点燃型预燃室在大缸径甲醇发动机上应用

通过计算流体动力学数值模拟,探索点燃型预燃室在大缸径（320mm）甲醇发动机上的应用效果,计算了过量空气系数和点火正时对燃烧和性能的影响。结果表明,点燃型预燃室发动机的燃烧放热过程先缓后急,热效率较高,NOx排放很低,SOx排放为零,不经后处理即可满足国际海事组织Tier Ⅲ排放法规。随着缸内过量空气系数的增加,缸内压力、压力升高率、声响强度和NOx排放均显著降低,指示热效率先升后降,在过量空气系数为2.4时达到最高值49.2%;随着点火正时的延迟,缸内压力、压力升高率、声响强度、指示热效率逐渐下降,NOx排放先减后增。基于计算结果,提出了一种燃烧控制策略：在平均有效压力低于1.8MPa时控制缸内过量空气系数为2.4并匹配较早的点火正时,在平均有效压力高于1.8MPa时控制过量空气系数为2.1并匹配较晚的点火正时。采用该策略可使部分负荷热效率最佳,且整机具有较高的动力性。     

进气氧浓度对柴油机低温燃烧影响的试验研究

为了研究低温燃烧机理的极端情况,即废气中不含比热容较小的N2,通过向进气管喷入CO2气体控制进气氧浓度、改变喷油量、喷油时刻、喷油压力等,研究了进气氧浓度对柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响.结果表明,随进气氧浓度降低,在喷油量为25 mg/cyc时,放热速率逐渐降低,而在喷油量为50 mg/cyc时,放热速率先升高后降低;较低进气氧浓度时,燃烧呈明显的两阶段放热.喷油量为50 mg/cyc时,降低碳烟排放最有效的途径是提高喷油压力.综合性能和排放,喷油提前角应不小于20°CA,此时NOx和碳烟排放较低,且可保持较高的热效率.     

不同峰值压力下压缩比对柴油机热效率的影响

应用三维数值模拟软件CONVERGE研究了压缩比变化对重型直喷柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响,并在不同峰值压力限制下研究了压缩比耦合过量空气系数提高热效率的潜力.结果表明,当过量空气系数较低时,随压缩比提高,指示热效率呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,当压缩比为21.5时可获得最高指示热效率.提高缸内峰值压力可显著改善热效率,与原...     

主动预燃室式直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧性能研究

为明晰不同点火方式对汽油机稀薄燃烧特性的影响规律,在一款排量为0.5L的研究型单缸机上试验研究了传统火花塞和主动预燃室两种不同点火方式下发动机燃烧及排放特性,探索主动预燃室拓展稀薄燃烧极限的多种影响因素。研究结果表明,稀薄燃烧可有效降低油耗,提高发动机热效率。传统点火线圈的稀燃极限处于过量空气系数1.5附近,最高指示热效率为45.0%,而采用主动预燃室系统后,稀燃极限可进一步拓展,过量空气系数可达2.0,指示热效率提升至46.5%,氮氧化物排放比采用传统火花塞点火技术时降低约88%;主动预燃室匹配高压缩比14.80的燃烧系统,可进一步拓展稀燃极限至过量空气系数2.1,指示热效率可达48.0%,氮氧化物排放继续降低,在过量空气系数采用2.1时NOx排放最低可达58×10-6。     

汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混压燃燃烧与排放的试验

对汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混燃烧(HPCC)模式的燃烧及排放特性进行了初步的试验研究.结果表明,通过改变柴油的喷射时刻、汽油比例,HPCC呈现出由多种燃烧模式组成的复合燃烧模式,可以实现极低的NOx和碳烟排放,并能保持较高的热效率.试验工况下,汽油比例为50%时,柴油喷油时刻在-58～-6,°CA ATDC时热效率较高,喷油时刻在-49,°CA ATDC和-16,°CA ATDC时分别出现碳烟和NOx排放峰值.进气压力影响HPCC着火滞燃期、燃烧反应速度和"失火"与"爆震"燃烧汽油比例限值,提高进气压力可以提高汽油比例,实现超低的NOx和碳烟排放,并降低HC排放,但CO排放有所升高.随着汽油比例的增加,NOx与碳烟排放降低,对于IMEP为0.5,MPa、汽油比例大于50%时,两者的原始排放分别低于0.4,g/(kW.h)、0.06,FSN,但HC和CO排放升高.     

预喷对柴油机低温燃烧影响的试验研究

在固定燃烧相位的前提下,研究了预喷油量和预喷时刻对柴油机低温燃烧的燃烧和排放性能的影响。研究结果表明:随预喷油量变大,最大压力升高率降低,指示热效率降低,EGR率较低时可明显降低NOx排放。滞燃期缩短是碳烟排放升高的主要原因,滞燃期是影碳烟排放的主要因素。合理的预喷油量和预喷时刻可以保证CO和THC排放不会大幅升高,同时能实现较低的NOx和碳烟排放,并能保持较高的热效率、降低发动机工作的粗暴程度,同时可以得到压力升高率和热效率之间较好的折中。预喷油量较大时会增加NOx和碳烟之间的矛盾关系,低十六烷值燃料有利于低温燃烧的实现。     

常风温无焰燃烧燃气锅炉特性的数值模拟研究

介绍了常温无焰燃烧技术在燃气锅炉上的应用,建立了炉膛内流动与传热的数学模型并进行了数值计算,给出了温度场和NOx浓度场分布。发现增大过量空气系数可以降低炉膛最高温度及平均温度,减小生成的NOx浓度。当过量空气系数为1.05时,锅炉热效率达到最高值,超过98%。当锅炉热负荷低于20%时,炉膛内燃烧方式接近传统有焰燃烧;当锅炉热负荷高于20%时,炉膛内燃烧方式为无焰燃烧,炉膛内温度分布均匀,NOx生成量极低,排放稳定。     

高压缩比汽油压燃低负荷燃烧优化控制策略试验研究

基于6缸柴油发动机的汽油压燃发动机试验台架,系统研究了喷油策略对采用高压缩比燃烧室的汽油压燃低负荷燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明：提高压缩比可有效改善汽油压燃低负荷燃烧稳定性、燃烧效率和指示热效率,同时降低CO和HC排放,但存在最大压力升高率过大的问题。采用两次喷射策略可有效控制最大压力升高率;预喷油量为3 mg、喷射间隔为10°时可将最大压力升高率从1.174 MPa/（°）降低为0.380 MPa/（°）,压力循环波动率为0.97%,同时获得较高的指示热效率和较低的排放。采用高压缩比耦合优化喷油策略,可在平均有效压力为0.2 MPa工况下实现高效稳定燃烧,有效改善汽油压燃在低负荷下燃烧稳定性差的问题。     

烟气再循环对金属纤维表面燃烧器NO_x排放和燃烧稳定性的影响

结合全预混金属纤维表面燃烧器和外部烟气再循环燃烧技术,在350 kW卧式燃气锅炉上进行了实验研究.研究了负荷、过量空气系数和烟气再循环率对CO、NO_x排放和燃烧稳定性的影响.结果表明:负荷变化对NO_x排放无明显影响;过量空气系数越大,NO_x排放越低,但系统热效率随之降低;不采用烟气再循环技术时,NO_x排放低于30 mg/m3时过量空气系数需大于1.73,此时系统热效率低于92.1%;如采用23%的烟气再循环率,实现上述相同NO_x排放水平仅需过量空气系数大于1.3,系统热效率比无烟气再循环时高1.3%;随着烟气再循环率的增大,火焰燃烧不稳定加剧.出现炉膛震动时的烟气再循环率极限值随着负荷的增大而逐渐提高.     

乙醇/汽油双燃料双直喷模式下分层稀薄燃烧试验研究

针对乙醇与汽油固定掺混比例下使用不能充分发挥乙醇燃料优势的问题,开发出了乙醇汽油双燃料-双直喷系统,并在一台点燃式单缸试验机上进行试验,研究了稀薄燃烧下3种不同的喷射策略对发动机燃烧和性能的影响。研究发现:在稀薄燃烧的情况下,随喷射时刻的推迟,不同喷射策略下动力性呈现先增长后降低的趋势。在保证喷油量不变时,有效热效率随过量空气系数增大而明显提高,当量燃油消耗率逐渐降低。随喷射时刻的推迟,热效率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在过量空气系数为1.2,汽油喷射时刻为上止点前180°,乙醇喷射时刻为上止点前300°时,有效热效率达到最高值40.5%。此外,相比于汽油,添加乙醇燃料使得稀薄燃烧更稳定,循环波动更小。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.