项目评价问答（十一）

项目评价问答（十一）主持人殊倩１改扩建项目效益和费用的识别：是属于“项目”的还是“企业”的？项目经济分析的整个过程自始至终是在对项目引起的效益和费用（产出和投入、贡献和代价）进行识别、计算和衡量。这三步工作，各有各的难点。所谓识别，就是要辨认出哪些是...     

改、扩建项目财务评价中现金流量的识别

对改、扩建项目财务评价中如何准确识别现金流量进行了论述,阐述了在改、扩建项目财务评价过程中。对于一些实际遇到的情况,如沉没成本、机会成本、关联效应、分摊费用以及报废资产等,在现金流量识别时如何去处理所进行的分析。对于改、扩建项目要遵循“有无对比”的原则进行增量分析。即通过对“有项目”和“无项目”两种情况费用和效益的比较,求得增量的费用和效益数据,从而来确定增量的现金流人和现金流出。     

EMC在我国建材节能领域大有可为

1EMC介绍 EMC（合同能源管理——Energy Management Contract）是一种市场化的节能机制。其实质是以减少的能源费用来支付节能项目全部成本的节能业务方式。这种节能投资方式允许客户用未来的节能收益为工厂和设备升级，以降低目前的运行成本；由节能服务公司（EMCo：Energy Management Company）以承诺节能项目的节能效益或承包整体能源费用的方式为客户提供节能服务。能源管理合同在实施节能项目的企业（用户）与节能服务公司之间签订，它有助于推动节能项目的实施。     

上海市老式水龙头改造节水效益评估分析

费用效益分析法是常用的经济分析工具。文中以上海市节水龙头改造项目为例,该项目的费用为政府投资总额,节省流动用水产生的经济效益为其最显著最直接的效益,利用费用效益分析法对其节水效益进行评估分析。通过量化计算效益、分析效益费用比,得出项目能够产生显著节水效益的结论,从而验证了项目的科学性,并为今后其他省市开展相应政策评估提供方法依据。     

浅谈EPC总承包模式下的费用控制

近年来，在大型炼油化工项目建设中，业主单位越来越多地选择EPC的总承包管理模式。作为总承包商，如何做好费用控制，增加效益，也被提上日程。现从设计阶段及总承包合同签订、采购招标阶段，施工阶段和竣工阶段来阐述总承包商该如何做好费用控制工作。     

世行贷款项目财务分析方法初探

财务分析是项目可行性研究的一个重要内容。财务分析是按现行财税制度从财务角度分析计算项目的效益、费用、盈利状况及借款偿还能力,以考察项目本身的财务生存能力。但要全面地评价一个项目的可行性,还需从整个国民经济的角度对项目进行国民经济效益的分析,只有把技术分析、财务分析和国民经济效益分析结合起来,才可以比较客观全面地对项目决策作出评价。     

提高炼油项目经济效益的途径分析

从炼油项目运作周期的角度,分析不同环节对项目效益的影响和作用,逐项探讨提高经济效益的方法;通过对操作费用构成要素的剖析,探索降低操作费用的途径;指出全面提高项目的经济效益要进行全员动员、全过程管理。     

水泥企业改扩建项目的经济评价

由于水泥企业改、扩建项目目标不同．实施的方法各异．因此．本文以改扩建项目的经济评价指标和方法为基础，对难以定量计算的效益与费用、财务评价的盈利能力、清偿能力等进行了分析探讨。     

基于改进AHP法的BIM效益关键影响因素研究——基于承包商视角

BIM(Building Information Model)技术的应用推进了建筑信息化的进程,同时也对工程项目收益产生影响。为优化BIM技术在建筑行业的效益,明晰影响BIM效益的关键因素,本文首先采用文献分析法,通过筛选、归纳和分析,从项目效益和商业效益两个方面分析确定了13个BIM效益评价指标,从项目基本情况、承包商BIM技术能力和BIM成本投入三个方面确定了10个影响因素;其次采用AHP(Analytic hierarchy process)法确定了BIM效益评价指标的权重,并利用改进的AHP法研究了BIM效益影响因素对BIM效益评价指标的影响程度,结果显示,项目规模、BIM技术人员从业工龄和项目软硬件投入费用三大因素是影响BIM效益的关键因素。最后依据研究结果从项目定位、BIM技术人才培养和合理的资本投入角度为BIM技术在项目中的应用提供相关建议与对策。     

石化工程检修项目造价管理

随着大型石化企业生产装置周期性检修的刚性需要,检修项目的规模和效益显得越发重要;在保证了项目安全运行、检修质量和工期进度的情况下,使项目的效益最大化是每个项目所必须面对的问题;只有认识到工程造价管理的重要性,强化管理,建立良好、顺畅的管理程序办法,具体分析、规划项目的造价管理工作,才能确保项目造价工作紧张、有序、高效率运作,实现项目运作费用清晰、可控,有效的支持项目正常运作,保证项目投资管理目标的实现,达到预期的经济效益。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。