Contribution of the colmation layer to the elimination of coliphages by slow sand filtration.

River bank or slow sand filtration is a major procedure for processing surface water to drinking water in central europe. In order to model the performance of river bank and slow sand filtration plants, we are studying the different mechanisms by which the elimination of pathogens is realized. An important question concerning the mode of action of slow sand filters and river bank filtration units is the role of the colmation layer or "schmutzdecke" on the elimination of human pathogens. The schmutzdecke is an organic layer which develops at the surface of the sand filter short after the onset of operation. We have inoculated a pilot plant for slow sand filtration with coliphages and determined their rate of breakthrough and their final elimination. In the first experiment, with a colmation layer still missing, the breakthrough of the coliphages in the 80 cm mighty sandy bed amounted to ca. 40 %. In contrast, less than 1 % of coliphages escaped from the filter as the same experiment was repeated two months later, when a substantial colmation layer had developed. Our preliminary conclusions are that the colmation layer is extremely efficient in eliminating of viruses.     

涂铁砂过滤去除水中磷的研究

试验制备一种涂铁砂(IOCS)滤料用于对水中磷的去除,与石英砂相比IOCS表面粗糙,空隙多,比表面积大,且附有α-Fe_2O_3晶体,吸附能力增强。通过过滤试验研究了IOCS滤料在不同的试验条件下(pH、空床接触时间、进水磷浓度、滤床深度等)对水中磷的去除效果。结果表明:中性条件下磷的去除效果最佳,pH太高和太低都不利于磷的去除;中性条件下,当空床接触时间为13min,进水磷浓度为1.0 mg/L,滤床深度为50 cm时,去除效果较好,平均去除率可达82%;空床接触时间、进水磷浓度、滤床深度等是影响过滤运行周期的主要因素。     

生物慢滤技术中的微生物作用研究

为了探讨生物慢滤反应器中的微生物作用,本文对滤床不同深度的滤料取样进行扫描电镜分析,结果表明,表层生物黏膜中含有丰富的微生物种群,包括细菌、藻类、原生动物以及各种微生物分泌物,这些微生物形成了良性循环食物链。本文对滤床不同深度的滤料取样分析了细菌总数、SS、POC三个指标,结果表明,微生物主要集中在表层滤料2cm厚度内,滤床达到90cm高度即能保证出水水质,这为生物慢滤反应器设计和运行维护提供了参考数据。随后对生物慢滤反应器进行了避光试验,结果表明,生物慢滤反应器采取适当的遮挡避光措施既可以有效减少藻类生长,增加运行周期,又不会降低处理效果,对于我国福建、四川、湖北等地生物慢滤技术的实际应用具有指导意义。     

GAC强化砂滤对再生水紫外线消毒的影响研究

考察了GAC强化砂滤池预处理对再生水消毒的强化效果及污水处理厂二级出水消毒紫外线剂量与灭活率的关系.结果表明,GAC强化砂滤池对浊度和色度的平均去除率分别为60%和26.5%,对粒径4μm以上颗粒物平均去除率为89.2%,紫外线对总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的灭活率分别提高24.5%、23.3%.当紫外线剂量达到13 mJ/cm2时,出水总大肠菌群低于100个/L.试验表明,在再生水消毒工艺中,GAC强化砂滤预处理可明显提高紫外线消毒效果.     

Monitoring of human enteric viruses and coliform bacteria in waters after urban flood in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Floodwaters in Kampung Melayu village, Jakarta, Indonesia, as well as river water and consumable water (including groundwater and tap water) samples in flooded and non-flooded areas, were quantitatively analysed to assess occurrence of viruses and total coliforms and E. coli as bacterial indicators after flooding event. High numbers of enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus (G1, G2) and adenovirus were detected at high concentration in floodwaters and waters sampled from Ciliwung River which runs across metropolitan Jakarta and is used widely for agriculture and domestic purposes by poor residents. One out of three groundwater wells in the flooded area was contaminated with all viruses tested while no viruses were found in groundwater samples in non-flooded areas and tap water samples. The results revealed that human enteric viruses, especially hepatitis A virus and adenovirus, were prevalent in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study suggested that flooding posed a higher risk of viral infection to the people through contamination of drinking water sources or direct contact with floodwaters.     

饮用水处理中超滤与砂滤技术特性的比较试验

对超滤工艺的运行特性及其对浊度、COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄等水质指标的去除效果进行了试验。结果表明:超滤对浊度的去除率可达97%～99%,对COD_Mn的平均去除率约为10.36%,对UV₂₅₄的平均去除率约为9.06%。与砂滤工艺的运行数据相比,超滤工艺对污染指标的去除率更高,且通量、跨膜压差等技术性能较好,出水水质更加稳定、安全。     

混凝-SBR-砂滤工艺处理汽车零配件生产废水

某汽车零配件企业生产废水主要成分为LAS和锌、镍等重金属,采用混凝-SBR-砂滤工艺对其进行处理.该工程自2006年4月投产至今处理效果稳定,实际运行结果表明出水各项指标均可达到广东省地方标准<水污染物排放限值>(DB 44/26-2001)第二时段一级标准.     

Removal of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by biological filtration.

The quality of drinking water is sometimes diminished by the presence of certain compounds that can impart particular tastes or odours. One of the most common and problematic types of taste and odour is the earthy/musty odour produced by geosmin (trans-1, 10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol) and MIB (2-methylisoborneol). Taste and odour treatment processes including powdered activated carbon, and oxidation using chlorine, chloramines, potassium permanganate, and sometimes even ozone are largely ineffective for reducing these compounds to below their odour threshold concentration levels. Ozonation followed by biological filtration, however, has the potential to provide effective treatment. Ozone provides partial removal of geosmin and MIB but also creates other compounds more amenable to biodegradation and potentially undesirable biological instability. Subsequent biofiltration can remove residual geosmin and MIB in addition to removing these other biodegradable compounds. Bench scale experiments were conducted using two parallel filter columns containing fresh and exhausted granular activated carbon (GAC) media and sand. Source water consisted of dechlorinated tap water to which geosmin and MIB were added, as well as, a cocktail of easily biodegradable organic matter (i.e. typical ozonation by-products) in order to simulate water that had been subjected to ozonation prior to filtration. Using fresh GAC, total removals of geosmin ranged from 76 to 100% and total MIB removals ranged from 47% to 100%. The exhausted GAC initially removed less geosmin and MIB but removals increased over time. Overall the results of these experiments are encouraging for the use of biofiltration following ozonation as a means of geosmin and MIB removal. These results provide important information with respect to the role biofilters play during their startup phase in the reduction of these particular compounds. In addition, the results demonstrate the potential biofilters have in responding to transient geosmin and MIB episodes.     

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. removal by bank filtration at Beberibe River,Brazil

In bank filtration (BF) technology, a production well is pumped near surface water and induces water flow from the river through a porous medium to the well by percolation into the soil. Several physical, chemical, and biological processes occur, providing a natural water treatment along the river banks. An experimental area was installed on the Beberibe River with 2 production wells and 7 monitoring wells. The BF potential in removing pathogenic intestinal parasites and analysis of physical–chemical and bacteriological parameters was evaluated, according to Standard Methods. River–aquifer interaction was characterized by piezometric levels of production wells. Monitoring of the wells was correlated with the water depth of the river and precipitation. Parasite analysis was performed using Hoffman, Pons, and Janer's methods of spontaneous sedimentation, followed by centrifugation and preparation of slides stained with acetic Lugol. Protozoa oocysts were isolated by a modified Ziehl‐Neelsen method, preceded by sedimentation and centrifugation. The pathogenic protozoa found in samples from Beberibe River were Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Entamoeba histolytica/dispar complex, and Isospora belli. Pathogenic helminths were also detected: Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, and hookworm eggs and larvae, Hymenolepis nana. In water samples from the production wells, no waterborne pathogens were found. The BF pilot project was effective in reducing levels of turbidity and color. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were absent in the production wells. Piezometric levels of production wells and monitoring wells correlated with water depth of Beberibe River show hydraulic connection between the production wells and river, thus featuring a river–aquifer interaction. The BF pilot system showed potential for reduction or elimination of pathogenic intestinal parasites.     

Arsenic removal by iron and manganese coated sand.

In this study, as a promising technique for the treatment of both As(III) and As(V) at the same time in a single reactor, a column reactor containing both manganese-coated sand (MCS) and iron-coated sand (ICS), at different configuration of MCS and ICS, was used to treat wastewater contaminated with As(III). Prior to column experiments, batch experiments for the adsorption of As(V) by ICS were performed with variation of solution pH, ionic strength and types of background ions to investigate the effect of these parameters on the As(V) adsorption behaviour. As(V) adsorption onto ICS was quite similar with the variation of ionic strength by using NaNO3 as a background ion as well as in the presence of different types of background ions except phosphate. The adsorption curves shifted to the lower pH region with the increase of the initial arsenic concentration due to the finite number of adsorption sites on the ICS. For model prediction on the adsorption of As(V) onto ICS, the MINEQL program employing an inner-sphere complexation and a diffuse layer model was used. Model predictions generally agreed well with experimental results. From the column test, column system packed with equal ratio of MCS and ICS was identified as the best system due to a promising oxidation efficiency of As(III) to As(V) by MCS and adsorption of As(V) by both MCS and ICS.     

生物预处理后续工艺中生物砂滤柱的性能研究

对黄浦江原水生物预处理后续工艺中的生物砂滤柱性能进行研究。在不同氨氮浓度的工况下,探讨了生物砂滤柱对氨氮、有机物等指标的去除,分析了生物砂滤柱的生物活性,同时总结了主要设备的设计运行参数。通过中试运行效果表明:在进水中平均氨氮浓度为1.73 mg/L,停留时间6.8 min下,氨氮平均去除率达到91.6%,同时CODMn和UV254的去除率分别为7.9%和7.5%。     

Estimation and modeling of direct rapid sand filtration for total fecal coliform removal from secondary clarifier effluents

The filtration of fecal coliform from a secondary clarifier effluent was investigated using direct rapid sand filters as tertiary wastewater treatment on a pilot scale. The effect of the flocculation dose, flow loading rate, and grain size on fecal coliform removal was determined. Direct rapid sand filters can remove 0.6-1.5 log-units of fecal coliform, depending on the loading rate and grain size distribution. Meanwhile, the flocculation dose has little effect on coliform removal, and increasing the loading rate and/or grain size decreases the bacteria removal efficiency. A model was then developed for the removal process. Bacteria elimination and inactivation both in the water phase and the sand bed can be described by first-order kinetics. Removal was successfully simulated at different loading rates and grain size distributions and compared with the data obtained using pilot-scale filters.     

Biofilms: their structure, activity, and effect on membrane filtration.

The goal of this presentation is to identify biofouling mechanisms that cause undesirable effects to the membrane separation processes of flux decline and pressure drop. The underlying assumption of this presentation is that biofouling is unavoidable and that the operator cannot eliminate it entirely. This premise justifies research efforts toward understanding the mechanisms by which biofouling affects the membrane processes, rather than expecting that technology can entirely eliminate membrane biofouling in the near future. An improved understanding of biofouling mechanisms may lead to better membrane design, better membrane modules, and better membrane cleaning procedures.     

Genotyping of single Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from sewage and river water.

The study was designed to genotype individual Cryptosporidium oocysts using an 18S rRNA gene-based semi-nested PCR and direct sequencing procedure. Positive PCR amplification was observed in all single C. parvum HNJ-1 oocyst samples tested. Semi-nested PCR and direct sequencing was applied to Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from sewage and river water. The procedure could genotype 54% of FITC-stained single oocysts isolated from sewage and 32% from river water. The predominant genotype in both sewage and river water was C. parvum genotype 1, accounting for 33 and 25%, respectively, of all the FITC-stained intact Cryptosporidium oocysts present.     

生物慢滤技术在西北村镇集雨饮水 处理中的应用

通过对传统慢滤技术改进,研发了家用自动生物慢滤水处理设备并在甘肃省会宁县进行了实际应用。结果表明,该装置对原水中的浊度、细菌、总大肠菌群均有较好的去除效果,为保障西部农村饮水安全提供了技术支撑。     

Granular media filtration: old process, new thoughts.

The design of granular media filters has evolved over many years so that modern filters have larger media sizes and higher filtration velocities than in earlier times. The fundamental understanding of filtration has also improved over time, with current models that account reasonably for all characteristics of the media, the suspension and the filter operation. The methodology for design, however, has not kept pace with these improvements; current designs are based on pilot plants, past experience, or a simple guideline (the ratio of the bed depth to media grain size). We propose that design should be based universally on a characteristic removal length, with the provision of a bed depth that is some multiple of that characteristic length. This characteristic removal length is calculated using the most recent (and most complete) fundamental model and is based on the particle size with the minimum removal efficiency in a filter. The multiple of the characteristic length that yields the required bed depth has been calibrated to existing, successful filters.     

Biological aerated filtration of municipal wastewater using a low-cost filtration media.

The main objective of this research was to demonstrate that selected natural lava stones can be successfully used for low-cost aerobic biofiltration of municipal wastewater. To demonstrate the procedure a pilot filter was built using 6 mm lava stones as support material. The filter depth was 3.0 m. Provided with sampling ports at different depths analysis of the wastewater could be made for COD, TSS, ammonia and nitrates nitrogen, pH, temperature and Kjeldahl nitrogen. Backwashing was performed every 72 hours. Total and dissolved COD and TSS behaved similarly with the organic load: The highest removal rates were observed with the lowest organic load of 0.8 kgCOD/m3 d. These removal rates decreased to a minimum value at organic loading rates of 1.5 kgCOD/m3 d and then remained without noticeable changes to the highest value of 3.5 kgCOD/m3 d. The highest total and dissolved COD removal values were 81 and 84%, respectively. For TSS the best removal value was 95%. Up to 75% ammonia removal was achieved at the lowest organic load of 0.8 kgCOD/m3 d. Ammonia removal decreased to 36% with a higher organic load of 1.6 kgCOD/m3 d. The Mean Cellular Retention (MCRT) time varied from 1 to 6 days with an average of 3.2 days. This fact proves that the MCRT depends on the backwashing frequency more than of any other factor involved. The bed volume decreased in about 5% after 300 days of operation. Microscopic observations showed that the small stones were rounder after 300 days and that the volume losses were caused when the edges of the stones were cut by the abrasion caused by backwashing.     

滴灌用砂过滤器的过滤与反冲洗性能试验研究

通过试验和分析，本文对节水灌溉工程中使用的砂过滤器的过滤与反冲洗性能进行了研究，提出了新的过滤阻力与雷诺数的关系式，给出了计算初始水头损失计算公式，分析了过滤与堵塞规律，提出了最佳反冲洗强度和膨胀率，并对反冲洗效果进行了实际验证，为正确设计和使用这类过滤器提供了理论依据。     

Biochemical pathway and degradation of phthalate ester isomers by bacteria.

Degradation of dimethyl isophthalate (DMI) and dimethyl phthalate ester (DMPE) was investigated using microorganisms isolated from mangrove sediment of Hong Kong Mai Po Nature Reserve. One enrichment culture was capable of utilizing DMI as the sole source of carbon and energy, but none of the bacteria in the enrichment culture was capable of degrading DMI alone. In co-culture of two bacteria, degradation was observed proceeding through monomethyl isophthalate (MMI) ester and isophthalic acid (IPA) before the aromatic ring opening. Using DMI as the sole carbon and energy source, Klebsiella oxytoca Sc and Methylobacterium mesophilicum Sr degraded DMI through the biochemical cooperation. The initial hydrolytic reaction of the ester bond was by K. oxytoca Sc and the next step of transformation was by M. mesophilicum Sr, and IPA was degraded by both of them. In another investigation, a novel bacterium, strain MPsc, was isolated for degradation of dimethyl phthalate ester (DMPE) also from the mangrove sediment. On the basis of phenotypic, biochemical and 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses, the strain MPsc should be considered as a new bacterium at the genus level (8% differences). This strain, together with a Rhodococcus zopfii isolated from the same mangrove sediment, was able to degrade DMPE aerobically. The consortium consisting of the two species degraded 450 mg/l DMPE within 3 days as the sole source of carbon and energy, but none of the individual species alone was able to transform DMPE. Furthermore, the biochemical degradation pathway proceeded through monomethyl phthalate (MMP), phthalic acid (PA) and then protocatechuate before aromatic ring cleavage. Our results suggest that degradation of complex organic compounds including DMI and DMPE may be carried out by several members of microorganisms working together in the natural environments.     

Elimination of the musk fragrances galaxolide and tonalide from wastewater by ozonation and concomitant stripping.

Ozone reacts with the musk fragrances tonalide and galaxolide with rate constants of 8 M(-1)s(-1) and 140 M(-1)s(-1), respectively. In wastewater, ozone eliminates only the more reactive compound, galaxolide, in competition with its reaction with the wastewater matrix. As both compounds are also stripped in a bubble column, tonalide is also eliminated to some extent.