Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Migration Law of Gas Mixture Using Carbon Dioxide as Cushion Gas in Underground Gas Storage Reservoir

One of the major technical challenges in using carbon dioxide（ CO2） as part of the cushion gas of the underground gas storage reservoir（ UGSR） is the mixture of CO2and natural gas. To decrease the mixing extent and manage the migration of the mixed zone,an understanding of the mechanism of CO2and natural gas mixing and the diffusion of the mixed gas in aquifer is necessary. In this paper,a numerical model based on the three dimensional gas-water two-phase flow theory and gas diffusion theory is developed to understand this mechanism. This model is validated by the actual operational data in Dazhangtuo UGSR in Tianjin City,China.Using the validated model,the mixed characteristic of CO2and natural gas and the migration mechanism of the mixed zone in an underground porous reservoir is further studied. Particularly,the impacts of the following factors on the migration mechanism are studied： the ratio of CO2injection,the reservoir porosity and the initial operating pressure. Based on the results,the optimal CO2injection ratio and an optimal control strategy to manage the migration of the mixed zone are obtained. These results provide technical guides for using CO2as cushion gas for UGSR in real projects.     

基于数值模拟的CO2地质封存项目井筒泄漏风险定量化评价方法

为评估CO₂地质封存场地的CO₂沿井筒泄漏风险，介绍了自主研发的可对CO₂井筒泄漏风险进行定量化评价的数值模拟WellRisk软件，将软件应用于实际CO₂地质封存场地--神华鄂尔多斯CO₂咸水层封存示范工程，定量评估该场地CO₂沿注入井和监测井的泄漏量，并将软件模拟结果与美国能源部开发的NRAP–IAM–CS（The national risk assessment partnership–integrated assessment model–carbon storage）软件模拟结果进行对比，实现了CO₂沿井筒泄漏风险的定量化评价。定义了井筒泄漏系数，即井筒发生泄漏的有效截面积和井筒总截面积的比值，并将井筒泄漏系数作为量化表征井筒固井质量的重要参数。当泄漏系数取值为10^–6时，神华CO₂地质封存场地在1 000 a内的总泄漏量为720 tCO₂，占总注入量的0.24%，小于IPCC的风险阈值1%。因此，泄漏系数为10^–6或更低的井筒是低风险泄漏井，具有良好的固井质量，对应于NRAP–IAM–CS软件中井筒渗透率低于10^–12 m²的情况。泄漏系数为10^–5或更高的井筒是高风险泄漏井，具有较差的固井质量。WellRisk和NRAP–IAM–CS的计算结果均表明，当注入井和监测井的固井质量良好时，神华CO₂地质封存场地基本不存在CO₂泄漏风险。     

CO2做低渗气藏储气库垫层的气水边界稳定性分析

将低渗透枯竭气藏改建为地下储气库的关键问题之一是气水界面的稳定性.为分析以CO_2做垫层气的低渗透气藏改建储气库在扩容建库和季节调峰时气水界面的稳定运移,根据枯竭气藏储层的特点,建立基于低渗透微裂缝储层的双重孔隙介质模型.以中原油田文23改建储气库的地下储层为研究对象,讨论扩容建库时CO_2垫层气的注入方式对气水界面稳定性的影响,以及储气库季节调峰时气水界面的运移特性.研究表明:在扩容建库阶段,CO_2连续注气驱水能快速扩容,但降低了气水界面和储层内压力场稳定性;间歇注气扩容方式在4个周期后扩容速率降低了4.8%,但更好地保证气水界面的稳定运移和储层内压力场的稳定;在季节调峰阶段,溶解态和超临界态CO_2的相互转换更好地保证气水边界和储层内压力场的稳定,同时提高储层空间利用率.     

二氧化碳管道运输系统优化模型及其应用

二氧化碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)作为能够实现煤化工行业温室气体大规模减排的前沿技术,已成为当前研究热点.而管道运输是该技术得以实施的关键环节,高昂运输成本是影响该技术大规模推广的主要因素.因此,通过开发煤化工二氧化碳(CO_2)捕集压缩、管道运输系统优化模型,实现CO_2管道运输系统内关键环节的工艺和技术优化配置,降低捕集压缩、运输及注入整个系统的总成本.将模型初步应用于陕西延长榆林煤化工CCUS项目,结果表明:当封存区域CO_2封存需求量小,而且能够在封存现场提供方便的液化压缩设备时,榆林能化煤化工企业可以采用气相压缩输送方案,并结合封存地点液化加压注入;对于大规模CO_2封存及运输需求时,推荐超临界/密相CO_2输送,能够有效减少封存区再次加压环节的成本,从而使整个流程更为经济.     

Performance analysis for underground gas storage reservoir in depleted gas field

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Nitrogen enhanced drainage of CO_2 rich coal seams for mining

Coal seams with high CO_2 gas contents can be difficult to drain gas for outburst management. Coal has a high affinity for CO_2 with adsorption capacities typically twice that of CH_4. This paper presents an analysis of nitrogen injection into coal to enhance drainage of high CO_2 gas contents. Core flooding experiments were conducted where nitrogen was injected into coal core samples from two Australian coal mining basins with initial CO_2 gas contents and pressures that could be encountered during underground mining. Nitrogen effectively displaced the CO_2 with mass balance analysis finding there was only approximately 6%–7% of the original CO_2 gas content residual at the end of the core flood. Using a modified version of the SIMED II reservoir simulator, the core flooding experiments were history matched to determine the nitrogen and methane sorption times. It was found that a triple porosity model(a simple extension of the Warren and Root dual porosity model) was required to accurately describe the core flood observations. The estimated model properties were then used in reservoir simulation studies comparing enhanced drainage with conventional drainage with underground in seam boreholes. For the cases considered, underground in seam boreholes were found to provide shorter drainage lead times than enhanced drainage to meet a safe gas content for outburst management.     

Review of coal and gas outburst in Australian underground coal mines

Outburst of coal and gas represents a significant risk to the health and safety of mine personnel working in development and longwall production face areas. There have been over 878 outburst events recorded in twenty-two Australian underground coal mines. Most outburst incidents have been associated with abnormal geological conditions.Details of Australian outburst incidents and mining experience in conditions where gas content was above current threshold levels are presented and discussed. Mining experience suggests that for gas content below 9.0 m³/t, mining in carbon dioxide (CO₂) rich seam gas conditions does not pose a greater risk of outburst than mining in CH₄ rich seam gas conditions. Mining experience also suggests that where no abnormal geological structures are present that mining in areas with gas content greater than the current accepted threshold levels can be undertaken with no discernible increase in outburst risk. The current approach to determining gas content threshold limits in Australian mines has been effective in preventing injury from outburst, however operational experience suggests the current method is overly conservative and in some cases the threshold limits are low to the point that they provide no significant reduction in outburst risk. Other factors that affect outburst risk, such as gas pressure, coal toughness and stress and geological structures are presently not incorporated into outburst threshold limits adopted in Australian mines. These factors and the development of an outburst risk index applicable to Australian underground coal mining conditions are the subject of ongoing research.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> permeability of fractured coal subject to confining pressures and elevated temperature: Experiments and modeling

The CO₂ permeability of fractured coal is of great significance to both coalbed gas extraction and CO₂ storage in coal seams, but the effects of high confining pressure, high injection pressure and elevated temperature on the CO₂ permeability of fractured coal with different fracture extents have not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, the CO₂ permeability of fractured coals sampled from a Pingdingshan coal mine in China and artificially fractured to a certain extent is investigated through undrained triaxial tests. The CO₂ permeability is measured under the confining pressure with a range of 10–25 MPa, injection pressure with a range of 6–12 MPa and elevated temperature with a range of 25–70°C. A mechanistic model is then proposed to characterize the CO₂ permeability of the fractured coals. The effects of thermal expansion, temperature-induced reduction of adsorption capacity, and thermal micro-cracking on the CO₂ permeability are explored. The test results show that the CO₂ permeability of naturally fractured coal saliently increases with increasing injection pressure. The increase of confining pressure reduces the permeability of both naturally fractured coal and secondarily fractured coal. It is also observed that initial fracturing by external loads can enhance the permeability, but further fracturing reduces the permeability. The CO₂ permeability decreases with the elevation of temperature if the temperature is lower than 44°C, but the permeability increases with temperature once the temperature is beyond 44°C. The mechanistic model well describes these compaction mechanisms induced by confining pressure, injection pressure and the complex effects induced by elevated temperature.     

深地科学领域的若干颠覆性技术构想和研究方向

习近平主席指出“向地球深部进军是我们必须解决的战略科技问题”,开发深地资源已经成为未来中国科技发展的重要方向。然而,目前人类对于地球深部的认知相当匮乏,国际上ICDP与GFZ等研究组织已经开展深地科学基本规律研究。因此,超前布局、抢占深地研究高地、积极推动深地基础前沿大科学问题探索已迫在眉睫。本文从深地能源和人类生存的角度出发,深度剖析了深地资源开发和深地空间利用的必然趋势,提出向地球深部进军研究的3个层次内容,即深地地质结构探测、深地行为规律研究及深地环境利用与资源开发。同时,围绕关系国家全局的地下空间资源开发、能源储备、核废料处置等国家长远战略,提出深地科学研究领域的3个颠覆性技术构想,即深地矿产资源的流态化开采、深地空间与地下城市、深地实验室与深地空间舱。最后,针对深地岩石力学、深地渗流力学、深地地震学与地球物理学、深地微生物能量溯源等国际最前沿的深地基础科学问题,明确深地科学研究的若干重要研究方向,即原位保真取芯技术,深地非常规岩石力学行为,深地结构与开采的透明推演理论,深地地震学与地球物理学,深地微生物学,深部资源开采与能源储存,深地地下水赋存、运移及水质变化,基于深井抽水蓄能的风、光、水、热一体化开发,地下空间生态、能量循环系统等。基于若干颠覆性技术构想的攻关和若干重要研究方向的探索,构建中国独有、世界领先的深地基础性科学前沿研究阵地。     

三峡库区低水位运行期库尾支流筑坝对其水体CO2分压及排放的影响

为探究三峡库区低水位运行期间库尾支流河坝对其上下游水体CO₂分压、水气界面扩散通量的影响,于2019年8月对三峡库区库尾典型筑坝支流御临河进行采样研究。原位测定关键理化环境因子,采用顶空平衡法,结合亨利定律和薄边界层理论计算水体CO₂分压（p_CO2）及水气界面扩散通量（Flux（CO₂））。结果表明,库区低水位运行期御临河水体表层p_CO2为54.55~336.73 Pa,均值为206.68 Pa,Flux（CO₂）为1.65~67.84 mmol/（m²·d）,均值为39.01 mmol/（m²·d）,表现为大气CO₂排放源排放水平显著高于三峡库区中下游支流。御临河受其下游筑坝影响,河坝上游较近河段表现为湖泊型水体（流速v<0.05 m/s）,上游较远河段和下游表现为过渡型水体（v=0.05~0.2 m/s）。湖泊型水体p_CO2和Flux（CO₂）显著低于过渡型水体,且p_CO2随水深增加迅速增大。相关性分析及多元逐步回归分析表明,库区低水位运行期御临河p_CO2及Flux（CO₂）受水温、pH、DO、Chl-a等理化环境指标影响显著,Chl-a是影响p_CO2的最主要因素,p_CO2是影响Flux（CO₂）的最主要因素。     

规整填料内乙醇胺吸收CO2的计算流体力学模拟

为模拟规整填料单元内乙醇胺吸收烟气二氧化碳的过程,利用计算流体力学(CFD),考虑包含化学反应气液质量传递过程,建立伴有二级化学反应的气液两相流动模型.通过改变吸收过程的操作条件,如气液入口流量比、CO_2入口质量分数、乙醇胺入口摩尔分数、压强等,分析吸收塔规整填料单元内碳捕捉过程的影响因素.CFD模拟结果表明:CO_2吸收率随乙醇胺浓度与压强的增大而升高;随烟气CO_2浓度与气液流量比的增大而下降;对各影响因素影响定量排序,乙醇胺浓度对吸收效率影响最突出,其次依次是CO_2入口浓度、气液入口流量比、压强.模拟与试验结果相吻合,得出了相应的最优参数.     

Application of carbon isotope for discriminating sources of soil CO2 in karst area,Guizhou

Using carbon isotope of soil CO₂ this paper discussed the sources of soil CO₂ in karst area, Guizhou Province, China. Oxidation-decomposition of organic matter, respiration of plant root and activity of microbe are thought to be the major sources of soil CO₂. However, in karst area, the contribution of dissolution of underlying carbonate rock to soil CO₂ should be considered as in acidic environment. Atmospheric CO₂ is the major composition of soil CO₂ in surface layer of soil profiles and its proportion in soil CO₂ decreases with increase of soil depth. CO₂ produced by dissolution of carbonate rock contributes 34%–46% to soil CO₂ below the depth of 10cm in the studied soil profiles covered by grass.

     

Application of carbon isotope for discriminating sources of soil CO2 in karst area,Guizhou

Using carbon isotope of soil CO₂ this paper discussed the sources of soil CO₂ in karst area, Guizhou Province, China. Oxidation-decomposition of organic matter, respiration of plant root and activity of microbe are thought to be the major sources of soil CO₂. However, in karst area, the contribution of dissolution of underlying carbonate rock to soil CO₂ should be considered as in acidic environment. Atmospheric CO₂ is the major composition of soil CO₂ in surface layer of soil profiles and its proportion in soil CO₂ decreases with increase of soil depth. CO₂ produced by dissolution of carbonate rock contributes 34%–46% to soil CO₂ below the depth of 10cm in the studied soil profiles covered by grass.

     

Preferential adsorption behaviour of CH4 and CO2 on high-rank coal from Qinshui Basin,China

In order to better understand the prevailing mechanism of CO₂ storage in coal and estimate CO₂ sequestration capacity of a coal seam and enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) with CO₂ injection into coal, we investigated the preferential adsorption of CH₄ and CO₂ on coals. Adsorption of pure CO₂, CH₄ and their binary mixtures on high-rank coals from Qinshui Basin in China were employed to study the preferential adsorption behaviour. Multiple regression equations were presented to predict CH₄ equilibrium concentration from equilibrium pressure and its initial-composition in feed gas. The results show that preferential adsorption of CO₂ on coals over the entire pressure range under competitive sorption conditions was observed, however, preferential adsorption of CH₄ over CO₂ on low-volatile bituminous coal from higher CH₄-compostion in source gas was found at up to 10 MPa pressure. Preferential adsorption of CO₂ increases with increase of CH₄ concentration in source gas, and decreases with increasing pressure. Although there was no systematic investigation of the effect of coal rank on preferential adsorption, there are obvious differences in preferential adsorption of gas between low-volatile bituminous coal and anthracite. The obtained preferential adsorption gives rise to the assumption that CO₂ sequestration in coal beds with subsequent CO₂-ECBM might be an option in Qinshui Basins, China.     

Experimental study on f-ω regulation model under abnormal methane emission

In view of the difficulty of automatic adjustment, the recovery lag and the major accident potential of the mine ventilation system, an experimental model of the pipe net was established according to the typical one mine and one working face ventilation system of Daliuta coal mine. Using the best uniform approximation method of Chebyshev interpolation to fit the fan performance curve, we experimentally determined fan characteristics with different frequencies and establish the data base for the curves. Based on ventilation network monitoring theory, we designed a monitoring system for ventilation network parameter monitoring and fan operating frequency automatic control. Using the absolute methane emission quantity to predict the air quantity requirement of branch and fan frequency, we established a f-ω regulation model based on fan frequency and absolute methane emission quantity. After analysing methane emission and distribution characteristics, using CO_2 to simulate the methane emission characteristics from a working face, we verified the correctness and rationality of the f-ω regulation model. The fan operation frequency is adjusted by the method of air adjustment change with methane emission quantity and the curve searching method after determining air quantity requirements. The results show that the air quantity in a branch strictly changes according to the f-ω regulation model, in the airincreasing dilution by fan frequency regulation, the CO_2 concentration is limited to the set threshold value. The paper verifies the practicability of a frequency regulation system and the feasibility of the frequency adjustment scheme and provides guidance for the construction of automatic frequency conversion control system in coal mine ventilation networks.     

地下流体注采诱发地震综述及对深部高温岩体地热开发的影响

大规模地下流体注采常诱发微地震,甚至是地面破坏性地震的发生。本文系统综述了四类典型的流体注采工程（废水深井注入、二氧化碳地质封存、油气开采、深层地热能开发）诱发地震事件的案例,来探讨多类型流体注采工程诱发地震发育位置、诱震时间和影响范围,以及触发机制。进而专门针对深部地热能开发,总结了诱发最大地震震级的确定方法,以及降低诱发地震风险面临的挑战等。我国的深部地热资源开发潜力巨大,可利用多种观测手段（震法、电法、磁法等）来获取多尺度地球物理信息,并且利用室内实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,来逐渐认识诱发地震主要因素和地震发育位置及大小的对应关系。可利用断层和隐伏断层识别技术或微地震监测技术等来降低深部高温岩体EGS工程中诱发破坏性地震的风险。在注采井的高效连通控制技术方面,可开发复合热储刺激技术,即冷热水交替热刺激-化学腐蚀-水力压裂技术,并充分利用微震的监测解译数据,现场及时调整热储刺激的方案。通过开展一系列示范工程,逐步攻克关键开发技术,循序渐进地推进EGS工程的安全高效实施。     

Effect of CO2 on coal P-wave velocity under triaxial stressOA

As P-wave velocity is sensitive to the variations in coal reservoir parameters,it is possible to monitor the injected CO₂through P-wave velocity during CO₂sequestration in coal.However,the effects of CO₂on the coal P-wave velocity under triaxial stress are not clearly discerned.In the present study,different boundary conditions and gases were utilised to investigate the factors affecting the P-wave velocity after the interaction of coal with CO₂.Experi...     

Composite rock-breaking of high-pressure CO2 jet & polycrystalline-diamond-compact(PDC) cutter using a coupled SPH/FEM modelOA

CO₂ drilling is a promising underbalance drilling technology with great advantages, such as lower cutting force, intense cooling and excellent lubrication. However, in the underbalance drilling, the mechanism of the coupling CO₂ jet and polycrystalline-diamond-compact(PDC) cutter are still unclear. Whereby, we established a coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics/finite element method(SPH/FEM) model to simulate the composite rock-breaking of high-pressure CO₂ jet...     

Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress: A reviewOA

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep underground.However, rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state(σ₁>σ>σ₃) due to the influences of geological structures and engineering disturbances. It is therefore essential to study the mechanical, seepage, and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering an...     

Environmental impact improvements due to introducing automation into underground copper mines

A life-cycle assessment (LCA) model was developed to comparatively analyze the use of manual and automated mining equipment in underground copper mine sites. Processes and key variables that were determined to contribute to the environmental impact of operations were identified for six mine sites in a range of geographical locations around the world. Our model successfully calculated carbon dioxide (CO₂ eq.) emissions to within 4.9% of the reported annual emissions from the site’s respective companies. The implementation of automation was found to decrease global warming potential by a range of 11.4%–18.0% or 3.9–17.9 kg CO₂ eq./t ore. The model was also used to estimate the average reductions across several impact potentials including, acidification (11.9%–17.8%), eutrophication (7.6%–13.7%), and human toxicity (16.0%–20.0%). World-wide the mining industry is moving toward introducing significantly more automation to enhance productivity and safety. This novel work demonstrates an important third dimension that can support this move, reduced environmental impact.