Detection of Raw Pork Targeting Porcine-Specific Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene by Molecular Beacon Probe Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Pork identification in raw meat using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed. Total DNA from meat samples were successfully extracted and found to be of high quality and produced clear PCR products. Porcine-specific molecular beacon probe and primers that amplifies 119 bp of the cytochrome b gene fragment of swine (Sus scrofa domestica) was used. Analysis of data showed that the C _q (quantification cycle) from 10 ng/μl porcine DNA is (18.70 ± 0.12 to 19.08 ± 0.06). Meanwhile, the other samples exhibited negative result, which confirmed the specificity of the primers. The method also showed that the limit of detection of pork was 0.0001 ng. Based on the regression analysis of the standard curve, the 96% efficiency of real-time PCR was achieved with high correlation coefficient (r ² = 0.9989). Sensitivity of the assay in discriminating pork as low as 0.1% (w/w) pork in pork–beef mixtures was also obtained. Reproducibility of the assay was successfully validated by applying sample and experimental replicates in every assay being conducted. Thus, this methodology could serve as a fast and sensitive method for detection of pork for meat species verification.     

Swine-Specific PCR-RFLP Assay Targeting Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene for Semiquantitative Detection of Pork in Commercial Meat Products

Verification of pork adulteration in commercial meat products is increasingly important for the authentication of Halal labels in processed foods. Here, we documented a PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay with high precision and reproducibility for the tracing of porcine DNA in commercial meat products. The assay combined the species-specific primers to selectively amplify a short fragment (109 bp) of porcine cytochrome b gene from a heterogeneous background of genomic DNAs followed by RFLP analysis to authenticate real amplicon. The analysis of PCR products and restriction digests was automated in a chip-based capillary electrophoresis incorporated in Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer. The swine specificity of the assay was checked with 11 different meat-providing animal and fish species. Model experiments, mimicking the processed foods, were performed in binary and ternary mixtures after mechanical grinding and prolonged autoclaving. Finally, four types of the most popular finished meat products (meatball, streaky beacon, frankfurter, and burger) which are prevalent in the Malaysian food market were analyzed in order to verify the assay performance. The assay was sensitive enough to detect 0.0001 ng of swine DNA in pure formats and 0.01% (w/w) spiked pork in extensively processed ternary mixture of pork, beef, and wheat flour.     

基于TaqMan实时荧光PCR检测鲜肉及加工肉制品中的驴源性成分

根据出入境检验检疫行业标准SN/T 3730.4—2013《食品及饲料中常见畜类品种的鉴定方法 第4部分：驴 成分检测 实时荧光PCR法》合成引物和探针,利用TaqMan实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction, PCR）技术检测鲜肉及加工肉制品中的驴源性成分。首先对13 种不同动物鲜肉组织的DNA进行驴源性成分特异 性检测,然后对驴源性DNA模板原液进行梯度稀释,检测方法灵敏度,最后在加工肉制品中检测方法的适用性。 结果表明：本研究建立的方法特异性强,除驴肉外,牛、羊、猪、马、骆驼、鹿、狗、兔、鸡、鸭、鸽子、鹌鹑 12 种动物鲜肉组织均无特异性扩增;方法的灵敏度较高,驴组分DNA的检出限可达100 fg/μL,灵敏度可达0.01%; 方法的适用性较广,可以用于加工肉制品中驴源性成分的检测。     

应用PCR技术检测猪肉中沙门氏菌的研究

用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术检测猪肉中沙门氏菌,对已知和未知被沙门氏菌污染的猪肉的培养物均能准确检测;取不同稀释度的样品进行PCR扩增,当DNA含量只有0.01pg时,还能扩增出条带,说明本方法对检测猪肉中沙门氏菌具有特异性高且灵敏、快速等特点,适用于快速、准确地检测猪肉中沙门氏菌的需要。     

应用微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应定量检测牛肉制品中的猪源性成分

参照GB/T 25165—2010《明胶中牛、羊、猪源性成分的定性检测方法 实时荧光聚合酶链式反应法》,以牛的生长激素（growth hormone,GH）基因和猪的朊蛋白（prion protein,PRNP）基因2 种核基因为靶基因合成特异性引物和探针。理论推导单位质量牛肉的GH基因与猪肉PRNP基因拷贝数之比为一固定值,通过微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应（droplet digital polymerase chain reaction,ddPCR）方法对该固定值进行检测和验证,并以该固定值对牛肉/猪肉人工混合样本和市售牛肉制品中的猪肉成分进行定量检测。结果表明：该方法具有良好的准确性及可重复性;牛肉中掺杂猪肉质量分数在5%～99%范围内时,检测结果绝对误差小于1.28%,变异系数小于6.5%,猪肉成分的回收率为99.09%～102.80%;20 份牛肉制品中,4 份检出猪肉成分,其中3 份的相对含量为29.19%～98.15%,1 份为0.12%（低于本方法检出限5%）。因此,ddPCR方法可以较好地应用于牛肉制品中掺杂猪肉成分的定量检测。     

Canine-Specific PCR Assay Targeting Cytochrome b Gene for the Detection of Dog Meat Adulteration in Commercial Frankfurters

This report described a cytochrome b (cytb)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of canine tissues in commercial frankfurters. Discriminating detection of canine derivatives in processed food products has important application in halal authentication as well as in health, religions, and fare trades. The assay based on a pair of canine-specific primers that targeted a 100 bp region of canine mithochondrial-cytb gene which is present in multiple copies and highly conserved within the same species. The specificity of the assay was tested against dog and eight most common animal meat species as well as five plant species commonly found in frankfurter formulation. The stability and specificity of the assay were verified under different thermal processing conditions under pure and complex matrices. Three commercial brands of chicken and beef frankfurters were tested in triplicate, and specific PCR products were obtained only from deliberately contaminated formulations. The detection limit of the assay was 0.1 % (0.02 ng DNA) of canine meat spiked with other meats in a typical frankfurter formulation. Shorter amplicon length, superior stability, and higher sensitivity of the assay suggested its potential application in the screening of canine-origin biomaterials in processed food products.     

实时荧光聚合酶链式反应法检测食品中猫源性成分

根据猫线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸氧化还原酶亚基1（ND1）基因中的保守序列设计猫特异性引物和TaqMan探针,建立食品中猫源性成分的实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测方法。通过实时荧光PCR反复验证,结果表明,引物和TaqMan探针对猫源性成分的特异性良好,检测灵敏度可达1 pg,适用于食品中猫源性成分的快速鉴定。通过对随机抽取的市售肉制品的检测,尚未发现掺有猫源性成分的行为。     

Analysis of Porcine Gelatin DNA in a Commercial Capsule Shell Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Halal Authentication

The presence of pig derivatives, such as porcine gelatin, in any products is prohibited to be consumed by Muslim community. This study is intended to develop a specific primer from mytochondrial D-loop capable of amplifying DNA from porcine gelatin in commercial capsule shells. Two pairs of primers designed from mitochondrial D-loop region were tested in order to confirm the primer specificity in gelatin sources (pork, beef, and catfish) and fresh tissue (pig, cows, goat, chickens, and rat). Primers were then used to perform sensitivity test of six dilution series (1000, 200, 100, 10, 5, and 1 pg/µL) of porcine gelatin and porcine capsule shell. The amplification was also performed on capsule shell from porcine-bovine mixture gelatin at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100% concentration. The repeatability test was performed by measuring amplification capsule shells from porcine–bovine gelatin mixture. Real time polymerase chain reaction method using primers designed was further applied to analyze capsule shells purchased from markets. From two primers have been designed specifically, only primer D-Loop 108 (forward: 5’-CGT ATG CAA AAA ACC ACG CCA-3’; reverse: 5’-CTT ACT ATA GGG AGC TGC ATG-3’) had the capability to identify the presence of porcine DNA in fresh tissue and gelatin sources at optimum annealing temperature of 58.4ºC. Sensitivity of the developed method expressed as limit of detection of DNA in gelatin and capsule shells is 5 pg.     

实时荧光聚合酶链式反应法检测食品中猪源性成分

针对猪线粒体细胞色素b基因序列设计特异的引物和探针,建立食品中猪源性成分实时荧光聚合酶链式反应检测方法,并经特异性和敏感性试验验证其可行性。结果表明：该体系可扩增猪肉DNA片段,长度为98bp,其他常见畜、禽肉成分均无法正常扩增。该体系灵敏度低至1pg,且阴性样品扩增后的Ct值限制在35循环以后。对于各模拟肉类样品中掺杂的猪源性成分,其检测限均达1%,经市售加工食品检测验证,表明所建立的猪引物探针体系具有特异性好、灵敏度高、快速、高效等优点,可用于对食品中猪源性成分的掺假鉴别检测。     

食品中马源性成分的实时荧光PCR检测

针对马线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因设计特异性引物和探针,建立食品中马源性成分实时荧光PCR检测方法,并经特异性和灵敏度试验验证其可行性。结果表明:该体系可扩增马DNA片段,长度为127 bp,其他常见畜、禽肉成分均无法正常扩增。该体系的检测灵敏度为1.25 pg马DNA和质量分数0.001%马肉粉。经市售食品的检测验证,表明所建立的马引物探针体系具有特异性好、灵敏度高、快速、高效等优点,可用于对食品中马源性成分的掺假鉴别检测。     

实时荧光聚合酶链式反应技术快速鉴定仿刺参

基于仿刺参线粒体COX1基因、NAD4基因分别设计特异性检测引物和探针,采用TaqMan探针实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术进行仿刺参的特异性鉴定检测。对21 种海参样品进行实时荧光PCR检测的特异性检验,并对每个样品做3 个平行实验,计算Ct平均值、标准偏差及变异系数,评估检测方法的重复性。结果表明：所设计的引物和探针可以特异性的鉴别仿刺参,方法的变异系数均小于2%,表明本研究设计的引物和探针具有良好的重复性。本研究所建立的快速检测仿刺参的方法快速、简便,既克服了传统海参鉴别方法的局限性,同时又结合了荧光PCR技术高效率、低污染的优点,为仿刺参真伪鉴别研究提供了有价值的参考意见。     

绿色魏斯氏菌实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测方法的建立

以rpoA基因为靶基因,建立绿色魏斯氏菌SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）快速检测方法。针对rpoA基因设计特异性引物,建立绿色魏斯氏菌实时荧光定量PCR检测体系,通过特异性、灵敏度和重复性实验评价体系的检测效果,同时与常规PCR方法进行比较。结果表明：实时荧光定量PCR方法能够特异性检出绿色魏斯氏菌,对基因组DNA的检测灵敏度达到2.667×10－3 pg/μL,对纯培养物和模拟污染牛肉样品直接检测的灵敏度分别为30 CFU/mL和0.8 CFU/g;与常规PCR相比,实时荧光定量PCR检测的灵敏度是其1 000 倍;不同浓度样品独立重复实验循环阈值的标准差均小于1,变异系数在0.02%～1.28%之间。本研究所建立的绿色魏斯氏菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法具有特异性好、灵敏度高、重复性好的特点,能够进行准确的定量检测,是快速检测绿色魏斯氏菌的有效手段。     

利用PCR方法检测转BT基因水稻

应用PCR技术进行转基因水稻检测研究。本文以转基因水稻为材料，以聚合酶链式反应（PCR）方法为基础，选择适用于转基因食品安全性检验的核酸检测技术，针对转基因水稻中普遍存在的花椰菜花叶病毒（CaMV35S）启动子、胭脂碱合成酶（NOS）终止子、和转入苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis，简写为Bt）基因水稻的CrylAc片段进行PCR检测，建立适合转BT基因水稻的检测方法。该方法简便快速、检测结果与标准及其他文献资料相符。     

实时荧光聚合酶链式反应检测肉制品中的鸭源性成分

通过鸭的肌动蛋白β-actin保守基因设计可特异检测鸭肉成分的引物和探针,建立实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术检测鸭肉的方法,并通过模拟肉样和市售样品检测方法的准确性和适用性。结果表明：该方法可以特异性检测出麻鸭和草鸭成分,而对猪、牛、羊、鸡等DNA均没有扩增,检测灵敏度可达到1 pg DNA;通过模拟肉样检测确定最低质量分数检测限为0.01%;市售样品的检测结果表明,该方法能很好地应用于市场,满足市场检测需求。     

Identification of Flatfish Species Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification and Restriction Analysis of the Cytochrome b Gene

Restriction site analysis of PCR products from a conserved region of the cytochrome b gene has been used for the specific identification of sole ( Solea solea ), European plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa ) and flounder ( Platichthys flesus). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the cytochrome b gene using universal primers produced a 359 bp fragment in all species analyzed. Digestion of the PCR products with Nci I, Sau 3AI and Hinf I endonucleases, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis of the digested PCR products, yielded specific profiles that enabled direct identification of the fish species. This methodology should prove useful for enforcing labeling regulations in the authentication of flatfish species.     

低钠盐火腿肠保质期预测及产品致病菌的聚合酶链式反应检测

采用加速破坏性试验模型预测低钠盐火腿肠的保质期,并采用聚合酶链式反应对产品致病菌进行快速检测,同时对贮藏期间火腿肠的质构(嫩度)变化进行分析。结果表明：对照组(3%普通碘盐＋0.3%磷酸盐)、2.5%市售低钠盐＋0.35% TG组、2.0%市售低钠盐＋0.3%磷酸盐组、3%多组分替代盐(NaCl 40%、KCl 35%、CaCl2 15% 和甘氨酸10%)＋0.35% TG组火腿肠在室温(25℃)和低温(4℃)条件下的保质期分别为17.5、17.6、16.9、15.7d和189、208、142、146d;产品在低温(4℃)条件下放置1个月后,各组均无致病菌检出;火腿肠在低温贮藏90d期间,其嫩度变化趋势是先增大后减小。综合比较而言,添加2.5%市售低钠盐+0.35% TG组火腿肠的贮藏稳定性最好。     

利用可视基因膜芯片技术与实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术分析肉制品中动物源性成分

为调查了解肉制品中动物源性成分,以帮助判别掺假情况,应用可视基因膜芯片检测技术对市售的肉松、香肠、肉卷、预制调理肉、肉干及肉脯等23份样品动物源性成分进行筛查分析,同时,针对筛查结果采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）法进一步确证。结果表明：可视基因膜芯片检测法与实时荧光定量PCR法检测结果一致,提高了未知样品的筛查效率;在本次随机分析的样品中,动物源性成分检测结果与标签标示不一致的情况占比高达21.7%,肉制品掺假虚标情况不容忽视。     

Detection of Adulteration of Meat and Meat Products with Buffalo Meat Employing Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

The primer pair was designed based on mitochondrial d-loop gene for detection of adulteration of buffalo meat in admixed meat and meat products by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Amplification of 537-bp DNA fragments was observed from buffalo, without any cross-reaction with cattle, sheep, goat, pig, and chicken. The amplification was further confirmed by BamHI restriction enzymes. No adverse effect of processing was found on PCR amplification of buffalo meat DNA extracted from processed meat and meat products, even from meat emulsion autoclaved at 121 °C, 20 psi for 15–20 min. The detection limit for buffalo meat was found to be 1% in the admixed meat and meat products; however, very faint and inconsistent results were obtained in autoclaved meat emulsion at 1% level. The developed PCR assay was found to be specific for buffalo and could be a useful tool for detection of meat adulteration.     

聚合酶链反应检测食品中的沙门氏菌

参考沙门氏菌侵袭性基因invA的序列,设计合成一对引物扩增其中一段序列,建立了特异性检测沙门氏菌的PCR方法。引物两端分别加了Bam HI和EcoR I切点,扩增片段大小为300bp。对收集的50个血清型123株沙门氏菌及7种23株非沙门氏菌进行PCR检测,结果仅沙门氏菌有300bp的扩增产物,显示了很强的特异性,为下一步克隆而设计的两个酶切位点对引物的特异性没有影响。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳,PCR的检出极限是10pg染色体DNA和10~2 cfu的细菌。将扩增产物经slot—blot与辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)直接标记的invA基因探针杂交,经增强型化学发光反应(ECL)及化学发光自显影(CPD)检测,可提高检测的敏感性一个数量级,同时增加了特异性。为推广应用,本文试验了8种模拟食品样品对PCR反应的影响,结果除奶酪外,其余都得到较好扩增。对120份污水及食品样品进行检测,该检测系统检出70份阳性结果,检出率高于常规分离。初步应用显示,PCR检测方法敏感、特异、简便、快速,适合于食品卫生检验和临床标本检验的现场应用。