超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在鲜酸中的腐蚀行为

通过不同温度的高温高压鲜酸(15%HCl+1.5%HF+3%HAc+4.5%缓蚀剂)腐蚀试验及极化曲线测量,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢油管材质在鲜酸溶液中的腐蚀行为及其与酸化缓蚀剂的匹配性。结果表明:鲜酸中加入酸化缓蚀剂,超级13Cr的开路电位正移,自腐蚀电流密度显著降低,酸化缓蚀剂主要改变了超级13Cr的阳极过程;在较低温度条件下,超级13Cr与酸化缓蚀剂的匹配性良好;随着鲜酸试验温度的提高,超级13Cr材质的均匀腐蚀速率增大,其在160℃的均匀腐蚀速率为47.08mm/a,接近50.8mm/a;温度低于120℃,超级13Cr未出现明显点蚀,超过160℃,其点蚀程度显著增大;140~160℃应为酸化缓蚀剂缓蚀效果显著降低的突变区。     

高温高压下超级13Cr不锈钢抗CO2腐蚀性能

为了推进超级13Cr不锈钢在油气田中的应用,用高温高压釜系统模拟了油气田腐蚀环境,研究了超级13Cr不锈钢在动静态环境中高温高压下的CO2腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对超级130r不锈钢表面腐蚀产物的形貌及成分进行了分析。结果表明：动态腐蚀时超级13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高而增大,150℃时最大,此后腐蚀速率随温度的升高而下降;静态腐蚀速率随温度的升高呈上升趋势;动态腐蚀速率高于静态的,动静态平均腐蚀速率均较小,属于轻度或中度腐蚀,在油气田的安全使用范围之内;动静态腐蚀时超级13Cr不锈钢表面均生成均匀、致密的钝化膜层,表现为均匀腐蚀,腐蚀产物成分为不锈钢基本成分,未发现CO2腐蚀产物,超级13Cr不锈钢具有良好的抗高温高压CO2腐蚀性能。     

00Cr15超级马氏体不锈钢在含H_2SO_4的酸性NaCl溶液中的电化学特征

超级马氏体不锈钢耐各种介质的腐蚀对其使用至关重要。采用电化学噪声(ENC)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和动电位极化(PDP)曲线,研究了00Cr15超级马氏体不锈钢在含H2SO4的酸性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:随着其浸泡时间的延长,噪声电阻逐渐增大,噪声谱功率曲线的斜率在48 h时突然下降,即钝化膜变得稳定;电化学阻抗谱中的容抗弧随时间的延长逐渐增大,48 h后基本不再变化;随浸泡时间的延长,点蚀电位升高,维钝电流密度下降;00Cr15超级马氏体不锈钢在含H2SO4的酸性NaCl溶液中的再钝化能力强,耐蚀性好。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在入井流体与产出流体环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过模拟油田超深超高压高温油气井腐蚀环境,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢管材抗均匀腐蚀、点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)及酸化液腐蚀的性能。研究结果表明:随着井深的增加,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率逐渐增大,且气相的均匀腐蚀速率要大于液相的腐蚀速率,但不论在液相还是在气相腐蚀条件下,均匀腐蚀速率均远小于0.1mm/a;由于超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢有较高的Mo,Ni含量,在模拟腐蚀环境中未出现明显点蚀现象,且具有良好的抗SCC性能;循环酸化腐蚀试验后试样管体和接箍部分没有出现点蚀、缝隙腐蚀等局部腐蚀迹象。     

模拟塔里木油田环境5Cr套管用钢的H_2S/CO_2腐蚀行为

运用腐蚀失重和电化学测量技术,研究5Cr套管用钢在模拟塔里木油田环境的H2S/CO2腐蚀行为。结果表明:在模拟CO2腐蚀环境中,由于Cr元素在腐蚀产物膜中的富集显著改善了膜的保护性,5Cr钢表现出良好的抗CO2均匀腐蚀和局部腐蚀能力;在模拟CO2/H2S腐蚀条件下,H2S腐蚀占主导作用,其均匀腐蚀速率远小于单独CO2腐蚀环境中的均匀腐蚀速率;5Cr钢H2S腐蚀的阳极极化曲线存在较为明显的钝化区,交流阻抗图谱(EIS)拟合的H2S腐蚀极化电阻远大于CO2腐蚀极化电阻。     

低Cr钢在H_2S/CO_2环境中的腐蚀行为研究

运用腐蚀失重和电化学测量技术,研究普通低Cr油套管用钢在模拟塔里木油田环境的H2S/CO2腐蚀行为.结果表明:在模拟CO2腐蚀环境中,Cr元素在腐蚀产物膜中的富集显著改善了膜的保护性,低Cr钢表现出良好的抗CO2均匀腐蚀和局部腐蚀能力;在模拟CO2/H2S腐蚀条件下,H2S腐蚀占主导作用,其均匀腐蚀速率远小于单独CO2腐蚀环境中的均匀腐蚀速率;低Cr材料H2S腐蚀的阳极极化曲线存在较为明显的钝化区,交流阻抗图谱(EIS)拟合的H2S腐蚀极化电阻远大于CO2腐蚀极化电阻.     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在单质硫环境中的腐蚀行为

采用单质硫悬浮实验法,利用失重法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和pH计等分析手段,研究了单质硫沉积对国产超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在模拟高温高压环境中腐蚀行为的影响,分析了腐蚀产物的表面形貌、元素组成及其含量、组分以及单质硫对高浓度NaCl溶液酸化程度的影响。结果表明:国产超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能因单质硫的添加而降低,其均匀腐蚀速率随着单质硫含量的增大而增大,并且在90℃取得最大值,但均小于0.0125mm/a;单质硫的添加改变了腐蚀产物膜的组分,硫化物的含量随单质硫含量的增大而增大;单质硫/金属界面处的pH值因单质硫与水发生歧化反应而降低,进而降低了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能,Cl-与单质硫协同作用进一步加剧其腐蚀。     

不锈钢的酸洗与钝化

不绣钢是现代工业上广泛使用的材料。不锈钢之具有抗腐蚀性能,是因为在钢的表面形成了一层非常稳定的钝化保护膜。钢的表面愈光滑愈易形成紧密完整的钝化膜。当钝化膜在加工过程中遭到破坏对,破口处暴露了底层金属,构成膜—溶液—金属的电池,发生电化学腐蚀。为了得到均匀完整的保护膜、提高不锈钢的耐蚀性,必须洗净表面,去除表面所附的杂质,再行钝化。一、酸洗酸洗的目的是清除不锈钢表面的微小铁     

增氮降镍对316奥氏体不锈钢在江水环境中的耐蚀性的影响

目前,有关增氮降镍对316奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性的影响研究鲜见报道。采用周浸腐蚀、极化曲线和交流阻抗等手段研究了增氮降镍对316奥氏体不锈钢在重庆地区江水中耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:增氮降镍改进型316不锈钢耐蚀性优于传统316不锈钢;传统316不锈钢点蚀倾向严重,增氮降镍后倾向于表面均匀腐蚀;极化曲线和交流阻抗谱拟合参数反映规律一致,随着腐蚀时间的延长,30 d时腐蚀速率最低,超过30 d后试验钢表面钝化膜遭到破坏,腐蚀速率升高。     

Ni-Fe-P化学镀层的制备及其在CO_2和H_2S/CO_2环境中的耐蚀性能

为了改善石油天然气行业含CO2和H2S/CO2的腐蚀液中油套管的耐蚀性,在N80钢表面制备了Ni-Fe-P化学镀层,考察了Ni-Fe-P镀层的形貌、成分及相结构,并研究了其在模拟油田采出水(饱和CO2环境)和含H2S/CO2的腐蚀液中的耐蚀性。结果表明:制备的Ni-Fe-P镀层为非晶态结构的高磷镀层;Ni-Fe-P镀层有较高的抗CO2腐蚀性能;在含H2S的腐蚀液中加入CO2会加速Ni-Fe-P镀层的腐蚀;在含H2S/CO2的腐蚀液中,Cl-加速了Ni-Fe-P镀层钝化膜的破坏。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.