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1.
As a consequence of the high critical stresses required for the activation of non-basal slip systems, dynamic recrystallization plays a vital role in the deformation of magnesium, particularly at a deformation temperature of 200 °C, where a transition from brittle to ductile behavior is observed. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on an extruded commercial magnesium alloy AZ31 at different temperatures and strain rates to examine the influence of deformation conditions on the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior and texture evolution. Furthermore, the role of the starting texture in the development of the final DRX grain size was investigated. The recrystallized grain size, measured at large strains ( −1.4) seemed to be more dependent on the deformation conditions than on the starting texture. In contrast to pure magnesium, AZ31 does not undergo grain growth at elevated deformation temperatures, i.e. 400 °C, even at a low strain rate of 10−4 s−1. Certain deformation conditions gave rise to a desired fully recrystallized microstructure with an average grain size of 18 μm and an almost random crystallographic texture. For samples deformed at 200 °C/10−2 s−1, optical microscopy revealed DRX inside of deformation twins, which was further investigated by EBSD. 相似文献
2.
The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of twin-roll-cast of Mg–2.9Al–0.9Zn–0.4Mn (AZ31) alloy has been studied using the processing map. The tensile tests were conducted in the temperature range of 150–400 °C and the strain rate range of 0.0004–4 s−1 to establish the processing map. The different efficiency domains and flow instability region corresponding to various microstructural characteristics have been identified as follows: (i) the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) domain in the range of 200–280 °C/≤0.004 s−1 with fine grains which provides a potential for warm deformation such as deep drawing; (ii) the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) domain around 400 °C at high strain rate (0.4 s−1 and above) with excellent elongation which can be utilized for forging, extrusion and rolling; (iii) the grain boundary sliding (GBS) domain at slow strain rate (below 0.004 s−1) above 350 °C appears abundant of cavities, which result in fracture and reduce the ductility of the adopted material; and (iv) the flow instability region which locates at the upper left of the processing map shows the metallographic feature of flow localization. 相似文献
3.
Hot deformation characteristics of 2205 duplex stainless steel based on the behavior of constituent phases 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Farnoush A. Momeni K. Dehghani J. Aghazadeh Mohandesi H. Keshmiri 《Materials & Design》2010,31(1):220-226
High temperature behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel was studied by considering behavior of each constituent phase. The specimens were subjected to hot compression tests at temperatures of 800–1100 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 s−1 at intervals of an order of magnitude. The flow stress analysis showed that hot working empirical constants are different at low and high temperatures. The strain rate sensitivity m was determined and found to change from 0.12 to 0.21 for a temperature rise from 800 °C to 1100 °C. The apparent activation energy Q was calculated as 554 and 310 kJ/mol for low and high temperature, respectively. The validity of constitutive equation of hyperbolic sine function was studied and stress exponent, n, was assessed to be 4.2. Assuming the hyperbolic sine function for determination of strain rate and application of the rule of mixture, the interaction coefficients of δ-ferrite, P, and austenite, R, were estimated at different hot working regimes. It was found that the interaction coefficients are functions of Zener–Hollomon parameter Z and obey the formulas P = 1.4Z−0.08 and R = 0.76Z0.005. Therefore, it was concluded that at low Z values δ-ferrite almost accommodates strain and dynamic recovery is the prominent restoration process which may even inhibit dynamic recrystallization in austenite. Otherwise, at high Z, austenite controls the deformation mechanism of material and dynamic recrystallization leads in finer microstructure. 相似文献
4.
S.W. Xu N. Matsumoto S. Kamado T. Honma Y. Kojima 《Materials Science and Engineering: A》2009,523(1-2):47-52
During hot compression, Mg17Al12 (β) precipitates show strong influence on the microstructural changes of 415 °C-24 h homogenized AZ91 alloy. When compressed at 300 °C and 350 °C, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) only occurs near grain boundaries with discontinuous β precipitate pinning at the newly DRXed grain boundaries. With increasing compression temperature and decreasing strain rate, the β-precipitating region expands; however, the amount of pinning precipitates decreases, resulting in increases in the DRX ratio and average DRXed grain size. With a compression ratio of only 50%, the specimen compressed at 350 °C and a strain rate of 0.2 s−1 (designated 350 °C-0.2 s−1 compressed specimen) shows an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 334 MPa, a 0.2% proof stress (PS) of 195 MPa and an enough elongation of 17.9%. After a subsequent aging treatment at 180 °C, due to the large number of β precipitates, the strength of the compressed specimens are further improved, and the specimen peak aged after compression at 400 °C and 0.2 s−1 shows UTS of 364 MPa and PS of 248 MPa with a moderate elongation of 7.7%. 相似文献
5.
Prediction of dynamic recrystallization condition by deformation efficiency for Al 2024 composite reinforced with SiC particle 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hot torsion test has been carried out for Al 2024 composite reinforced with 8 m SiCp (15 vol.%) to suggest optimum hot working condition for dynamic recrystallization (DRX) at the temperature range of 320 to 520 °C and strain rate range of 0.1 to 3.0/sec. Flow curve and deformed microstructure have been analyzed to identify the hot restoration mechanism of DRX. Processing map showing the variation of the deformation efficiency expressed by [2m/(m + 1)], where m is the strain rate sensitivity, with temperature and strain rate has been described for the composite. The characteristics of domain of DRX and peak efficiency of the composite have been analyzed by observing deformed microstructure. The composite showed 40–50% efficiency at the DRX domain (370–460 °C, 0.1–0.5/sec). Also, the variation of deformation efficiency with Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z = exp(Q/RT)) were discussed to find out optimum hot working condition for DRX of the composite. It is found that the optimum temperature and strain rate condition for DRX of the composite is 430–450 °C and 0.5/sec. 相似文献
6.
Kunkun Deng Juyan Shi Cuiju Wang Xiaojun Wang Yewei Wu Kaibo Nie Kun Wu 《Composites Part A》2012,43(8):1280-1284
One kind of (submicron + micron) bimodal size SiCp/AZ91 composite was fabricated by the stir casting technology. After hot deformation process, the influence of bimodal size particles on microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ91 matrix was investigated by comparing with monolithic A91 alloy, submicron SiCp/AZ91 and micron SiCp/AZ91 composites. The results show that micron particles can stimulate dynamic recrystallized nucleation, while submicron particles may pin grain boundaries during the hot deformation process, which results in a significant grain refinement of AZ91 matrix. Compared to submicron particles, micron particles are more conducive to grain refinement through stimulating the dynamic recrystallized nucleation. Besides, the yield strength of bimodal size SiCp/AZ91 composite is higher than that of single-size particle reinforced composites. Among the strengthening mechanisms of bimodal size particle reinforced composite, it is found that grain refinement and dislocation strengthening mechanism play a larger role on improving the yield strength. 相似文献
7.
Fabrication of SiC particles-reinforced magnesium matrix composite by ultrasonic vibration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. B. Nie X. J. Wang K. Wu L. Xu M. Y. Zheng X. S. Hu 《Journal of Materials Science》2012,47(1):138-144
Magnesium matrix composites reinforced with two volume fractions (1 and 3%) of SiC particles (1 μm) were successfully fabricated
by ultrasonic vibration. Compared with as-cast AZ91 alloy, with the addition of the SiC particles grain size of matrix decreased,
while most of the phase Mg17Al12 varied from coarse plates to lamellar precipitates in the SiCp/AZ91 composites. With increasing volume fraction of the SiC
particles, grains of matrix in the SiCp/AZ91 composites were gradually refined. The SiC particles were located mainly at grain
boundaries in both 1 vol% SiCp/AZ91 composite and 3 vol% SiCp/AZ91 composite. SiC particles inside the particle clusters may
be still separated by magnesium. The study of the interface between the SiC particle and the alloy matrix suggested that SiC
particles bonded well with the alloy matrix without interfacial reaction. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and
elongation to fracture of the SiCp/AZ91 composites were simultaneously improved compared with that of the as-cast AZ91 alloy. 相似文献
8.
在变形温度为340~400℃、应变速率为0.001~0.1 s-1、最大真应变为0.7的条件下,采用等温压缩实验研究了短切碳纤维(CFs)/AZ91D复合材料和AZ91D镁合金的动态再结晶行为。结果表明:CFs/AZ91D复合材料和AZ91D镁合金在高温压缩过程中均发生了显著的动态再结晶;CFs极大地促进了AZ91D基体的动态再结晶过程,减小了动态再结晶临界应变并细化了再结晶晶粒组织;AZ91D镁合金动态再结晶体积分数随应变量增加表现为典型的"S"型变化曲线,而CFs/AZ91D复合材料则呈现出快速增长-缓慢增长-趋于平稳的非线性变化规律。根据实验结果分别建立了CFs/AZ91D复合材料和AZ91D镁合金的动态再结晶临界应变模型和动力学模型,在此基础上分析了二者高温变形动态再结晶行为的差异。 相似文献
9.
Plastic deformation behavior of dual-phase Ni–31Al intermetallics at elevated temperature was examined. It was found that the alloy exhibited good plasticity under an initial strain rate of 1.25 × 10−4 s−1 to 8 × 10−3 s−1 in a temperature range of 950–1075 °C. A maximum elongation of 281.3% was obtained under an initial strain rate of 5 × 10−4 s−1 at 1000 °C. The strain rate sensitivity, m value was correlated with temperature and initial strain rate, being in the range of 0.241–0.346. During plastic deformation, both the two phases Ni3Al and NiAl in dual-phase Ni–31Al could co-deform without any void formation or debonding, the initial coarse microstructure became much finer after plastic deformation. Dislocation played an important role during the plastic deformation in dual-phase Ni–31Al alloy, the deformation mechanism in dual-phase Ni–31Al could be explained by continuous dynamic recovery and recrystallization. 相似文献
10.
In the present study, the AZ91 alloy reinforced by (submicron + micron) SiCp with four kind volume ratio was fabricated by the semisolid stirring casting technology. The influence of volume ratio between submicron and micron SiCp on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg matrix was investigated. Results show that the submicron SiCp is more conducive to grain refinement as compared with micron SiCp. With the increase of volume ratio, the submicron particle dense regions increase and the average grain size decreases. The yield strength of bimodal size SiCp/AZ91 composite is higher than monolithic micron SiCp/AZ91composite. Both ΔσHall–Petch and ΔσCTE increase as the volume ratio changes from 0:10, 0.5:9.5, 1:9 to 1.5:8.5. Among the composite with different volume ratio, the S-1.5 + 10-8.5 composite has the best mechanical properties. The interface debonding is found at the interface of micron SiCp-Mg. As the increase of volume ratio, the phenomenon of interface debonding weakens and the amount of dimples increases. 相似文献
11.
Mechanical and fracture properties of an AZ91 Magnesium alloy reinforced by Si and SiC particles 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Z. Trojanov V. Grtnerov A. Jger A. Nmený M. Chalupov P. Pal
ek P. Luk
《Composites Science and Technology》2009,69(13):2256
A commercial AZ91 magnesium alloy (nominal composition Mg–9%Al; 1%Zn; 0.3%Mn, balance Mg in weight percent) reinforced with SiC particles and modified by the addition of Si has been used in this study. Formation of an “in situ” composite (Mg–Mg2Si) results in strong bonding between Mg2Si and the matrix interface. Samples were deformed in compression in the temperature interval from room temperature up to 300 °C. Stress relaxation tests were performed with the aim to reveal the thermally activated processes. Reinforcing effect of SiC and Mg2Si particles decreases with increasing temperature. The estimated values of the activation volume as well as the activation enthalpy indicate that the main thermally activated process is connected with a rapid decrease of the internal stress. Fracture properties were studied in impact tests at various temperatures. A ductility enhancement was found at 200 °C and temperatures above 200 °C. 相似文献
12.
Effect of compressive stress aging on transformation strain and microstructure of Ni-rich TiNi alloy
Jin-Feng Li Zi-Qiao Zheng Xi-Wu Li Shi-Chen Li 《Materials Science and Engineering: A》2009,523(1-2):207-213
The Ti–50.7%Ni (atom fraction) alloy rods were compressive stress aged at 400 °C, 450 °C and 500 °C for different time, their strain behaviors accompanied by temperature elevation were investigated, and their microstructures were observed. It is found that the compressive stress aged TiNi alloy rod displays an obvious contractive strain behavior in the stress direction as the temperature is elevated from approximately 55–75 °C. Compressive stress causes the parallel alignment of the aging precipitate Ti3Ni4 in the TiNi alloy, which controls the martensitic transformation (B19′ transformation) and its reverse transformation, leading to its contractive strain behavior accompanied by temperature elevation. The contractive strain of the TiNi alloy compressive stress aged at 400 °C for 100 h is increased with increasing compressive stress up to 140 MPa. Higher aging temperature and longer aging time lead to the coarsening of the precipitates and the enlarging of the inter-precipitate spacing, and therefore result in a decrease in the contractive strain. 相似文献
13.
M.B. Ruggles-Wrenn A.T. Radzicki S.S. Baek K.A. Keller 《Materials Science and Engineering: A》2008,492(1-2):88-94
The influence of loading rate on monotonic tensile behavior and tensile properties of an oxide–oxide ceramic composite was evaluated in laboratory air at 1200 °C. The composite consists of a porous alumina matrix reinforced with woven mullite/alumina (Nextel™720) fibers, has no interface between the fiber and matrix, and relies on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. Tensile tests conducted at loading rates of 0.0025 and 25 MPa/s revealed a strong effect of rate on the stress–strain behavior as well as on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elastic modulus and failure strain. At 0.0025 MPa/s, increase in stress results in non-monotonic change in strain, with the rate of change of strain reversing its sign at stresses 25 MPa/s. Several samples were subjected to additional heat treatments prior to testing in order to determine whether this unusual stress–strain behavior was an artifact of incomplete processing of fibers in the as-received material. The unusual material response in the 0–30 MPa stress range was further investigated in creep tests conducted with the applied stresses ≤26 MPa. Negative creep (i.e. decrease in strain under constant stress) was observed. Porosity measurements indicate that a decrease in matrix porosity and matrix densification may be taking place in the N720/A composite exposed to 1200 °C at stresses <30 MPa for prolonged periods of time. 相似文献
14.
Chao M. Huang Dong Zhu Xu Yuren Waltraud M. Kriven Chao Y. Yuh 《Materials Science and Engineering: A》1996,220(1-2)
A composite of O′SiAlON (Si2-xAlxN2-xO1+x, with x 0.14) reinforced with 20 vol.% SiC monofilaments was fabricated by hot-pressing, at 1600°C, for 2 h under 34 MPa pressure. The mechanical and interfacial properties of the composites, as-fabricated as well as post-oxidized, were, investigated. The composite exhibited a significant improvement in ultimate flexure strength (640 MPa) and work of fracture (42 kJ m−2) compared with that (350 MPa and 1.8 kJ m−2, respectively) of the monolithic material. These mechanical properties were slightly increased after the composite was heat treated for 24 h in air at 1200 and 1300°C. However, the composite exhibited a significant degradation in ultimate strength, while the work of fracture (WOF) remained unchanged after exposure in air at temperatures beyond 1400°C. The as-fabricated composite revealed a low interfacial shear strength (6.2 MPa) and a frictional sliding stress (3.2 MPa). After the composite was oxidized at elevated temperatures, the interfacial bonding and sliding stresses were reduced to noticeable extents, resulting from the degradation of the carbon coating layer of the SiC monofilaments. 相似文献
15.
Kai Qi Fengyun Yu Fudong Bai Zhiming Yan Zhixin Wang Tingju Li 《Materials & Design》2009,30(10):4511-4515
The hot deformation behavior of spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGCI) was investigated quantitatively from 600 °C to 950 °C at high strain rate of 10 s−1 by compression tests on a Gleeble-1500 simulator. The results show that the peak strain increases gradually with increasing deformation temperatures in the range of 600–800 °C and decreases when the temperature is raised to 800 °C and above. The optimum deformation temperature range is determined at 700–900 °C. The graphite particles become spindles or flakes after deformation, even some graphite collapse in the compressed specimens with about 0.7 peak strains. The graphite area fraction decreases as the temperature increases, at the same time, the high peak strain promotes the dissolving of carbon. 相似文献
16.
The transient flow behaviour in Timetal 834 titanium alloy was studied in the temperature range between 400 °C and 475 °C by means of stress relaxation and reloading during tensile testing at a strain rate of 6.67 × 10−4 s−1. The increment in flow stress during reloading (Δσf) and the decrement in flow stress during stress relaxation (Δσr) were measured at different strains at each temperature. The observation of maximum value of Δσf and Δσr, normalized with respect to the Young's modulus at the corresponding temperature, confirmed that the maximum dynamic strain aging (DSA) effect in this alloy occurs at 450 °C. 相似文献
17.
Dejun Li Yaorong Feng Zhifu YinFengshou Shangguan Ke WangQiang Liu Feng Hu 《Materials Science and Engineering: A》2011,528(28):8084-8089
Hot deformation behaviour of Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel was investigated by hot compression testing on Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator in the temperature range from 800 to 1100 °C and at strain rate range from 0.01 to 5 s−1, and the microstructural evolution was studied by metallographic observations. The results show that the true stress-true strain curves exhibit a single peak stress at certain strain, after which the flow stresses decrease monotonically until the end of deformation, showing a dynamic flow softening. The peak stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be predicted by the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter in the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy Q of 405.95 kJ/mol. The peak and critical strains can also be predicted by Z parameter in power-law equations, and the ratio of critical strain to peak strain is about 0.7. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is the most important softening mechanism for the experimental steel during hot compression. Furthermore, DRX procedure is strongly affected by Z parameter, and the decreasing of Z value leads to more extensive DRX. 相似文献
18.
The hot deformation behavior of (0.2 um 1.5 vol.% + 10 um8.5 vol.%) bimodal size SiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composite fabricated by stir casting was investigated at the temperature of 270–420 °C and strain rate of 0.001–1 S−1. The flow stress at the strain of 0.5 was used for kinetic analysis. Results indicate that dislocation climb is likely to be the main deformation mechanism responsible for the present composite. By evaluating the efficiencies of power dissipation and instability parameters, the processing maps are developed to optimize the hot working processing. Two domains of dynamic recrystallization are found in the processing map. One exists at the temperature of 270–370 °C and strain rate of 0.001–0.01 s−1 with maximum dissipation efficiency of 38%; the other exists at 420 °C and 0.01 s−1 with peak dissipation efficiency of 24%. The instability region of flow behavior can also be recognized at the temperature of 270–320 °C and the strain rate of 0.1–1 s−1. The characteristic microstructures predicted from the processing map agree well with the result of microstructure observations. 相似文献
19.
Based on the experimental results from the hot compression tests of 42CrMo steel, the efficiencies of power dissipation and instability parameter were evaluated. The effects of strain on the efficiency of power dissipation and instability parameter of 42CrMo steel have been discussed in detail. Processing maps were constructed by superimposition of the instability map over the power dissipation map. The dynamic recrystallization domains and instable zones were identified in the processing map. The effects of strain on microstructural evolutions were correlated with the processing maps. According to the 3D processing maps, the optimum domain of hot deformation is in the temperature range of 1050–1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–3 s−1, with its peak efficiency of 32% at about 1140 °C and 0.23 s−1, which are the optimum hot working parameters. 相似文献
20.
Serrated flow behavior in a near alpha titanium alloy IMI 834 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Serrated behavior of near alpha titanium alloy IMI 834 has been studied at elevated temperature from 400 °C to 475 °C. Serrations morphology was found as A type of locking serrations followed by B type serrations at 400 °C. E type of serrations has been observed at higher strains at 425 °C. B type and unlocking serrations of CA type at 450 °C and again A and CB type serrations were found at 475 °C. In strength parameters, anomalous tensile behavior was found in the variation of tensile strength and yield strength with test temperature in the temperature range between 400 °C and 475 °C. However, the variation of normalized flow stress showed regions I–III with test temperature. Regions I and III correspond to normal tensile behavior and region II corresponds to anomalous tensile behavior. Blue brittle temperature of IMI 834 was attributed at 450 °C by confirming minimum ductility of 8.2%. In present study, a different approach has been adopted to show the change in deformation behavior during serrated region called as abrupt change in strain path. Maximum irregularity in flow behavior has been observed at 450 °C and 475 °C. Room temperature fractographic features showed transgranular features whereas mixed ductile and cleavage fracture has been observed in the temperature range between 400 °C and 475 °C. However, reverse slope behavior has been observed in the plot of critical strain versus test temperature at 450 °C, which could be due to silicide precipitation. In the present study, interaction of dislocations with interstitial/substitutional solutes is responsible for dynamic strain aging in IMI 834. 相似文献