上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理含醇废水试验报告

本报告介绍了上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB-)反应器处理含醇废水的试验研究。应用中温污泥消化装置的厌氧污泥经培驯后作接种污泥,用NaHCO_3作pH调节剂,另补加了适量痕量元素,采用一步厌氧消化法在中温下进行试验。结果表明,当进水CODCr浓度约为15000mg/1,反应器有机负荷为8kgCOD/m~3·day时,处理出水CODcr去除率达95.5％。实验证明,UASB-工艺设备结构简单,有机负荷高,处理效果好,运行稳定,在高浓度有机废水厌氧处理方面具有广阔应用前景。此外,还对废水酸化,反应器内不同高度污泥及气-固分离器效率进行了试验和测定。     

附加气IC反应器启动研究

针对IC(Internal Circulation)反应器启动过程中循环量小,污泥颗粒化困难的缺点,采用强制气体循环的试验性附加气IC反应器处理高浓度有机废水,并与普通IC反应器进行对比试验。结果表明,附加气IC反应器比普通IC反应器在启动时间上缩短20%,最大有机负荷提高25%。     

多段内循环厌氧反应器处理屠宰废水的中试

多段内循环厌氧反应器设计三段反应室,分别进行废水厌氧反应的三个过程。为探索该反应器处理中、高浓度有机废水的实际运行效果,以屠宰废水为处理对象,考察反应器对COD的去除效果。结果表明,当温度为36～38℃,COD容积负荷为0.5 kgCOD/(m3·d)时,反应器运行16天实现反应器的快速启动。进水COD浓度为1000mg/L,通过缩短水力停留时间(HRT)提高有机负荷,确定最佳的HRT为20h,对应的COD容积负荷为1.21 kgCOD/(m3·d),COD总去除率稳定达到93%。固定HRT=20 h,在COD容积负荷由低至高的提升阶段,分别为1.68,2.40,3.12,3.60和4.00 kg COD/(m3·d),反应器去除COD的总能力由94%降至80%,单位容积反应器产气率分别为0.9,1.4,1.0,1.9和2.1m3/(m3·d),去除单位COD产生的气体体积分布在0.29～0.33 m3/kg COD之间。     

新型厌氧反应器处理高浓度有机废水小试研究

采用新型厌氧反应器处理模拟高浓度有机废水,在中温条件下进行了为期150 d的试验,研究了新型厌氧反应器的启动过程以及对模拟高浓度有机废水的处理效果.结果表明,进水COD达到6g·L-1,水力停留时间为11.1h时,新型厌氧反应器的COD容积负荷达到12.96 kg·m-3·d-1,COD去除率为81％.     

膜生物反应器处理高氨氮有机废水的研究

采用膜评价池和生物曝气池组成的膜生物反应器处理含不同高浓度氨氮的有机废水,研究结果表明:(1)好氧膜生物反应器能有效处理高氨氮有机废水中的有机物,COD总去除率在95%以上;(2)好氧膜生物反应器在污水的脱氮处理中具有较好的前景,当总氮负荷为0.15kgTN/kgMLSS.d时,脱氮效率可达95.3%;(3)当膜的TMP=0.1Mpa,膜评价池水通量的变化范围为93～223L/m2·h。     

高负荷条件下膜反应器污水处理实验研究

总结分析了在各种负荷条件下悬浮载体生物膜型反应器的试验结果.研究表明：悬浮生物膜反应器MBR应用于污水处理是完全可行的,它具有有机负荷高、处理效果优、耐冲击负荷能力强、占地面积少等优点;在悬浮填料投加率为30%时,对于CODcr≤2500mg/L的废水处理效果可达到废水回用标准.     

IC反应器处理马铃薯淀粉生产废水的试验研究

试验采用超滤-IC反应器-MBR工艺处理马铃薯淀粉生产废水,重点研究了IC反应器处理马铃薯淀粉废水的工艺参数。结果表明,在常温下,当进水COD的质量浓度为6000～9000mg/L、HRT为5h、容积负荷为23.62kg[COD]/(m3·d)时,IC反应器对COD的去除率为91.43%。采用该工艺处理马铃薯淀粉生产废水完全可以达到废水回用的目的。     

不同温度条件下厌氧处理食品废水的试验研究

本试验采用UASB厌氧反应器对某工业园区食品加工废水进行处理。比较了在中温(37±2℃)和模拟原水水温(26～30℃)的条件下,不同负荷对COD去除率的影响。实验结果显示,当水力停留时间为8 h/d时,厌氧反应器容积负荷为6 kgCOD/(m3.d),在模拟原水水温条件下,COD去除率可达到75%左右;在中温条件下,COD去除率可达到80%左右,均有较好的效果;相对于中温而言,原水水温厌氧在工程应用上节省了投资,该实验结果可为该类食品废水厌氧生物处理提供设计运行依据。     

上流式污泥床反应器在废水生物处理特别在厌氧处理中的应用

最近几年来,在荷兰经过相当地努力。开发了一种比较完善的厌氧处理方法——上流式厌氧污泥床工艺(UASB),该工艺适于处理低浓度废水,可将水力停留时间缩短至3～4小时。6米~3中试装置的试验结果表明:该工艺在水力停留时间为3～8小时的情况下,用于处理废水的有机负荷达15～40公斤COD/米~3/日。第一座容积为200米~3生产性上流式厌氧污泥床工艺试验装置处理制糖废水,水力停留时间为4小时,有机负荷为16公斤COD/米~3/日,获得满意的处理效果。本文介绍了该工艺在实验室,6米~3中试装置及200米~3生产性试验装置的主要试验成果,并作了评价。本文中特别强调了上流式厌氧污泥床反应器的主要运行特点。此外,本文还介绍了利用上流式厌氧污泥床反应器脱氮和产酸发酵的一些初步试验成果。就这两方面的应用而言,由于本工艺可达到很高的水力负荷(12M~3/M~3/日)和有机负荷(在脱氮试验中,有机负荷达20公斤COD/米~3/日;在产酸发酵试验中,有机负荷高达60～80公斤COD/米~3/日),所以本工艺应用于脱氮和产酸发酵看来是可行的。     

EGSB工艺处理DMF废水的试验研究

利用EGSB厌氧生物反应器处理二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)废水的中试研究表明,该工艺能够有效地降低废水中的有机物含量.EGSB反应器处理COD低于9 000 mg/L的DMF废水时,COD去除率达到85%左右,COD容积负荷达到7.0kg/(m3·d).试验还表明,温度对反应器运行的影响较大;废水中缺乏微生物代谢所能利用的氮、磷等营养物质,需在进水中定期添加以保持微生物活性.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.