Quantitative hazard assessment system(Has-Q) for open pit mine slopes

Rock slope hazard assessment is an important part of risk analysis for open pit mines. The main parameters that can lead to rock slope failures are the parameters traditionally used in geomechanical classifications, the slope geometrical parameters and external factors like rainfall and blasting. This paper presents a methodology for a hazard assessment system for open pit mine slopes based on 88 cases collated around the world using principal components analysis, discriminant analysis and confidence ellipses. The historical cases used in this study included copper, gold, iron, diamond, lead and zinc, platinum and claystone mines. The variables used in the assessment methodology are uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock; spacing, persistence, opening, roughness, infilling and orientation of the main discontinuity set; weathering of the rock mass; groundwater; blasting method; and height and inclination of the pit. While principal component analysis was used to quantify the data, the discriminant analysis was used to establish a rule to classify new slopes about its stability condition. To provide a practical hazard assessment system, confidence ellipses were used to propose a hazard graph and generate the HAS-Q. The discriminant rule developed in this research has a high discrimination capacity with an error rate of11.36%.     

3D numerical parametric study of the influence of open-pit mining sequence on existing tunnels

The development of open-pit mines can adversely affect and even damage existing access tunnels. To ensure the safety and serviceability of them, it is essential to know potential adverse effects of the mining sequence on existing tunnels such as displacements of the lining and additional loads on the lining. In this paper, three-dimensional numerical parametric study is performed to explore this complex interaction.This study investigates the effects of different parameters that may affect the tunnel response. These parameters are: excavation sequence method, horizontal/vertical stress ratio, slope angle, and tunnel diameter. This study shows that the mining sequence affects the stability of the tunnels. The open-pit mining activities lead to both higher axial forces in rock bolts and normal forces and bending moments in the lining. The results of the analysis also demonstrate that the mining sequence causes tunnel heave and significant tensile forces in the lining. Based on the study in this paper a better understanding of the interaction between open-pit mining sequence and tunnels will be obtained.     

井工开采对边坡稳定性影响的有限元分析

边坡下方井工开采是一个露天煤矿普遍存在的问题。本文采用有限元方法针对某一具体实例进行了数值模拟。模拟考虑了岩体力学特性及岩体结构特征,并模拟了井采过程。通过井采前后边坡岩体应力分析、位移分析,对边坡下方井工开采对边坡稳定性影响获得了一些认识。     

Probabilistic back analysis for geotechnical engineering based on Bayesian and support vector machine

Geomechanical parameters are complex and uncertain.In order to take this complexity and uncertainty into account,a probabilistic back-analysis method combining the Bayesian probability with the least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM) technique was proposed.The Bayesian probability was used to deal with the uncertainties in the geomechanical parameters,and an LS-SVM was utilized to establish the relationship between the displacement and the geomechanical parameters.The proposed approach was applied to the geomechanical parameter identification in a slope stability case study which was related to the permanent ship lock within the Three Gorges project in China.The results indicate that the proposed method presents the uncertainties in the geomechanical parameters reasonably well,and also improves the understanding that the monitored information is important in real projects.     

Application of open-pit and underground mining technology for residual coal of end slopes

Given the conditions of residual coal from the boundary of a flat dipping open-pit mine,which uses strip areas mining and inner dumping with slope-covering,we propose an open-pit and underground integrated mining technology for residual coal of end slopes.In the proposal a conveyance road and ventilation conveyance near the slope are built,corresponding to the pit mining area and the surface coal mine dump,as well as an interval haulage tunnel and air-inlet tunnel.The outcome shows that such mining method may reduce the effect to slope stability from underground mining,it does not affect the dumping advance and has a high recovery rate of residual coal resources.The working face is timbered by single hydraulic props,transported by a scraper conveyor and supported by coal walls.This method of mining is one of layered top coal caving,with high resource recovery,low production cost where positive economic benefit can be realized.     

Calculation of slope-cover height under price fluctuation in open-pit mines

Leaving ditches between adjacent mining areas can effectively reduce re-stripping in the latter mining area and simultaneously lead to an increment in internal dumping costs in the former mining area. This paper establishes calculation models for these two marginal costs. The optimizing model for slope cover height can be determined by including marginal cost models in the objective function. The paper has two main contributions: (a) it fully considers redistribution of dumping space in the model; (b) it introduces price fluctuations and cash discounts in the model. We use the typical open-pit mine as an example to test and prove the model. We conclude that a completely covered slope is reasonable in Haerwusu open pit mine; in addition to an increasing price index, the slope cover height can be reduced; and that price changes are one of the most important influencing factors of slope cover height optimization in an open-pit mine.     

基于未确知测度理论的基坑边坡稳定性评价

影响基坑边坡稳定的不确定性因素较多,如基坑规模、场地岩土体性质、施工质量、环境因素等。为了探索科学合理的基坑边坡的稳定性评价方法,本文基于未确知测度理论,选取了基坑深度、支护方式、主要土层粘聚力、主要土层内摩擦角、地下水及地表水作用、邻近荷载、邻近荷载坑边距、施工质量八个因素作为评价指标,利用三标度法结合层次分析法确定各指标权重,建立基坑边坡稳定性评价模型。将此模型应用于两个基坑工程实例,对比实际监测结果,评价结果的可靠度较高。结果表明,基于未确知测度理论的基坑边坡稳定性评价模型具有可行性。     

东戈壁钼矿露天坑排土场位置与边坡稳定性分析

应用数值模拟技术对新疆东戈壁露天矿边坡不同排土场安全距离问题进行了真实有效地分析,直观地再现了边坡应力和位移变化,并得到边坡的稳定安全系数。结果表明:在没有排土场作用下,露天坑边坡处于相对稳定状态,当排土场安全距离为50m时,安全系数急剧减小到0.68,随着排土场安全距离的增大,安全系数随之增大。当排土场安全距离为300m时,边坡安全系数达到0.99,当安全距离大于400m时,排土场几乎不会对边坡的稳定性造成影响。数值模拟技术对边坡排土场安全距离的确定具有重要的指导意义,为东戈壁露天矿边坡开挖提供了有效的技术支撑。     

Comprehensive analysis of slope stability and determination of stable slopes in the Chador-Malu iron ore mine using numerical and limit equilibrium methods

One of the critical aspects in mine design is slope stability analysis and the determination of stable slopes. In the Chador Malu iron ore mine, one of the most important iron ore mines in central Iran, it was considered vital to perform a comprehensive slope stability analysis. At first, we divided the existing rock hosting pit into six zones and a geotechnical map was prepared. Then,the value of MRMR (Mining Rock Mass Rating) was determined for each zone. Owing to the fact that the Chador-Malu iron ore mine is located in a highly tectonic area and the rock mass completely crushed, the Hock-Brown failure criterion was found suitable to estimate geo-mechanical parameters. After that, the value of cohesion (c) and friction angle (e) were calculated for different geotechnical zones and relative graphs and equations were derived as a function of slope height. The stability analyses using numerical and limit equilibrium methods showed that some instability problems might occur by increasing the slope height.Therefore, stable slopes for each geotechnical zone and prepared sections were calculated and presented as a function of slope height.     

某露天矿陡帮边坡稳定性分析与加固设计

根据某露天矿陡帮边坡的工程实际,采用极限平衡方法等进行了露天矿陡帮边坡的稳定性分析,提出了合理而有效的加固方案,并进行了加固后的边坡稳定性分析和评价.结果表明：该露天矿陡帮边坡长期暴露在自然条件下稳定性会逐渐降低,如遇饱水或渗流,边坡可能会发生失稳.采用预应力锚索框架梁加固后,边坡的稳定系数显著提高,边坡处于稳定状态,从而保证了矿区的安全生产.     

GIS-based 3D limit equilibrium analysis for design optimization of a 600 m high slope in an open pit mine

1. Introduction An economical and safe plan of slope angle is an important issue for the slope designing of an open pit mine. In the practice of geotechnical engineering, a two-dimensional (2D) limit equilibrium method is gen- erally employed to calculate the safety factor against failure for a slope. Assuming a plane-strain condition, the safety factor is commonly assessed through a 2D idealization of the slope, for example, an “equivalent” plane-strain problem is postulated and analyzed […     

Stability and reliability of pit slopes in surface mining combined with underground mining in Tonglushan mine

Slope stability is of critical importance in the process of surface-underground mining combination. The influence of underground mining on pit slope stability was mainly discussed, and the self-stabilization of underground stopes was also studied. The random finite element method was used to analyze the probability of the rock mass stability degree of both pit slopes and underground stopes. Meanwhile, 3D elasto-plastic finite element method was used to research into the stress, strain and rock mass failure resulting from mining. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the mining of the underground test stope has certain influence on the stability of the pit slope, but the influence is not great. The safety factor of pit slope is decreased by 0.06, and the failure probability of the pit slope is increased by 1.84%. In addition, the strata yielding zone exists around the underground test stope. The results basically conform to the information coming from the field monitoring.     

基于模糊多属性决策的岩质边坡稳定影响因子的筛选

根据露天矿边坡的特点．用梯形模糊数表示影响和制约边坡稳定性影响因子的各主要因素指标．运用模糊多属性Buckley决策的方法，确定方案一属性之间的模糊指标值和属性一属性之间的相对重要程度模糊权值，计算各方案的模糊效用值及其隶属函数．并对其比较、排序，从而确定对边坡稳定影响因子的重要程度，为实际工程设计、施工和管理提供了科学的决策依据．     

Determination of the Stable Slope Configuration of Oval-Shaped Furrow Pits

The space effects of oval-shoped furrow pit slopes were analyzed by the elastic mechanics principle. The interaction of limit equilibrium slope angle, friction coefficient, cohesion and horizontal radius of oval-shaped furrow, pits has been derived. The oral trumpet-like rock mass is homogeneous and elastic while only loaded by its dead weight. The interaction indicates that the deeper an oral-shaped furrow pit is excavated, the greater the limit equilibrium slope angle. Both the theory base for reducing stripping waste rock in an oval- shaped furrow pit and the basic way to determine the configuration of a stable slope were developed from the mentioned interaction.The theory includes the preceding principles of stability analysis of slopes. Compared with the configuration determined by traditional theory of slope stability, a great quantity of stripping waste rock can be reduced by that determined in this paper trader stable conditions.     

岩石深凹边坡稳定性分析

当岩石深凹边坡滑移体向下滑移时，考虑到边坡水平环向应力对滑移体的作用，对传统的边坡稳定性分析方法进行了修正，推导出了适合于岩石深凹边坡的稳定性分析方法。     

露天矿端帮采煤与露天采排工程的时空关系

分析了安家岭露天煤矿端采煤与露天采排工程的时空关系,解释了露天采、剥、排工程如何在时间和空间上影响端帮采煤的开采强度、回采率等主要技术参数,得出的结论对开采近水平矿床的露天煤矿具有普遍意义。     

Fuzzy Random Reliability Analysis of Blocky Rock-Mass in Slopes

Slope stability assessment is a geotechnical problem characterized by many sources of uncertainty. In classical reliability analysis, only the randomness of uncertainties is taken into account but the fuzziness of them is ignored.In this paper, a fuzzy probability approach and a fuzzy JC method are presented for the reliability analysis. The two methods have been applied to stability analysis of a certain slope of permanent ship lock in the Three-Gorges Project. The results obtained from these two methods are basically the same. However, compared with the fuzzy probability means, the fuzzy JC method can reflect the real situation better because it uses a fuzzy-based analysis applied to not only limit state equation but also mechanical parameters.     

露天矿排土场边坡稳定性分析

针对安太堡露天矿内排土场边坡,介绍了边坡的工程概况和地质条件.结合边坡工程的具体特点,首先运用SLIDE软件,对不同工况下边坡强度稳定性进行对比分析,进而对位移监测数据发展趋势进行了研究.结果表明：排土场边坡的变形处于不断发展的过程中,在降雨或地震的作用下排土场边坡稳定系数明显降低,可能滑动面扩大,特别是在降雨条件下局部危险滑动面可能发生贯通,边坡存在整体失稳的可能.通过研究,可为排土场边坡综合治理措施的制定提供依据.     

岩质边坡滑坡机理与稳定性研究

所研究的边坡为露天岩质边坡,已出现多次滑坡,根据对边坡岩体的物理力学性质测试,现场工程地质调查,现场动力学测试及滑体位移观测,提出了确定边坡潜在滑动面的计算模型,确定出了优势滑动面及破坏模式.通过极限平衡及有限元分析计算,给出了合理边坡角.针对现在的滑体和将来的潜在滑体,提出了相应的处理方案和预防措施.