工作环境对自然吸气柴油机性能影响仿真

基于CY4102BG四冲程自然吸气柴油机,利用GT-POWER一维仿真计算软件建立柴油机工作过程仿真模型,研究高原和水下工作环境对柴油机性能的影响。仿真结果表明：随着海拔的增高,柴油机有效功率有所下降,NO_x排放上升,排气温度增加;随着水下排气背压的增高,柴油机有效功率下降,NO_x排放显著上升。针对柴油机在非标况环境下NO_x排放性能的恶化,通过调节喷油参数来优化柴油机综合性能。经优化,在不同工作环境下柴油机NO_x排放降低7.3%~21.4%,优化效果较为明显。     

基于小型柴油机多喷油参数协同优化的试验研究

针对一款1.06 L非道路三阶段排放的卧式柴油机,以非道路四阶段稳态排放循环8个工况为基础,展开油轨压力、喷射正时、预喷—主喷间隔、预喷油量4个参数单因子变化和多因子协同变化对柴油机油耗和排放影响的试验研究。利用参数扫描法进行比油耗和NO_x等排放的多目标优化,使发动机排放达到非道路第四阶段法规的要求。通过分析各喷射参数对油耗和排放的敏感性,获得产品优化提升的指导方案。研究结果表明：喷射正时和轨压对柴油机有效燃油消耗率、NO_x排放及CO排放的影响较大,对碳氢化合物（HC）排放影响较小。预喷—主喷间隔和预喷量对燃烧热效率和CO排放影响较大,对其他排放影响微弱。合理设定轨压和喷射正时的标定组合,可获得最佳的NO_x排放与油耗的折中关系。此外,预喷可以有效降低HC排放。多参数协同优化后的8个工况排放加权结果为：颗粒物（particular matter, PM）排放为0.09 g/（kW·h）,HC+NO_x排放为4.17 g/（kW·h）,CO排放为1.46 g/（kW·h）,实现了产品优化升级并达到了“非四”排放法规的要求。     

基于废气再循环的防爆柴油机清洁燃烧技术

针对某型煤矿用防爆柴油机NO_x排放物污染严重、危害大的问题,分析防爆柴油机的燃烧过程,建立燃烧数学模型。通过流体仿真分析软件对基于废气再循环系统的防爆柴油机的清洁燃烧过程模拟仿真并进行台架试验。试验结果表明：在8种工况下加装废气再循环的系统在优化后的废气再循环开度下防爆柴油机CO排放加权平均值为0.004 5%,与未加装废气再循环的系统相比体积分数增加0.004 5%;加装废气再循环的系统在优化后的废气再循环开度下防爆柴油机NO_x排放加权平均值为93.35×10^-6,与未加装废气再循环的系统相比降低56.17%,采用废气再循环的系统对降低防爆柴油机的NO_x排放效果明显。     

满足非道路国四排放标准的大功率柴油机技术

某型大功率柴油机的排放值不满足非道路国四排放法规的要求,为此,对该柴油机燃油喷射系统、燃烧系统、增压系统和后处理系统进行优化设计和匹配。优化喷油策略,使柴油机的PM、CO和HC排放降低到非道路国四限值以下;安装选择性催化还原系统以降低NO_x排放。标定试验结果表明,升级后的柴油机满足非道路国四排放法规要求。     

氢发动机SCR催化器的NOx转化效率模拟

建立一维选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）催化器模型,采用稳态、瞬态小样试验标定SCR化学反应动力学机理,并分析SCR催化器对氢发动机排气中NO_x的催化还原过程。结果表明：入口O₂体积分数对NO_x催化还原有抑制作用,但入口H₂O体积分数对NO_x转化效率没有明显影响;当温度为250~400 ℃时,线性温升工况NO_x转化效率高于稳态工况且超过98%;氢发动机排气温度和原排NO_x体积分数随功率增大而增大,当功率大于60 kW且氨氮比等于1时,SCR催化器转化效率小于95%;增加氨氮比对NO_x转化效率的提高作用较小,这是由于在高温条件下增加的NH₃倾向与O₂反应。     

低负荷工况下城市类重型柴油车的实际道路排放特性研究

应用便携式排放测试系统（portable emission measurement system, PEMS）,对3辆不同类型的城市类重型柴油车分别进行实际道路行驶排放测试。试验车辆包括：邮政车、垃圾自卸车、小学专用校车。对于处在不同负荷段的数据进行分类整理,分析车辆在低负荷工况下不同负荷段的CO、NO_x、颗粒物数量（particulate number, PN）的排放占比和比排放结果,并结合功基窗口法分析NO_x的排放特性。试验结果表明：在低负荷工况时,尤其是负荷率处于0~20%的阶段,CO、NO_x、PN的排放量占比分别达到72%~86%、60%~87%、52%~88%,且CO、NO_x、PN在低负荷阶段的比排放高于或接近国六排放限值。     

水冷中冷器对非道路移动机械用柴油机性能的影响

为研究进气特性对非道路移动机械用柴油机动力性能及排放的影响,建立某柴油机系统一维仿真模型,结合柴油机试验数据对该模型的污染物排放与动力输出进行分析。通过台架试验验证模型的可靠性,并分析不同进气温度对整机的影响。试验结果显示：进气温度对柴油机性能有显著影响;使用水冷中冷器能够有效提升柴油机性能,并抑制碳烟与NO_x的生成,使非道路移动机械能够满足更严格的排放标准。     

国六柴油机轨压和喷油正时对柴油机性能的影响

为优化柴油机性能,基于一台配备了完整国Ⅵ后处理系统的高压共轨直列4缸柴油机,开展了柴油机负荷特性研究,在此基础上研究轨压和喷油正时对柴油机性能的影响。研究结果表明：以适当较小的轨压配合较为提前的喷油正时可以达到较为理想的柴油机油耗及排放;轨压和喷油正时对HC排放的影响较小;轨压对柴油机油耗、排温、NO_x排放、CO排放的影响较大,且在中等偏高负荷时更为敏感,随着轨压增加了57 MPa,柴油机油耗、排温分别下降了16.1 g/（kW·h）、63 ℃,NO_x排放上升了663×10^-6,CO排放下降了785×10^-6;喷油正时对烟度及柴油机氧化催化器前端温度T₄、柴油机颗粒捕集器前端温度T₅、选择性催化还原系统前端温度T₆的影响较大,且在低负荷时更为敏感。随着喷油正时提前6.0°,烟度下降了0.43%,T₄、T₅、T₆峰值出现在轨压为76 MPa且喷油正时为上止点前7.5°时,温度分别为315.3、338.4、329.3 ℃。     

国六重型柴油–液化天然气车实际道路排放特性研究

利用便携式排放测试系统（portable emission testing system, PEMS）分别对4辆典型重型柴油车和4辆典型重型液化天然气（liquefied natural gas, LNG）车开展实际道路排放测试,并利用功基窗口法与行程平均法分析其实际道路NO_x、CO、CO₂和颗粒数量（particulate number, PN）排放特性。结果表明：排放后处理技术路线能够有效控制国六重型柴油车在实际道路工况下的NO_x、CO和PN排放;但LNG车的CO排放存在超排放限值的风险,部分LNG车存在NO_x排放超过限值的现象,而PN排放则存在较大不确定性,部分LNG车的PN排放较高。在碳排放方面,LNG车实际道路CO₂比排放较柴油车降低6%~18%,有较为明显的减碳优势。     

褶皱式玻璃纤维基底的钒基催化剂性能研究

基于NH₃选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction, SCR）反应机理,对采用褶皱式玻璃纤维基底的钒基催化剂在重型柴油机中的应用性能进行模拟研究,并与传统堇青石基底钒基催化剂进行对比。利用国六发动机台架测试结果对模拟程序进行了验证,然后研究了氨氮比、NO₂/NO_x比及空速对褶皱式玻璃纤维基底的钒基催化剂在低温下NO_x转化及NH₃泄漏特性的影响。结果表明：低温下褶皱式玻璃纤维基底钒基催化剂的NO_x转化性能明显优于相同条件下的堇青石基底钒基催化剂。氨氮比的增加对褶皱式玻璃纤维基底的钒基催化剂的NO_x转化性能无明显影响;当氨氮比从0.8增加到1.2时,在200 ℃~500 ℃的区间内NH₃的泄漏量由1×10^-6提高到100×10^-6。NO₂/NO_x比增加可有效提高钒基催化剂的低温性能。当温度为150 ℃时,NO₂/NO_x比由0提高为0.5,钒基催化剂的NO_x的转化效率从14.0%上升到76.0%,而NH₃泄漏量由428×10^-6下降为9×10^-6。当温度为200 ℃时,30 000 h^-1空速下钒基催化剂的NO_x转化效率为98.5%,比90 000 h^-1下提升近30.0%;NH₃泄漏量为7×10^-6,比90 000 h^-1下降低150×10^-6。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.