, calves were euthanized, and weights of the reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine tissue were measured. Serum BHB concentration was higher for calves fed the LAC10 (171 μmol/L) starter than for those fed the control (151 μmol/L) and LAC5 (145 μmol/L) starters. Plasma GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations did not differ between treatments. However, relative to the baseline (1 wk of age), the plasma GLP-1 concentration was higher for the LAC10 (125.9%) than for the LAC5 (68.2%) and control (36.8%), and for the LAC5 than for the control (36.8%). Moreover, similar differences between treatments were observed for GLP-2 concentration relative to the baseline (88.2, 76.9, and 74.9% for LAC10, LAC5, and control treatments, respectively). The serum BHB concentration was positively correlated with the plasma GLP-1 concentration (r = 0.428). Furthermore, the plasma GLP-1 concentration was positively correlated with the insulin concentration (r = 0.793). The weights of the reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine were not affected by the treatments. In conclusion, inclusion of lactose in calf starters resulted in higher plasma GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations, and BHB might be associated with higher plasma GLP-1 concentration.     

固体酸SO4^2-／TiO2-ZrO2催化制备乙酰丙酸的研究

以蔗糖为原料,固体SO4^2＋／TiO2．ZrO2为催化剂,以水为溶剂制备乙酰丙酸。研究了浸渍用硫酸浓度和催化剂焙烧温度对催化制活性的影响,并探讨了不同反应条件及催化剂重复使用次数对乙酰丙酸得率的影响。用XRD和NH3-TPD对使用前后的催化剂的结构和酸性进行了表征。实验结果表明,1．0mol／L硫酸浓度浸渍,550℃焙烧3h的催化剂活性较强。在催化剂投加量为1．0g,反应温度为190℃的条下反应1h,乙酰丙酸摩尔得率高达50．0％。回收的SO4^2-TiO2-ZrO2催化剂焙烧后在多次重复使用过程中仍然表现出较好的催化活性。     

解冻方式及漂洗方法对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜品质的影响

探讨了解冻方式及CaCl_2溶液漂洗对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜加工品质的影响。实验中采用流水解冻、4℃空气解冻及微波解冻3种解冻方式,对解冻后竹荚鱼鱼肉盐溶蛋白含量、ATPase酶活以及其鱼糜凝胶的变化做了比较;同时以凝肢强度、持水性及微观结构为鱼糜品质的检测指标,考察了不同浓度CaCl_2溶液漂洗对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:4℃空气解冻得到的鱼糜品质最好,流水解冻次之,但4℃空气解冻时间较长。CaCl_2溶液漂洗对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度有较大影响,低质量分数的CaCl_2(<0.6%)漂洗可以增强冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶强度,0.6%CaCl_2溶液漂洗时,凝胶强度最大,随后凝胶强度随CaCl_2质量分数增大而减小。