径距取压孔板流量计存在问题及解决办法

工艺生产装置中化工仪表里流量计有质量流量计、容积式流量计、速度式流量计、差压式流量计、靶式流量计等,而差压式流量计又有孔板式流量计、喷嘴式流量计、文丘里管式流量计、弯管流量计、V锥流量计、皮托管流量计、匀速管流量计、楔形流量计、径距取压孔板流量计等。文章以径距取压孔板流量计为研究对象,通过学习工作原理、结构形式、安装要求,掌握径距取压孔板流量计存在问题及解决办法;工作中遇到化工装置生产过程中出现径距取压孔板流量计一些故障,不断根据现场实际情况分析和解决其存在问题,总结了径距取压孔板流量计存在问题及解决办法及经验。     

常见气体流量计的计量原理及控制系统

气体流量计是我们生产生活中很重要的流量测量仪表,其种类繁多,适用范围各异。本文综述了3种常见气体流量计(包括容积式气体流量计、差压式气体流量计及速度式气体流量计)的计量原理、特点及应用范围,并从控制芯片和软件平台两方面介绍了一般气体流量计所采用的控制系统,由此提出今后气体流量计改进的方向。     

温压补偿型超声气体质量流量计

对超声时差法进行算法改进后，结合气体密度公式推导出超声质量流量方程，据此设计出温压补偿型超声气体质量流量计，给出了流量计核心系统及温压补偿部分的硬件设计。将只用于流体体积流量测量的超声流量计推广到气体质量流量测量领域，使超声流量计趋向理想化。经实验证明此流量计在测量常压空气时精度可达1．42％。     

质量流量计的原理及应用

科里奥利质量流量计是一种振动管式流量计,可直接测量流体的质量流量,这就克服了差压式流量计在裂解炉进料控制中的不足,本文通过对科里奥力质量流量计的结构和原理及典型故障的分析和处理的介绍,阐述了该种类型流量计的优点,其在各个领域的应用也将更为广泛。     

泵试验中参数的测量和计算(二)

二、流量流量指泵压出口单位时间内所输出的液体体积。测量流量的方法有:体积法、重量法、堰、转子流量计、电磁流量计、管式流量计(孔板、喷咀、文吐里管)等,现仅简单说明用管式流量计测量流量的原理(图14)。管式流量计一般可简化为一个断面收缩管。如水平放置,由伯努利定理,假定是理想液体,     

锥形流量计下游支撑及取压位置的试验研究

锥形流量计应用广泛,其国际标准正在起草中。锥形流量计发展过程遇到两个问题：安全性和制造一致性差,具有双支撑结构的锥形流量计可解决此问题。为保证增加的双支撑结构不会影响锥形流量计的测量性能和较短的表体长度,需要研究下游支撑和下游取压位置。根据锥形流量计尾流流场的速度分布和压力分布的状况设计相关的改进试验,选择合适的下游支撑和下游取压位置。试验使用的锥形流量计经过特殊设计：锥体、下游支撑位置、下游取压位置都可以按照要求变换位置。试验得到适用于不同直径管道的下游取压位置和支撑位置的选取规律。不同管径和等效直径比下的锥形流量计试验数据显示：改进后的双支撑形式的锥形流量计样机比悬臂梁锥形流量计具有更好的流出系数不确定度。     

差压变送器对差压式流量计测量准确度的影响分析及校准方法讨论

从差压式流量计的原理出发,探讨了差压变送器对差压式流量计测量准确度的影响情况与特性,并结合其特征提出了优化的差压变送器校准方法,使得差压式流量计的测量结果更为准确可靠.     

角度自适应均速管流量计

采用流量计测流量时,会出现安装偏角,并且管路内流体也会存在一定的流动偏角,这些都会造成流量测量误差。为了消除这种偏角误差,设计了一种基于差压测量的角度自适应均速管流量计。流量计采用圆形截面,截面上设计三方向取压孔,根据圆柱绕流的表面压力分布原理,并配合角度修正算法,可以减小流量测量中的偏角误差,从而提高管路流量测量的准确性。标准水路系统标定结果表明流量计偏角误差θ≤±15°时,流量测量精度≤3.5%FS;偏角误差θ≤±1°时,流量测量精度≤1%FS。     

新型内外管差压流量计特性研究

针对现有各种流量计机械结构较复杂、节流方式对流体的扰动大、差压信号稳定性不足的缺点,设计了一种新型内外管差压流量计.运用三维CFD模拟仿真软件对其结构进行优化设计,通过实验验证了内外管差压流量计三维CFD仿真分析结果的可靠性.以内锥流量计作为参照对象,对内外管差压流量计的特性进行了对比分析,对比分析的结果表明,内外管差压流量计较内锥流量计压力损失小、压损比小、差压信号稳定性高.为了得到本装置的其他特性参数,又进行了大量的标定试验,实验结果表明测量精度、量程比等参数均满足技术标准的要求.     

差压式涡街质量流量计取压位置的研究

在涡街流量计中，流体通过涡街发生体后会产生压力损失及由旋涡引起的压力波动，根据这一特点，本文提出利用差压检测技术，通过单路差压传感器同时感受由涡街发生体引起的流体双重变化特性，测量流体质量流量的新方法。本文重点对差压检测取压位置进行研究，利用空气和水两种流体介质进行了一系列实验，得到不同取压位置的差压信号与流量关系，确定了能正确测量质量流量的差压取压位置。结果表明，该测量方法结构简单，是测量质量流量的有效方法。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.